Final study guide A&P

The Pap smear looks for abnormal cytology of the

cervix

Muscles that guard entrances and exits of internal passageways are ________ muscles.

circular

Which of the following muscles has its origin on the hyoid and inserts on the tongue?

hyoglossus

What can the nervous system do to increase muscle tension?

increase stimulation frequency recruit larger motor units increase the number of active motor units ----All of the listed responses can increase muscle tension.

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the

infundibulum.

The ductus deferens passes through the ________ to enter the pelvic cavity.

inguinal canal

The role of FSH in males is to

initiate sperm production in the testes

Heat energy gained from muscle contraction is released by the ________ system.

integumentary

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of the reproductive cancers because it

is usually not diagnosed early

The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called

isometric.

The fulcrum of a lever system is the

joint

Muscle fatigue occurs because of a buildup of __________ and a(n) __________ in pH.

lactic acid; decrease

The round ligaments extend from the

lateral margins of the uterus, through the inguinal canal to the external genitalia

Sperm develop from stem cells called

spermatogonia

Muscles visible at the body surface are often called

superficialis.

The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall.

suspensory

A muscle that assists the muscle that is primarily responsible for a given action is a(n)

synergist

The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n)

tendon

The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following except

the collagen content of the muscle

Increased muscle fiber endurance can be produced by __________.

the type of activity performed

The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. These are called ________ levers.

third-class

A muscle whose name ends in the suffix -glossus would be found within or attached to the

tongue.

The muscle action potential penetrates deep into a fiber along the __________

transverse tubules

Muscles with fibers that run perpendicular to the long axis of the body are called

transversus

The protein that regulates muscle contraction by controlling the availability of active sites on actin is called

tropomyosin

Part complete The soleus muscle is very red in color. Which of these statements about soleus muscle fibers are true?

They are slow to fatigue. They have a slow twitch speed. They are rich in myoglobin.

Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers

They have many nuclei

The soleus muscle is very red in color. Which of these statements about soleus muscle fibers is FALSE?

They are large in diameter.

A(n) ________ can be described as a broad tendinous sheet.

aponeurosis

A boy has a genetic mutation such that FSH is not produced, but LH is normal. After the boy grows to maturity, it is likely he will

be sterile

Which of the following are members of the hamstring group?

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

The leading cause of death in women between the ages of 35-45 is

breast cancer.

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbo-urethral glands.

Smooth muscle contracts when calcium binds to __________ and activates __________.

calmodulin; myosin light chain kinase

A type of muscle whose action opposes that of another muscle is called a(n)

antagonist.

Put the following events of the contraction cycle in the order in which they occur. 1. Cross-bridge detachment 2. Cross-bridge formation 3. Active site exposure 4. Myosin reactivation 5. Calcium ions bind troponin 6. Myosin head pivoting

5,3,2,6,1,4

Put the following events of the neuromuscular junction in the order in which they occur. 1. Action potential is propagated in the sarcolemma. 2. Acetylcholine binds to ligand gated sodium channels. 3. Action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction. 4. Vesicles full of acetylcholine are stored at the axon terminal. 5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.

4,3,5,2,1

Cross bridge detachment is caused by ________ binding to the myosin head.

ATP

Which of the following is true about the difference between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells?

Cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs where skeletal muscle cells do not.

The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the

H band.

The region of the sarcomere that always contains thin filaments is the

I Band

Which of the following is not true of acetylcholine?

It enters the muscle fiber to release calcium form the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

How would the loss of acetylcholinesterase from the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle?

It would cause muscles to stay contracted.

Muscles of the rotator cuff include all of the following except the

Rhomboideus

Which of the following is true of acetylcholine?

Which of the following is not true of acetylcholine? It diffuses across the synaptic cleft. It is digested by acetylcholinesterase. It binds to receptor membrane channels. It is stored in the neuron in vesicles.

The spermatic cord is

a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.

The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.

acrosome

The most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is

active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A muscle producing its maximum tension for a prolonged period is in __________.

complete tetanus

________ muscle fibers pull in different directions, permitting different actions depending on stimulation.

convergent

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the

corpus spongiosum.

Fatigued muscles signify __________.

decreased pH

A vasectomy would interfere with a man's ability to

deliver sperm to the ejaculatory duct.

A(n) ________ is a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement.

prime mover

The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the

ductus deferens (vas deferens).

At what point during excitation contraction coupling does exocytosis play a role?

during acetylcholine release from the synaptic terminal

Titin is a(n) _________

elastic protein

Which of the following describes the action of the digastric muscle?

elevates the larynx and depresses the mandible

The painful condition that develops because epithelial tissue from the uterus is present in the peritoneal cavity is

endometriosis

The first organ that sperm pass through is the __________.

epididymis

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the

epimysium.

The broad ligament is a(n)

extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

Another term for vulva is

female external genitalia

A primary spermatocyte matures into ________ spermatids having ________ chromosomes.

four; 23

The glands that produce mucus used as a lubricant during sexual intercourse are ________ glands.

greater vestibular

The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA.

head

Muscles including the term capitis would be found within or attached to the

head.

The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is the ability to

produce large amounts of muscle proteins

A rigid structure that can change the effective strength of a muscle is called a __________.

lever

The ________ muscle is the strongest jaw muscle.

masseter

The sternocleidomastoid inserts on the

mastoid process of temporal bone

Muscles located close to the midline of the body may be called

medialis.

The PSA test is used for diagnosis of

prostate cancer.

The role of inhibin in male reproduction is to

provide negative feedback regulation of FSH and GnRH secretion.

In an isotonic contraction,

muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.

Muscles with fibers that run at an --angle-- to the long axis of the body are called

oblique.

The "kissing muscle" that purses the lips is the

orbicularis oris

The end of a muscle that is attached to the point that moves when the muscle contracts is called the

origin.

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

ovulation.

Most of the skeletal muscles in the body are ________ muscles.

parallel

In a ________ muscle, the muscle fibers and fascicles lie in a slanted or oblique position to the tendon.

pennate

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens (vas deferens) by

peristaltic contractions

Which of these is NOT a function of smooth muscle?

pushing blood into the great vessels of the heart

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

radial tuberosity

Given its name, what does the levator anguli oris do? (Figure 11-5)

raise the mouth

The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

recruitment.

Which of the following is not an extrinsic eye muscle?

rectus abdominus

Muscles with fibers that run --parallel-- to the long axis of the body are called

rectus.

A patient takes a medication that blocks ACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. What is this drug's effect on skeletal muscle contraction?

reduces the muscle's ability for contraction

Which organ system functions to rid the body of the waste products generated by exercising muscles?

respiratory cardiovascular integumentary ---All the listed responses are correct.

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as

rigor mortis.

What happens to sarcomere length if the zone of overlap is decreased? (Figure 10-14)

sarcomere length increases

Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle's action except

sartorius.

Contracting the gastrocnemius muscles to elevate the body on the toes involves a ________ lever.

second-class

The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except

secrete testosterone.

Which type of muscle tissue has the greatest effect on the body's heat production?

skeletal

The ________ is the region of the vagina that surrounds the cervix.

vaginal fornix

Which of these muscles is a member of the quadriceps group?

vastus medialis rectus femoris vastus intermedius vastus lateralis ---All of the answers are correct.

If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This addition of one twitch to another is called

wave summation.