Exam #3

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?

1. Minor calyx 2. Major Calyx 3. Renal Pelvis

Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation

1.Capsular space of glomerulus 2.Proximal convoluted tubule 3.Nephron loop 4.Distal convoluted tubule 5.Collecting duct

The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to ____

Angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of ______

Blood in the glomerular capillaries

Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall?

Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water

The proximal convoluted tubule is line with a _____

Cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area

As blood flows through the vasa recta alongside the ascending limb of the nephron loop the blood is flowing ____

Deep in the medulla

The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to ____

Dilate, ( which lowers blood pressure)

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to _____

Draw fluid back into the glomerulus

Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by

Engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane

A diet rich in animal protein contributes to increase levels of ____

Fixed acid

Net filtration pressure is equal to the ____

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

Sympathetic stimulation causes

Granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is ____ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter ___ of arterioles.

Higher, afferent

Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ____ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a ____ in the specific gravity of urine.

Higher, increase

Pregnancy tests often involve checking urine for the presentence of _____

Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)

When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ starts to move from the _____

ICF to the ECF

If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to _____

Increase sympathetic Stimulation of the kidney Therefore, decrease GFR

The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to _____

Increase urine volume and decreased blood volume

Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of ____, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of ____.

Insulin, creatinine

Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?

It is filtered and can also be secreted but not reabsorbed

The measure GFR, an individual's urine Is examined for the concentration of a substance that they receive by injection. How is the test substance treated by the kidney?

It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted

The plasma of our blood constitutes ____ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the ___ fluid.

Less, extracellular

Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is ____ the GFR

Lower than

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?

Materials move in the opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ___ and its ___ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule

Medulla, Ascending

Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reaction results in _____

Metabolic water intake

When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distension are ____

More immediate but less accurate

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in _____

NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers

The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the ____

Nephron loop multiples the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla

In the condition of volume excess, fluid gain involves____

No change in the osmolarity of body fluid

Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?

No exceptions, all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?

One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct

In response to low blood ____, the kidneys secrete ____.

Oxygen, Erythropoietin

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

Oxygen, Erythropoietin Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney?

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and ____, and it restricts the passage of _____.

Proteoglycans, plasma proteins

Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the ____

Proximal convoluted tubule and is obligatory water reabsorption

Low levels of calcium within the cell are maintained by____

Pumps that move calcium out of cells the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves _____

Relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels ______

Rise, blood H+ rise, and blood ph falls

When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the renal tubules being to ____

Secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+ in exchange through type B cells

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of ____

Sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption

Angiotensin II causes a(n) ____

Stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH

Which is not correct regarding the urinary bladder?

The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex

Which is not correct regarding nephrons?

The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the ____

Transport maximum

The word "countercurrent" within "counter current multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of ____

Tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop

Someone with a diet that is high in vegetable's but low in animal protein is likely to have a very active

Type b cells, which secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+

Distension of the stomach causes thirst to ____

decrease

Increases in secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to _____

decrease

ANP is a hormone that causes _____

dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered _____ controls

extrinsic

In the process of urine formation, first _____

filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

Dehydration results in ____

increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.

Renal plasma clearance ____

is the volume of plasma that can be entirely cleared of a substance in one minute.

Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the _____

kidneys

The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are _____

liters per minute

Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a ____ percentage of body fluids

low

Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit ____

low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure

Urine passes from the renal papilla into a ____

minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.

Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of ____

pinocytosis

The kidneys are located ____ in peritoneum.

posterior

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _____

proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to ____

reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium.-

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that ____ synthesis Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principle cells of kidney tubules

stimulates

The renal threshold of a substance refers to ____

the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine

When NaCl is added to the body fluids, it results in the addition of _____

two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules

High levels of ADH cause ____

vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure