Exam 3
Proposed the solution for effective leadership is to change the organizational situation to fit the leader's style
Fiedler's Contingency theory
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person's desire to be accepted by others is known as a __________. a. social need b. physiological need c. security or safety need d. esteem need
a
Kate gets significant enjoyment from interacting with her co-workers and feels she has strong interpersonal relationships with them. According to Alderfer's ERGTheory, this example involves Kate primarily fulfilling which need? A. Relatedness need B. Esteem need C. Existence need D. Self-actualization need E. Growth need
a
The performing stage is __________. a. when the team is fully focused on solving organizational problems b. characterized by conflict and disagreement c. characterized by agreement among team members on rules and roles d. when the team is finishing its job and preparing to disband
a
Which of the following is a theory of motivation that emphasizes people's internal characteristics? A. Content theory B. Expectancy theory C. Process theory D. Needs-goal theory E. Equity theory
a
Within the __________, members of the group mistrust one another initially, but that eventually melts and trust becomes apparent. Once they pass this stage, group members are better able to communicate frankly with one another. a. acceptance stage b. group control stage c. group solidarity stage d. communication and decision-making stage
a
_____________ are from the same department or functional area and are involved in efforts to improve work activities and solve issues in the organization. a. problem-solving team b. self-managed team c. cross-functional team d. group
a
A ______ is a work team that operates without a manager, is responsible for a complete work process or segment, and also has the authority and responsibility to perform a specified activity. a. problem-solving team b. self-managed team c. cross-functional team d. group
b
symptoms of groupthink, occurs as group members feel pressure to confirm and censor their own ideas, is what stage of groupthink? a. First b. Third c. Second d. Fourth
b
A ___________ is a work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties. Many organizations use them. a. problem-solving team b. self-managed team c. cross-functional team d. group
c
Physiological need __________. a. is concerned with the desire for respect b. includes the desire for love, companionship, and friendship c. relates to the normal functioning of the body and includes the desire for water, food, rest, and sex. d. relates to an individual's desire to be free from harm, including both bodily harm and economic disaster
c
a motivation model that hypothesizes that felt needs cause human behavior. a. Process theory of motivation b. Vroom expectancy theory c. Needs-goal theory d. Equity theory
c
leadership behavior that reflects friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth in the relationship between leader and followers
consideration behavior
taking credit for the good ideas of others
credit hogs
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the desire for respect is known as __________. a. physiological need b. security or safety need c. social need d. esteem need
d
In a marketing firm, workers are allowed to schedule the hours they start and end work as long as work is appropriately completed. This is an example of _______. A. monetary incentives B. job rotation C. behavior modification D. flextime E. Theory X
d
believing that success will come only through the efforts of management as opposed to those of workers
egomaniacs
leader behavior that focuses primarily on subordinates as people
employee-centered behavior
leader behavior that focuses primarily on the work that a subordinate is doing
job-centered behavior
the idea that successful leaders must change their leadership styles as they encounter different situations
leader flexibility
is the degree to which the leader feels accepted by the followers
leader member relations
working mostly by themselves and not closely with other workers
lone rangers
is determined by the extent to which the leader has control over the rewards and punishments that followers receive
position power
S
situation
based on the assumption that each instance of leadership is different and therefore requires a unique combination of leaders, followers, and leadership situations
situational approach to leadership
SL
successful leadership
A(n) __________ is an informal group that gains and maintains memberships primarily because of a common concern members have about a specific issue. a. interest group b. linking pin c. friendship group d. committee
a
According to the Tannenbaum and Schmidt leadership continuum, when a manager makes a decision and announces it to the team, rather than asking the group to make the decision, they are exhibiting what kind of leadership? a. Boss-centered b. Group-centered c. Subordinate-centered d. Decision-centered
a
Clayton Alderfer responded to some of the criticisms of Maslow's work by conducting his own study of human needs. __________ need is a basic category of need. It refers to the need for physical well-being. a. Existence b. Growth c. Relatedness d. Respect
a
Jesse feels personal satisfaction when he mows his elderly neighbor's yard. This satisfaction comes directly from performing the task and is known as a(n) ___________ reward. A. intrinsic B. self-actualized C. extrinsic D. safety E. achievement
a
Marie is a motivation researcher who focuses her attention on the steps that take place when a person is motivated. This best fits with which motivation theory basictype? A. Process theory B. Content theory C. Intrinsic motivation theory D. ERG theory E. Needs-goal theory
a
The Porter-Lawler motivation theory emphasizes which of the following? a. Intrinsic reward is the perceived value of a reward that comes from performing the task and resulting in satisfaction. b. Behaviors are functions of their consequences. c. A need is transformed into behavior directed at supporting, or allowing, the performance of goal behavior to reduce the felt need. d. Perceived inequities of an employment situation lead to changes in behavior.
a
The reinforcement theory is based on a. consequences of a behavior b. job design c. the hierarchy of needs d. assumptions about human nature
a
involves negative assumptions about people. a. Theory Y b. Theory Z c. Theory X d. Job rotation theory
c
getting things accomplished through people
central theme of leadership
Within the __________, members are able to communicate frankly with one another. a. acceptance stage b. group control stage c. group solidarity stage d. communication and decision-making stage
d
F
follower
being stubborn and inflexible
mules
Exercising self-direction is a behavior McGregor categorized to which theory? a. Theory Y b. Theory Z c. Theory X d. Job rotation theory
a
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the basic category of existence need reflects an individual's need for __________. a. satisfying interpersonal relationships b. physical well-being c. self-respect and respect from others d. continuing personal growth and development
b
_________ is a strong and unwavering commitment to do whatever is necessary to build long-term success for the company. a. Servant leadership b. Personal humility c. Moral courage d. Professional will
d
decision-making defects, occurs when group members fail to make effective decisions, is what stage of groupthink? a. First b. Third c. Second d. Fourth
d
f
function of
Job enrichment is __________. a. the process of incorporating motivators into a job situation b. when a manager increases the number of operations an individual performs c. a step to overcome job boredom by moving workers from job to job rather than requiring them to perform only one simple and specialized job over the long term d. a way for workers to complete their job within a workweek of a normal number of hours that they arrange themselves
a
Which of the following is a self-actualization need? a. The need for growth b. The need for protection c. The need for friendship d. The need for recognition
a
antecedents, describes what precursors are associated with the development of groupthink is what stage of groupthink? a. First b. Third c. Second d. Fourth
a
McGregor's theories of motivation are based on __________. a. consequences of a behavior b. job design c. the hierarchy of needs d. assumptions about human nature
d
causing individuals to act in a certain way or to follow a particular course of action
directing
L
leader
based on early leadership research that assumed a good leader is born, not made.
trait approach to leadership
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the desire to maximize potential is an example of a(n) _________ need. A. self-actualization B. esteem C. social D. physiological E. safety
a
Mario feels good about himself when he helps his co-workers. In the terminology of the Porterdash-Lawler theory of motivation this would be called a(n) _________. A. intrinsic reward B. esteem need C. goal D. equity judgment E. extrinsic reward
a
Which of the following is an example of a nonmonetary incentive? A. Promotions from within the organization B. Gainsharing C. Lump sum bonuses D. Stock options E. Stock bonuses
a
Which of the following theories is an explanation of motivation that emphasizes how individuals are motived? a. Process theory of motivation b. Vroom expectancy theory c. Needs-goal theory d. Equity theory
a
Which term refers to the degree that an individual desires to perform a behavior? A. Motivation strength B. Satisficing C. Esteem need D. Hygiene factor E. Need for affiliation
a
_________ is aimed at being friendly with followers and showing interest in them as human beings. a. Supportive behavior b. Consideration behavior c. Structure behavior d. Leadership
a
_________ theories of motivation emphasize how individuals are motivated. A. Process B. Productivity C. Method D. Behavioral E. Content
a
the leader makes the decision
autocratic
Paige wants to be a successful manager. She realizes that in order to be successful, she must _____ inappropriate behavior and _____ appropriate behavior among subordinates. A. encourage, downplay B. minimize, maximize C. foster, reward D. reward, laugh-off E. overlook, minimize
b
A linking pin is __________. a. an informal group that forms in organizations because of the personal affiliation members have with one another b. a group of individuals charged with performing a specific activity and is usually classified as a task group c. the managers or supervisors who are responsible for the coordination of and communication among formal organizational groups d. an informal group that gains and maintains membership primarily because of a common concern members have about a specific issue
c
A monetary incentive is a __________. a. strategy that managers can use to motivate organization members that involves designing jobs that organization members perform b. job design strategy That states that moving workers from job to job, rather than requiring them to perform only one simple job, will decrease boredom c. monetary compensation program available to employees as a form of motivation d. job design strategy that states that adding activities to initial activities will increase an individual's satisfaction
c
Increasing the number of operations an individual performs, to enhance satisfaction in work, is known as _________. A. task development B. job enrichment C. job enlargement D. job rotation E. behavior modification
c
Joel is a manager who assumes that all his subordinates will slack off and do a poor job unless they are monitored and punished for even small transgressions. Which of the following would best describe Joel's approach to employee motivation? A. Theory Y B. Theory Z C. Theory X D. Equity theory E. Needs-goal theory
c
Kathryn feels she is underpaid for the job that she performs at Ballston Industries. Because of this, she has decided to seek a new position with better pay and benefits. This is an example of which motivation theory? A. ERG theory B. Expectancy theory C. Equity theory D. Needs-goal theory E. Porter-Lawler theory
