exam 3 biochem
Active transport
A hydrophobic molecule pass through membrane from lower to higher concentration, what is called
hemiacetal
An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form a
10
Approximately how many ATP will be produced from energy molecules produced during one turn of the citric acid cycle
aldehydes with two or more hydroxyl groups and ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups
Common carbohydrates found in nature are
both pyranose and furanose ring forms.
Fructose can cyclize to
6
How many ATP and GTP in total are expended in gluconeogenesis
alpha helices of nonpolar amino acids that pass through the membrane
The most common motif found in membrane spanning proteins is
lactate and alanine
Two primary substrates for gluconeogenesis in the human liver are
Decarboxylation, oxidation, transfer to CoA
What are the steps involved (in order) in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Proteoglycans
What is the class of glycoproteins containing sulfate (SO3-) moieties
mucoproteins
What is the class of glycoproteins with predominantly N-acetylgalactosamine moieties
oxidation of an aldehyde by NAD+ and formation of acyl-phosphate
What is the function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
aconitate
What is the intermediate in the conversion of citrate and isocitrate?
lateral diffusion
What is the most common process by which lipids and proteins move in the membrane layer
gluconeogenesis
What is the name of the pathway that converts noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose
dehydration followed by hydration
What is/are teh chemical change(s) involved in the conversion of citrate into isocitrate
glycolipids
What membrane components contain carbohydrates
ion channels
What membrane proteins allow specifically charged species to flow freely across a membrane
acetyl CoA
What molecule initiates the citric acid cycle by reaction with oxaloacetate
reversible cleavage of F-1,6-BP to DHAP and GAP
What reaction is catalyzed by aldolase?
enantiomers
What term describes stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What two 3-carbon molecules are generated by the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
biotin
What vitamin is required for the carboxylation of pyruvate in humans
sphingosine
When a glucose is attached to the lipid, which molecule will it be covalently linked
mitochondria
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cell
oxaloacetate
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates is at the traditional start and finish of the cycle
one is a constitutional isomer of the other
Which of the following describes the relationship between D-glucose and D-fructose
malate synthase and isocitrate lyase
Which of the following enzymes are found in the glycoxylate cycle but not in the citric acid cycle
lipoamide
Which of the following functions as a "flexible swinging arm" when it transfers the reaction intermediate from one active site to the next
inhibition by phosphorylation
Which of the following is a mode of regulation for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
AMP
Which of the following is an allosteric inhibitor of gluconeogensis AMP phosphoenolpyruvate ATP NADH Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP
Which of the following is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase
A bilayer made of lipids with polyunsaturated 16 carbon-fatty acids
Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid
NAD+
Which of the following must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed
cellulose
Which of the following polysaccharides are NOT connected by a alpha-glycosidic linkage
glycolipid
in addition to phospholipids and cholesterol, which of the following is a major type of membrane lipid
antiporter
what type of membrane transporter moves two species in opposite directions across a membrane
cholesterol
which of the following helps regulate membrane fluidity in animals
glycogen
which of the following is the storage form of glucose in animals
glycogen
which polysaccharide contails alpha-1,6-linkage
