Exam 3: Chapter 16

What does outcome research show above the overall effectiveness of psychotherapy?

The average of treated people have better outcomes than the untreated people. 80 percent of treated vs 50 percent of untreated.

In client-centered therapy, what are active listening and unconditional positive regard?

active listening: empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client centered therapy. unconditional positive regard: a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Roger believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

What is psychoanalysis? What is the goal of psychoanalytic therapy?

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapists interpretation of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain insight.

What is the category of insight therapies?

a variety of therapies that aim to improve a psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

What is catastrophizing? How does Beck's cognitive therapy attempt to change it?

when perceptions much worse than reality. Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then persuade people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life.

What qualities does Rogers believe that an effective client-centered therapist must have?

-active listening -acknowledging expressed feelings -paraphrase -invite clarification -reflect feelings

What are antipsychotic drugs? What neurotransmitter do they target? What disorders are they used to treat?

Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics): medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders 1. classical antipsychotics: a. block dopamine receptors b. works well on positive symptoms

What is cognitive behavior therapy?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies, Not only the way they thinking (cognitive) but also the way the act (behavior)

What is the approach of cognitive therapy?

Cognitive therapy: teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting 1. assumes thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. 2. helps identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

What is an antianxiety drug? What disorders are they used to treat? What is the major drawback of their use?

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation., depresses central nervous system. Post traumatic stress disorder and OCD. They reduce symptoms without solving problem.

What is psychodynamic therapy? How does it differ from psychoanalysis?

Psychodynamic therapy: therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and seeks to enhance self-insight. psychodymanic therapy -shorter -in line of vision

What is the operant conditioning approach to psychological problems?

Voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences. Reinforce desired behaviors, and they withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors.

What is ECT? Who is it used to treat? How effective is it?

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. 8 percent of people get better

What is the eclectic approach to therapy?

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

What is an antidepressant? What is an SSRI antidepressant? What neurotransmitter does it target? What disorders is it used to treat? What are some of the drawbacks of antidepressant use?

antidepressant: drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. SSRI- selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors block the reabsorption or breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin. they cause side effects such as dry mouth and weight gain.

What is aversive conditioning?

aversive conditioning: a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

For operant conditioning, what is behavior modification?

behavior modification: Reinforce desired behaviors, and they withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors.

How does the behavior therapy approach conceptualize psychological problems?

behavior therapy: therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

What is therapeutic life style change? What six things have been found to significantly reduce depression when added to a person's life?

changing your way of life to treat illeness or prevent it. aerobic exercise adequate sleep light exposure social connection rumination nutritional supplements

What is meant by evidence based practice?

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

How do exposure therapies, systematic desensitization an aversive conditioning all involve classical conditioning?

exposure --> expose people with bad thing, and good feeling at the same time (bunny with food) aversive --> expose people with negative effect after doing a thing they like to (nausea with drinking alcohol)

What is an exposure therapy? How does it involve counterconditioning?

exposure therapy: behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. counterconditioning: behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

What is arte group therapy and family therapy? How do they differ from self-help groups?

group therapy: therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction. Family therapy: therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behavior as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. self help group: groups where people go talk about their problems. AA

What is humanistic therapy? What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

humanistic therapies assume that human nature is generally positive and emphasize the natural tendency to strive for personal improvement, by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

What are the following techniques of psychoanalysis: interpretation, resistance, transference, and free association?

interpretation: in psychonalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meaning, resistances and other significant behaviors and evens in order to promote insight. resistance: the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. transference: the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a person). free association: speaking what comes to mind first to find deep feelings

What is the difference between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy?

psychotherapy: treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth biomedical therapy: prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

What are the cognitive therapy techniques of revealing, testing, and changing beliefs?

reveal beliefs (question your interpretations) test beliefs ( examine consequences) change beliefs (take appropriate responsibility)

What is client-centered therapy?

seeks to help a person accept himself as he is and be himself with no pretense or self-imposed limits

What is systematic desensitization? What is virtual reality therapy?

systematic desensitization: a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. Virtual reality phobias: an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

What is psychopharmacology?

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy and why are they helpful? What is the therapeutic alliance and why is it important?

therapeutic alliance: a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem. hope for demoralized people (people who feel depressed, etc. have hope that therapy will help) a new perspective leading to new behavior. a emphatic, trusting, caring relationship

In operant conditioning, what are modeling, role-playing, graded task assignment, and a token economy?

token economy: an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a toke of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange their token for varios privileges or treats.

What is lithium? What disorder is it used to treat?

1. lithium: moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate mood stabalizer such as bipolar.