exam 3 ers 103

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Continental glaciers and ice sheets currently occupy approximately __________ of land surface.

10%

Which of the following statements about streams is false?

Laminar flows generally carry more sediment than turbulent flows.

Rocks that form the seafloor are dominated by

NOT: basalt

Which of the following has the largest ice mass?

Antarctica

Which of the following statements about streams is false?

As discharge decreases, the velocity of the flow tends to increase.

The diagram below represents a cross section through a coastal mountain range. Which of the following statements is correct?

Region A would receive the most precipitation.

Which of the following statements best describes porosity and permeability?

Rocks with high porosity typically have high permeability.

What is the maximum depth of the world's ocean?

about 10 kilometers deep

Ablation of glacial ice can occur by:

all of the above: melting evaporation calving

Fresh snow typically contains around 90% air. How much air does solid glacial ice contain?

approximately 20%

How thick are the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps?

approximately 3 kilometers thick

Rock formations that transmit groundwater in sufficient quantity to supply wells are called ______.

aquifers

Where do deltas form?

at river mouths

Foraminifera shells are made of _______.

calcium carbonate

Which gas has increased by ~90% since the Industrial Revolution?

carbon dioxide

The hydrosphere, atmosphere and cryosphere are all part of which system?

climate

What type of drainage pattern is depicted in the map below?

dendritic

Which type of Milankovitch cycle has a period of about 100,000 years?

eccentricity

Which of these is powered by solar energy?

evaporation of ocean water

Which of the following depositional settings associated with rivers consists primarily of fine-grained silt and clay?

floodplains

With increasing pressure, firn turns to ________.

glacial ice

Which of the following agents of erosion deposits the most poorly sorted sediment?

glaciers

Besides oceans and seas, which of the following reservoirs stores the most water?

glaciers and polar ice

Glacial flow is driven by ___________.

gravity

The main force that drives glacial flow is ___________.

gravity

Which of the following sets of conditions would favor laminar flow as opposed to turbulent flow?

high fluid viscosity and low flow velocity

Because of human activity, sediment transported by streams has

increased dramatically

Solar energy absorbed by the Earth's surface is reradiated as __________.

infrared radiation

Choose which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has longer wavelengths and lower energies:

infrared waves

Karst terrains with caves and sinkholes develop in regions underlain by what type of bedrock?

limestone

The wave-driven transport of sand particles along a beach is known as ________.

longshore drift

Where is new lithosphere created?

mid-ocean ridges

Perennially frozen soil is called ________.

permafrost

Which of the following is not caused by overpumping groundwater?

raising of the water table

As river erosion undercuts the base of cliffs, waterfalls

retreat upstream

Bed load is the material ___________.

sliding and rolling along the bottom of the stream

Because of structures built along a beach such as groins, jetties, and seawalls, __________.

the beach grows on one side of the structure and greatly shrinks on the other side

Which of the following regions is a broad, relatively flat, shallowly submerged, sand- and mud-covered platform?

the continental shelf

Earth's albedo is defined as

the fraction of solar energy reflected by the Earth's surface

If accumulation exceeds ablation, then __________.

the glacier will grow and the ice front will advance

The transportation of thermal energy from warm equatorial oceans to cool polar oceans is called _________.

thermohaline circulation

Which of the following is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow?

viscosity

What creates ocean waves?

wind forces


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