Exam 3 Cog Psy

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. concepts b. units c. exemplars d. prototypes

a

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. Parallel distributed processing theory b. Semantic network theory c. The prototype approach d. Enhancement due to priming

a

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Exemplars b. Units c. Prototypes d. Icons

a

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. b. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. c. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. d. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images.

c

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. analogical encoding. b. insight. c. analogical transfer. d. in vivo problem solving.

c

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. b. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. c. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. d. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

d

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative? a. Mindfulness b. Daydreaming c. Solitude d. Analysis

d

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is a. valid. b. both valid and true. c. true. d. invalid.

a

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) a. novel object. b. object with a specific function. c. frequently used object. d. familiar object.

a

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that a. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. b. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically toward the solution of a non-insight problem. c. people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem. d. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem.

a

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy. a. gains; risk-aversion b. losses; risk-aversion c. losses; risk-taking d. gains; risk-taking

a

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. b. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. c. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. d. how easy mental rotation is for humans.

a

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. semantic network b. connectionist network c. parallel distributed processing d. neural network

a

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the a. availability heuristic b. representativeness heuristic. c. falsification principle. d. belief bias.

a

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. family resemblance. b. graded membership. c. instance theory. d. prototypicality.

a

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. the method of loci. b. the pegword technique. c. a propositional representation. d. paired-associate learning.

a

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. abstract b. spatial c. detail d. propositional

b

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect. a. trial 1; word superiority b. trial 1; word frequency c. trial 2; word superiority d. trial 2; word frequency

b

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. b. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. c. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. d. everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

b

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? a. The temporal and parietal lobes b. The frontal and temporal lobes c. The parietal and occipital lobes d. The frontal and parietal lobes

b

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using a. the law of small numbers. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. framing. d. the availability heuristic.

b

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _________________ bias. a. self-serving b. status quo c. dual systems d. actor-observer

b

People tend to overestimate a. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. d. subjective utility values following a decision.

b

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a. garden pathing. b. syntactic priming. c. anaphoric inferencing. d. phonemic restoration.

b

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a. Language symbols must have high discriminability. b. Language has a structure that is governed by rules. c. Coding is required for language. d. Language involves the use of a lexicon.

b

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex? a. A white sailboat on the horizon b. A green popsicle in your hand c. A pink beachball on your towel d. A yellow kite in the sky

c

According to the typicality effect a. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. b. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. c. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. d. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another.

c

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. convergent thinking. b. insight. c. divergent thinking. d. hierarchical organization.

c

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference. a. narrative b. instrument c. anaphoric d. analogic

c

Experts categorize problems based on a. event-specific knowledge. b. surface and deep structures. c. general principles that problems share. d. how similar the objects in the problem are.

c

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a statement is true. b. two stimuli are associated. c. a presented stimulus is a word. d. a stimulus is presented.

c

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state. a. functional fixedness b. goal c. intermediate d. initial

c

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a. spreading activation b. error verification c. back propagation d. graceful degradation

c

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts. a. symbiotic b. parallel c. superordinate d. semantic

d

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. associations. b. visualizations. c. rhymes. d. propositions.

d

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference. a. instrument b. coherent c. anaphoric d. causal

d

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power? a. Hyphen b. Exclamation point c. Period d. Comma

d

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. can be inferred using mental chronometry. b. is an epiphenomenon. c. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. d. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

d

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates a. structural analyses. b. convergent thinking. c. creative cognition. d. group brainstorming.

d

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. two feet from the front door. b. right at the front door. c. one mile away from the house. d. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

d

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. instrumental inferences b. the cooperative principle c. local connections d. environmental context

d

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be a. "Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race." b. "I wonder why Goodman was vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that." c. "I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy." d. "Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

d

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. b. is identical for all people. c. actually exists. d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

d

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism. a. irrational b. categorical c. invalid d. conditional

d