U.S. History EOC Review #1

Nadir of Race Relations

(1877-1901) During this period, African Americans lost many civil rights gains made during Reconstruction. Anti-black violence, lynchings, segregation, legal racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy increased.

J.P. Morgan

Created a monopoly over the banking industry

Business monopolies

exclusive control by one company over an entire industry

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Grange

means farm.

collective bargaining

when workers negotiate wages and working conditions as a union rather than individually.

Reconstruction Ammendments

13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

Fredrick Douglas

1817-1894 former slave who was a writer, editor, and leading abolitionists

End of Reconstruction

1877- President Rutherford B. Hayes withdraws the Union army from the South- Southern whites curtail the newly granted freedoms of black americans.

Haymarket Riot (1886)

1886 labor related protest in Chicago that ended in deadly violence.

Homestead Strike (1892)

1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania.

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

Missouri Compromise 1820

Admits Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free-state. Drew a line- territory north of the line would make up future free-states and territory south would be admitted as slave states.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin- controversial novel about the evils of slavery

Child labor

Banned by President Woodrow Wilson

Florida East Coast Railroad

Built by Henry Flagler. Reaches all the way to Key West. Brought business and tourists to Florida.

Compromise of 1850

California is admitted to the U.S. as a free-state and a strict Fugitive Slave Act- that required Northerners to capture and return runaway slaves to their owners.

Social Gospel movement

Christian movement during the early 20th century (1900's) that sought to provide charitable services for the poor and underprivileged. Also fought for the prohibition of alcohol.

Political Machines

Corrupt group of politicians that used fraud, bribes, and business kickbacks to ensure their control over cities in the 1800's (like New York City)

Gentlemen's Agreement

Deal between President Teddy Roosevelt and Japan to limit the flow of immigrants from Japan to the U.S.

14th Amendment

Defined citizenship and guarantees citizens equality under the law

Ostend Manifesto

Document claiming the U.S. should purchase Cuba from Spain or go to war with Spain to take it (1854)

Andrew Carnegie

Dominated the Steel industry. Philanthropist (some who donates their wealth to charity)

Cross of Gold

Famous speech by populist presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. Decried the gold standard that was oppressing farmers.

Henry Flagler

Father of Florida. Co-owner of Standard Oil. 2nd richest man in America in his time. Creates the East Coast Florida Railway and establishes a series of luxury resorts along the Floridian East Coast.

Interstate Commerce Act

First instance of the Federal government regulating business. Oversaw interstate railroad procedures

secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation- Southern states left the U.S. and formed the Confederacy. Led to Civil War.

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad

From the East Coast to the West Coast. Driving force behind westward expansion.

Trust Busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts

15th Amendment

Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law that banned immigration to the U.S.

Government Regulation

Laws and rules that guide the conduct of private businesses. Examples include Minimum wage, worker safety laws, overtime rules, etc.

Thadeus Stevens

Leader of the Radical Republicans calling for equal treatment of freedmen

Sectional Issues

Loyalty many Americans felt towards their own geographic region-the North or South- rather than to the country as a whole such as Slavery and Industrial policy

Capitalism

Market economy where most property is owned by private individuals. Production and prices are determined by price and demand.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Massive strike against the American railroads involving 250,000 workers. The army came in and broke up the strike.

Emancipation Proclamation

Military decree made by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War after the bloody battle of Antietam. Declared the slaves of southern states were freed. Didn't effectively free anyone.

Bessemer process

Modern technique for producing steel.

Northern Advantages- Civil War

More industrial, larger population, more weapons, food, miles of railroad, miles of telegraph.

Southern Advantages- Civil War

More motivated, war of attrition, know the geography, better trained generals.

Populism

Movement for silver coinage, government ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt and unresponsive elite

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial cities of the North.

American Federation of Labor

National labor union

National Women's Suffrage Association

Organization headed by Susan B. Anthony fighting for a women's right to vote.

John D. Rockafeller

Owned monopoly on oil refinement. Owner of Standard Oil. Richest man in American History.

"New Immigrants"

People coming from Ireland, Italy, Eastern Europe and China. Many fleeing religious persecution (jewish) or famine. Very poor and often unskilled.

States' rights

Powers reserved for state governments. Southern states argued that slavery ought to be a state's right.

Industrialization

Process by which a nation moves from an agricultural society to one that manufactures goods and services and innovates.

Boarding School Policy

Process by which native americans were raised in "american" schools and forced to assimilate into white-american society, taught english, forced to dress and worship like white-americans.

Granger Laws

Regulated the railroads that transported the farmers' grain in the midwest. Regulated the monopoly railroads.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1894)

Required the government to purchase twice as much silver as before. Let to more money circulating the U.S.

Debt peonage

Some trapped working for someone to pay off debts they will never be able to repay. Many freedmen were trapped working for their former masters in such a situation.

Farmers Alliance

Sought to protect farmers from the monopolistic railroad companies.

Government regulation of food and drugs

Starts with Teddy Roosevelt- spurred by reports by muckrakers about the condition in many industrial factories and fraud being committed.

Dred Scott decision

Supreme court (1857) ruling that a right to own slaves was protected by property protections within the constitution. Declared that slavery was allowed anywhere within the U.S. Upset Northerners

Why did the Southern States succeed from the Union?

The election of Abraham Lincoln- a man who was hostile towards the issue of slavery

Suffrage movement

The fight for women's' right to vote. Victory is achieved when the 19th amendment guarantees a woman's right to vote.

Bimetalism

The policy of tying gold and silver to the U.S. dollar instead of just gold. Would create inflation and benefit the debt ridden farmers. Championed by the populist farmers.

urbanization

The process by which people move from rural communities to the cities

Westward Expansion

The process of settling the western frontier of the United States.

"Old Immigrants"

Traditional immigrants to the U.S. (pre 1880's)- English, Scottish, German. Many knew English and were very skilled/ educated.

Vicksburg

Turning point in Civil War. Final battle that secured the Union's control over the Mississippi. Completed the Anaconda plan.

Gettysburg - Gettysburg Address

Turning point in Civil War. Fought just outside of Washington D.C. Victory for the North. Lincoln gives perhaps his most famous speech thereafter.

Gifford Pinchot

U.S. politician promoting conservation of the forests and ecosystems of the U.S.

Battle of Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

O.O. Howard

Union general during the Civil War

Consequences of the Civil War

Union is preserved Slavery is abolished The federal government is strengthened

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist and terrorist organization. Used violence, intimidation, and lynching to prevent African Americans from voting or associating with whites.

Anaconda Plan

a Union military plan for defeating the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River

Carpetbaggers

a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction

Laissez-Faire

a policy which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation.

Horizontal Integration

a system of consolidating many firms in the same business to lower production costs

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Radical Republicans

advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with a harsh Reconstruction policy towards the South

Settlement houses

an institution in an inner-city area providing educational, recreational, and other social services to the community.

Thomas Edison

an inventor who received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions including the light bulb and phonograph

Labor Unions

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. Use collective bargaining, strikes, and boycotts to advance their interests.

Battle of Little Big Horn

battle in which the Sioux, led by Sitting Bull, defeated the U.S. Army led by General Custer

Kansas Nebraska Act

divided the Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery- aka popular sovereignty

Abolitionists

fought to end slavery (abolish slavery)

Muckrackers

journalist/ writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business

Homestead Acts

law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road

Black Codes

law passed in southern states restricting freedmen from traveling freely, serving on juries or exercising other basic civil rights

Captains of Industry/ Robber Barons

men in charge of big businesses; John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan/ Many believed they were tyrants and called them Robber Barons. Supporters called them Captains of Industry

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

outlawed any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Reservation System

specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians' use

Jim Crow Laws

state laws passed throughout the South to enforce racial segregation of public facilities.

Ulysses S. Grant

successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army

Sharecropping

system in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop

William Jennings Brian

the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, who supported many Populist principles including silver coinage, and who toured the country to speak directly to voters.

Social Darwinism

the belief held by some in the late 1800s that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them

Vertical Integration

the practice of gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development