Exam 3

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

encoding

Which of the following gives a reason for why categorization is adaptive?

Categorization allows knowledge to be generalized among members of a category

Kim knows she has been told what her friend's father's name is, but cannot seem to retrieve it when she sees him on the street. Someone tells her they think his name begins with the letter "T." Kim then correctly retrieves his name as "Todd." This example shows the advantage of...

Cued recall over free recall

According to the research supporting the prototype theory of categorization, which of the following is the most likely order in which an AVERAGE person lists all the types of doctors they know?

ER doctor, pediatrician, dentist, cognitive psychologist

I have a category that contains several exemplars of cats. If I correctly categorize a new object as a cat by comparing the new object to every stored exemplar of a cat I have experienced, I am categorizing in a manner consistent with...

Exemplar Theory

True or False. Generally, maintenance rehearsal works better than elaborative rehearsal.

False

According to levels of processing theory, which of the following are ordered from worst to best encoding strategies for word memory.

Reading a word, determining whether or not a word rhymes with another, analyzing word for meaning

According to prototype and exemplar theories of categorization, people should be faster to say _____ is a bird, than a ______ is a bird.

Robin; Ostrich

True or False. Variability in encoding can increase the likelihood of retrieval.

True

Which point in the figure represents the number of features common among category members for a superordinate category?

a

If you were to categorize the object in the picture at the subordinate level, you would call it...

a P-47 Thunderbolt

Which of the following can be a retrieval cue?

all of the above (word, face, smell, rhyme)

Jessie sets up an experiment to investigate how priming affects same-different decisions. On each trial, a prime is presented, then pictures of two objects are presented (they can be the same or different). Participants just have to say whether or not the objects are the same. According to prototype theory, if "fruit" is a prime, which two objects should yield the fastest "same" responses.

an apple and an apple

Joe runs an experiment to test how the spacing of study sessions over time impacts memory for word lists. He has three groups, all of which study for a total of 6 hours. Group 1 studies for 1 hour a day for 6 days. Group 2 studies for 2 hours a day for 3 days. Group 3 studies 6 hours for 1 day. According to research on the spacing effect, which bar above is most likely to represent data from group 1?

bar A

Joan was hungover when she encoded a memory for a word pair in a rhyming task. According to state-dependent learning, which retrieval scenario should be most likely to result in successful retrieval?

being hungover when she tries to retrieve the word pair

The whole premise of the film "Inception" is that it is really easy to get information out of memory, but very difficult to put information in. Leo DeCaprio has to go into peoples dreams and give them suggestions there in order to make them think that a memory or idea is their own. What is wrong with this premise?

cognitive psychologists have shown that it is rather easy to plant false memories, reading minds is not easy

Source amnesia is...

confusion over the source of a memory (e.g., remembering something from a personal experience when it was actually something you say in a movie)

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

generation effect

How does the exemplar approach to categorization explain the typicality effect?

high-prototypicality items are close to many exemplars, but low-prototypicality items are not

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

The post identification feedback effect is...

increased confidence due to confirming feedback after making an eye-witness identification

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's bird category probably contains...

more exemplars than Bob's

The definitional approach to categorization proposes that you categorize objects based on a list of ___________ and ___________ features.

necessary, sufficient

Are "flashbulb memories" anything like a photograph taken of the actual memorized event?

no

Let's say that the list of features for the "bird" category contains things like: birds sing, birds fly, birds have feathers, birds have beaks. Which animal below would be categorized incorrectly with this list?

penguin

Which of the following is a result used to critique Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach?

people are faster at saying that a pig is an animal than a pig is a mammal

Research on the accuracy of memories for the 9/11 terrorist attacks showed that...

people's memories faded over time, but their confidence in the accuracy of those memories did not

TV shows like Criminal Minds glorify interview tactics where they prompt people to try to imagine details of memories that may not have occurred. This is a problem because...

research shows that memories can be distorted by imaging false details such that those details end up feeling real later

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

retrieval

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

If someone is a perceptual expert (e.g., a car expert categorizing cars), which level are they most likely to categorize at?

subordinate level

According to Eleanor Rosch's research on categorization, which is likely the privileged level for categorization?

the basic level

If you are able to remember a story better when you are given context before hearing the story (e.g., a picture of the story being played out), this would be an example of...

the benefit of organization of information on memory

A police officer interviews a witness of a car crash that occurred at a 4-way intersection with stop signs. He asks "Did the red car stop at the YIELD sign?" True or false: This misleading post-event information could get the witness to remember a yield sign even though they never saw one.

true

True or False. Practicing retrieval improves your likelihood to retrieve a memory in the future.

true

According to transfer-appropriate processing, this guitar player (Elliot Smith) should be better when he plays a concert...

using the same guitar he practiced with