c
The __________ of group development is characterized by intragroup conflict. a. performing stage b. forming stage c. storming stage d. adjourning stage
c
Which approach to leadership suggests that leadership style must be appropriately matched to the circumstance the leader faces? a. Trait b. Employee-centered c. Situational d. Structure
c
is leadership that instructs followers on how to meet the specific organizational challenges they face
coaching
a formal group that is outlined in the chain of command on an organization chart that handle routine organizational activities
command group
a group of individuals charged with performing a type of specific activity and is usually classified as a task group
committee
the leader makes the decision after interacting with the followers
consultative
A __________ consists of any number of people who interact with one another and are psychologically aware of one another. a. problem-solving team b. self-managed team c. work team d. group
d
A __________ is a work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment. a. problem-solving team b. cross-functional team c. group d. self-managed team
d
A __________ is an informal group that forms in organizations because of the personal affiliation members have with one another. a. committee b. interest group c. linking pin d. friendship group
d
According to Frederick Herzberg, factors that influence the degree of job satisfaction are called _________. A. autonomy factors B. hygiene factors C. influencers D. motivators E. mastery factors
d
Authentic leaders possess which of the following? a. Professional will b. Personal humility c. Persuasiveness d. Moral courage
d
Quentin works hard at his fast food job because he wants the money the job pays. This is an example of a(n) ___________ reward. A. esteem B. safety C. social D. extrinsic E. intrinsic
d
The _____ is the most fundamental of motivation theories and begins with a person feeling a need and then the need is transformed into behavior directed toward achieving a goal. A. Likert B. expectancy C. Porter-Lawler D. needs-goal E. hierarchy of needs
d
Which model of leadership suggests five different decision styles ranging from autocratic to consultative? a. Tannenbaum and Schmidt b. Coaching c. Transformational d. Vroom-Yetton-Jago
d
________ is considered the most basic and frequently used motivational strategy for managers, and it helps satisfy subordinate needs for recognition and security. A. Job redesign B. Behavior modification C. Job enlargement D. Effective communication E. Creating opportunities
d
Douglas McGregor identified the assumption that employees will exercise self-direction and self-control in meeting their objectives, an idea known as _________. A. Theory Z B. Theory X C. behavior modification D. hygiene factors E. Theory Y
e
______________ is the inner state that primarily causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal. A. Consideration B. Feeling C. Stress D. Awareness E. Motivation
e
a group that exists within an organization by virtue of management decree to perform tasks that enhance the attainment of organizational objectives
formal group
an informal group that forms in organizations because of the personal affiliation members have with one another
friendship group
the manager meets with the group, and the group makes the decision
group-focused
a collection of individuals whose common work experiences result in the development of a system of interpersonal relations that extend beyond those established by management
informal group
an informal group that gains and maintains membership primarily because of a common concern that members have about a specific issue
interest group
the process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of an objective
leadership
is an approach to leadership that blends personal humility with an intense will to build long-range organizational success
level 5 leadership
a rationale for linking leadership styles with various situations to ensure effective leadership
life cycle theory of leadership
suggests that the primary activities of a leader are to make desirable and achievable rewards available to organization members who attain organizational goals and to clarify the kinds of behavior that must be performed to earn those rewards
path-goal theory of leadership
is an approach to leading in which leaders view their primary role as helping followers in their quests to satisfy personal needs, aspirations, and interests
servant leadership
an analytical tool that can be used to determine what informal groups exist in an organization and who the leaders and members of those groups are
sociometry
any leadership activity that delineates the relationship between the leader and the leader's followers or establishes well-defined procedures that the followers should adhere to in performing their jobs
structure behavior
a formal group of organization members who interact with one another to accomplish most of the organization's nonroutine tasks
task group
is leadership that inspires organizational success by profoundly affecting followers' beliefs in what an organization should be as well as their values, such as justice and integrity
transformational leadership
Focuses on how much participation to allow subordinates in decision-making process
vroom-yetton-jago model
states that managers who use either Theory X or Theory Y when dealing with people can be successful, depending upon the situation. a. Theory Y b. Theory Z c. Theory X d. Job rotation theory
b
Rebecca and Alwin work for TreeGena Corp., a company based in New York. They have recently started working on an international project. They take some time to settle, to get to know the other team members, and to understand the objectives of their project. The forming stage of group development is described in this scenario, which is __________. a. characterized by conflict and disagreement b. characterized by agreement among team members on roles, rules, and acceptable behavior while working on the team c. when the team is finishing the job and preparing to disband d. when people join the group and then define the group's purpose, structure, and leadership
d
The __________ theory emphasizes that behaviors are functions of their consequences. a. equity b. needs-goal c. Porter-Lawler d. behavior modification
d
Which of the following is the most basic motivation strategy for managers? A. Monetary incentives B. Job enlargement C. Job design D. Managerial communication E. Behavior modification
d
a phenomenon in which the more leaders believe their subordinates can achieve, the more the subordinates do achieve
Pygmalion effect
Job design is __________. a. employee stock ownership plans that motivate employees to boost production by offering them shares of company stock as a benefit b. a strategy that managers can use to motivate organization members that involves designing jobs that organization members perform c. a job design strategy that states that adding activities to initial activities will increase an individual's satisfaction d. a job design strategy that states that moving workers from job to job, rather than requiring them to perform only one simple job, will decrease boredom
b
Within the group control stage, __________. a. mutual acceptance of group members increases b. members attempt to maximize the group's success by matching individual abilities with group activities and by assisting one another c. members of the group mistrust one another initially, but that eventually melts and trust becomes apparent d. members are able to communicate frankly with one another
b
is based on the premise that felt needs cause human behavior. a. Process theory of motivation b. Vroom expectancy theory c. Needs-goal theory d. Equity theory
b
According to the Porter-Lawler theory of motivation, the extent to which an individual accomplishes a task is determined by the __________. a. individual's opinion of how others perform tasks b. individual's perception of what others think of him or her c. individual's perception of what is required to perform the task d. individual's behavior as influenced by his or her needs
c
Concurrence seeking (It occurs when a group member agrees with the entire group's position, even when the group member might privately oppose the entire group's position) is what stage of groupthink? a. First b. Third c. Second d. Fourth
c
Within the __________, mutual acceptance of group members increases. a. acceptance stage b. group control stage c. group solidarity stage d. communication and decision-making stage
c
The Equity theory emphasizes which of the following? a. Intrinsic reward is the perceived value of a reward that comes from performing the task and resulting in satisfaction. b. Behaviors are functions of their consequences. c. A need is transformed into behavior directed at supporting, or allowing, the performance of goal behavior to reduce the felt need. d. Perceived inequities of an employment situation lead to changes in behavior.
d
states that workers who move from job to job, rather than performing only one simple and specialized job over the long term, are not bored. a. Theory Y b. Theory Z c. Theory X d. Job rotation theory
d
is the degree to which the goals—the work to be done—and other situational factors are outlined clearly
task structure
Within the __________, members attempt to maximize the group's success by matching individual abilities with group activities and by assisting one another. a. acceptance stage b. group control stage c. group solidarity stage d. communication and decision-making stage
c
In the __________ strategy, managers keep team members informed of organizational news. a. be predictable b. be fair to team members c. communicate often to team members d. show respect for team members
c
Which of the following refers to the top level of Maslow's hierarchy that focuses on maximizing an individual's potential? A. Safety needs B. Self-actualization needs C. Esteem needs D. Social needs E. Physiological needs
b
Anita wants to improve the efficiency of her department's use of resources beyond their current goals. She is very concerned with the success of her department. She wants all of her employees to exceed their goals because she wants everyone to constantly strive to reach higher. According to McClelland, Anita most likely has which of the following? A. A low need for power B. A low need for affiliation C. A high need for achievement D. A low need for achievement E. A high need for affiliation
c
In the __________ strategy, managers need to show team members that they are highly valued. a. communicate often to team members b. be fair to team members c. show respect for team members d. be predictable
c
A committee is __________. a. the managers or supervisors who are responsible for the coordination of and communication among formal organizational groups b. an informal group that forms in organizations because of the personal affiliation members have with one another c. an informal group that gains and maintains membership primarily because of a common concern members have about a specific issue d. a group of individuals charged with performing a specific activity and is usually classified as a task group
d
Which approach to leadership suggests that leadership style must be appropriately matched to the circumstance the leader faces? a. Employee-centered b. Trait c. Structure d. Situational
d
__________ is leadership. a. Any activity that delineates the relationship between the leader and the leader's followers or establishes well-defined procedures that the followers should adhere to in performing their job b. Behavior that reflects friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth in the relationship between leader and followers c. Being friendly with followers and showing interest in them as human beings d. The process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of an objective
d
_________ involves moving workers from job to job instead of specializing in one job over the long term. A. Job rotation B. Job enlargement C. Behavior modification D. Flextime E. Job enrichment
a
_________ theory is based on the premise that behavior will continue until the felt need has been significantly reduced. A. The needs-goal B. Equity C. Expectancy D. Likert's E. The Porterdash-Lawler
a
any number of people who (1) interact with one another, (2) are psychologically aware of one another, and (3) perceive themselves to be a group
a group
A committee is __________. a. an informal group that forms in organizations because of the personal affiliation members have with one another b. a group of individuals charged with performing a specific activity and is usually classified as a task group c. the managers or supervisors who are responsible for the coordination of and communication among formal organizational groups d. an informal group that gains and maintains membership primarily because of a common concern members have about a specific issue
b
In order to lessen the boredom that his employees feel, Steve is going to increase the number of parts each employee assembles to allow for more variety in the job. This is an example of which job design strategy? A. Positive reinforcement B. Job enlargement C. Monetary incentives D. Flextime E. Behavior modification
b
Alderfer's ERG theory found that a worker frustrated by his or her inability to satisfy an upper-level need might focus instead on fulfilling an already satisfied lower-level need. This is referred to as _________. A. an existence need B. a relatedness need C. a growth need D. the frustration-regression principle E. the need for achievement
d
an explanation of motivation that emphasizes the individual's perceived fairness of an employment situation and how perceived inequities can cause certain behaviors. a. Process theory of motivation b. Vroom expectancy theory c. Needs-goal theory d. Equity theory
d
Which of the following is a characteristic of the motivation process stressed by the Porter-Lawler theory? a. An individual's satisfaction is not influenced by the perceived fairness of a given reward. b. An individual's effectiveness is determined by his or her perception of how others see him or her. c. An individual's behavior is determined by the motivation to fulfill his or her personal needs. d. An individual's effectiveness is determined by his or her ability to perform a task.
d
Which of the following statements best describes the norming stage of group development? a. The stage of group development for temporary groups, during which group members focus on wrapping up activities instead of task performance. b. The stage of group development characterized by intragroup conflict. c. The stage of group development characterized by exploring issues. d. The stage of group development characterized by agreement among team members on roles, rules, and acceptable behavior while working on the team.
d
The behavior modification theory emphasizes which of the following? a. Intrinsic reward is the perceived value of a reward that comes from performing the task and resulting in satisfaction. b. Behaviors are functions of their consequences. c. A need is transformed into behavior directed at supporting, or allowing, the performance of goal behavior to reduce the felt need. d. Perceived inequities of an employment situation lead to changes in behavior.
b
Clara and James work for Yoyo Corp., a leading drug manufacturer based in Boston. They are a part of the research team, and they generally share their ideas and views with their manager so as to improve the products. Clara and James are also involved with the crisis handling department that constantly helps in handling issues in the organization. Clara and James belong to a problem-solving team, which is __________. a. a work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties b. a work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment and also has the authority and responsibility to perform a specified activity c. when members share ideas or offer suggestions on how work processes and methods can be improved d. a work team composed of people from different functional areas of the organization—marketing, finance, human resources, and operations, for example—who are all focused on a specified objective
c
The needs-goal theory emphasizes which of the following? a. Intrinsic reward is the perceived value of a reward that comes from performing the task and resulting in satisfaction. b. Behaviors are functions of their consequences. c. A need is transformed into behavior directed at supporting, or allowing, the performance of goal behavior to reduce the felt need. d. Perceived inequities of an employment situation lead to changes in behavior.
c
Within the communication and decision-making stage, __________. a. members attempt to maximize the group's success by matching individual abilities with group activities and by assisting one another b. mutual acceptance of group members increases c. members are able to communicate frankly with one another d. members of the group mistrust one another initially, but that eventually melts and trust becomes apparent
c
Shannon, a marketing executive, compares his quarterly sales to those of others in his department. He feels demotivated when he realizes that he is rewarded less even though he puts in the same amount of effort as others. Equity theory explains Shannon's behavior. The basis of equity theory is __________. a. an individual's basic needs like food and protection b. based on the assumption that individuals are not interested in or motivated to work c. a need for achievement d. that employees compare what they get from a job (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs), and then they compare their inputs-outcomes ratio with the inputs-outcomes ratios of relevant others
d
