Exam 3 part 2 psychology

According to the concept of prototypes, how do we decide whether an item belongs to a particular category?

We compare the item to the most typical members of the category.

An experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. We can say that the driver has increased his or her ________ intelligence:

crystallized

Someone with an IQ score of 130 is in the 98th percentile. This means he or she

did better than 98% of the people his or her age who took the test.

If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?

fluid

In contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what?

fluid intelligence

The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that

if we can easily remember examples of something, it must be a common event.

The tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself, is known as the

representativeness heuristic

In decision making, searching until you find something that is good enough is called

satisficing

What are heuristics?

strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation

According to the conceptual network approach, which of the following questions should most people answer most rapidly?

Do fashion models wear dresses?

Who developed the first IQ test?

Binet and Simon

The Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet tests were both devised to have a mean score around __________ and a standard deviation around __________.

100....15

What does psychological research say about using a cell phone while you are driving?

Even listening to your passenger's half of a conversation is distracting.

Which of the following theories holds that intelligence includes unrelated (or poorly correlated) abilities such as language, music, logic, body movement, and social sensitivity?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

If differences among people in their IQ scores are based largely on differences in heredity, what should we expect to find?

IQ scores should correlate higher for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins

What does it mean to say that a test has been standardized?

Psychologists have established rules for administering the test and interpreting its scores.

Which of the following was an attempt to devise an IQ test that makes minimal use of language and is more fair to people with various cultural and language backgrounds?

Raven's Progressive Matrices

What is meant by the "Flynn effect"?

Raw scores on IQ tests have been increasing from decade to decade.

Most people would prefer to take an action to save 200 lives than one with a one-third chance of saving 600 lives. Which of the following is most likely to change their choice?

Reframe the question to ask about avoiding a loss of lives instead of saving lives.

Certain IQ tests, such as the WISC-IV, include separate tests for specialized abilities. Scores on all those separate tests are positively correlated with one another. These positive correlations are considered evidence in favor of

Spearman's "g" factor

The early IQ tests developed in France and modified for English speakers became the first important IQ test in the English language. This new version was the

Stanford-Binet

The researcher associated with developing the triarchic theory is

Sternberg

Why do psychologists believe that young children are learning rules of grammar?

Their mistakes indicate that they are over-applying certain rules.

The WISC and WAIS are both IQ tests. What is the difference between them?

They are given to people of different ages.

Brain-damaged patient A speaks fluently but is hard to understand, and she has trouble understanding other people's speech. Patient B understands most speech, but he speaks slowly and inarticulately, and he leaves out nearly all prepositions, conjunctions, and word endings. Patient A has _____ and patient B has _____.

Wernicke's aphasia... Broca's aphasia

Ordinarily, you have short eye fixations when reading something easy and long fixations when reading something difficult. If your fixations start to become about the same for easy and difficult material, what is probably happening?

Your attention is wandering

What is meant by the "language acquisition device"?

a built-in mechanism for acquiring language

If 100 students are wearing white shirts and one student is wearing a red shirt, what causes you to notice the red shirt?

a pre-attentive process

What is a prototype?

a typical example of a category

A saccade is

a voluntary eye movement

Because you remember all the times it rained right after you washed your car, you think it always rains when you wash your car. What heuristic is responsible for this judgment?

availability heuristic

If you are trying to think of uses for a brick and you can't think of anything other than building a wall, what error have you made?

functional fixedness

When Spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for?

general

In decision making, considering every possibility to find the best decision is called

maximizing

What are algorithms?

mechanical, repetitive mathematical procedures for solving a problem

You develop the belief (hypothesis) that your significant other wants to break up with you. You have a phone conversation in which your significant other sounds stressed out but says several nice things about you. According to the confirmation bias, you are most likely to

notice and remember the tone of voice while ignoring the nice comments

"Change blindness" refers to the phenomenon that

people looking at a scene often fail to notice something that changes.

The WAIS-III and WISC-IV have one advantage over the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, which is that the WAIS-III and WISC-IV

provide scores on a number of separate abilities

For thinking and problem solving, we use System 1 for _____ and we use System 2 for _____.

quick automatic processes... slow processes that require attention

The willingness to do something we wouldn't otherwise choose to do because of money or effort already spent is termed the

sunk-cost effect

Transformational grammar is a

system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure.

What is the Stroop effect?

the difficulty of saying the color of the ink instead of reading the word

Which of these would you probably find by an "attentive" process?

the key to your car among a pile of other keys

Why have psychologists periodically revised and reworded the IQ tests over the years?

to prevent the mean score from rising above 100

What evidence do most studies of heritability of human intelligence consider?

twins and adopted children

In which situation would a heuristic be most useful?

you have too many hypotheses to test