exam 3 biochem

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Active transport

A hydrophobic molecule pass through membrane from lower to higher concentration, what is called

hemiacetal

An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form a

10

Approximately how many ATP will be produced from energy molecules produced during one turn of the citric acid cycle

aldehydes with two or more hydroxyl groups and ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups

Common carbohydrates found in nature are

both pyranose and furanose ring forms.

Fructose can cyclize to

6

How many ATP and GTP in total are expended in gluconeogenesis

alpha helices of nonpolar amino acids that pass through the membrane

The most common motif found in membrane spanning proteins is

lactate and alanine

Two primary substrates for gluconeogenesis in the human liver are

Decarboxylation, oxidation, transfer to CoA

What are the steps involved (in order) in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Proteoglycans

What is the class of glycoproteins containing sulfate (SO3-) moieties

mucoproteins

What is the class of glycoproteins with predominantly N-acetylgalactosamine moieties

oxidation of an aldehyde by NAD+ and formation of acyl-phosphate

What is the function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

aconitate

What is the intermediate in the conversion of citrate and isocitrate?

lateral diffusion

What is the most common process by which lipids and proteins move in the membrane layer

gluconeogenesis

What is the name of the pathway that converts noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose

dehydration followed by hydration

What is/are teh chemical change(s) involved in the conversion of citrate into isocitrate

glycolipids

What membrane components contain carbohydrates

ion channels

What membrane proteins allow specifically charged species to flow freely across a membrane

acetyl CoA

What molecule initiates the citric acid cycle by reaction with oxaloacetate

reversible cleavage of F-1,6-BP to DHAP and GAP

What reaction is catalyzed by aldolase?

enantiomers

What term describes stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

What two 3-carbon molecules are generated by the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

biotin

What vitamin is required for the carboxylation of pyruvate in humans

sphingosine

When a glucose is attached to the lipid, which molecule will it be covalently linked

mitochondria

Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cell

oxaloacetate

Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates is at the traditional start and finish of the cycle

one is a constitutional isomer of the other

Which of the following describes the relationship between D-glucose and D-fructose

malate synthase and isocitrate lyase

Which of the following enzymes are found in the glycoxylate cycle but not in the citric acid cycle

lipoamide

Which of the following functions as a "flexible swinging arm" when it transfers the reaction intermediate from one active site to the next

inhibition by phosphorylation

Which of the following is a mode of regulation for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

AMP

Which of the following is an allosteric inhibitor of gluconeogensis AMP phosphoenolpyruvate ATP NADH Fructose 6-phosphate

ATP

Which of the following is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase

A bilayer made of lipids with polyunsaturated 16 carbon-fatty acids

Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid

NAD+

Which of the following must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed

cellulose

Which of the following polysaccharides are NOT connected by a alpha-glycosidic linkage

glycolipid

in addition to phospholipids and cholesterol, which of the following is a major type of membrane lipid

antiporter

what type of membrane transporter moves two species in opposite directions across a membrane

cholesterol

which of the following helps regulate membrane fluidity in animals

glycogen

which of the following is the storage form of glucose in animals

glycogen

which polysaccharide contails alpha-1,6-linkage


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