Exam #3
Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?
1. Minor calyx 2. Major Calyx 3. Renal Pelvis
Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation
1.Capsular space of glomerulus 2.Proximal convoluted tubule 3.Nephron loop 4.Distal convoluted tubule 5.Collecting duct
The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to ____
Angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of ______
Blood in the glomerular capillaries
Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall?
Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water
The proximal convoluted tubule is line with a _____
Cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area
As blood flows through the vasa recta alongside the ascending limb of the nephron loop the blood is flowing ____
Deep in the medulla
The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to ____
Dilate, ( which lowers blood pressure)
The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to _____
Draw fluid back into the glomerulus
Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by
Engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane
A diet rich in animal protein contributes to increase levels of ____
Fixed acid
Net filtration pressure is equal to the ____
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
Sympathetic stimulation causes
Granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is ____ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter ___ of arterioles.
Higher, afferent
Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ____ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a ____ in the specific gravity of urine.
Higher, increase
Pregnancy tests often involve checking urine for the presentence of _____
Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)
When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ starts to move from the _____
ICF to the ECF
If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to _____
Increase sympathetic Stimulation of the kidney Therefore, decrease GFR
The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to _____
Increase urine volume and decreased blood volume
Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of ____, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of ____.
Insulin, creatinine
Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?
It is filtered and can also be secreted but not reabsorbed
The measure GFR, an individual's urine Is examined for the concentration of a substance that they receive by injection. How is the test substance treated by the kidney?
It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted
The plasma of our blood constitutes ____ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the ___ fluid.
Less, extracellular
Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is ____ the GFR
Lower than
How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?
Materials move in the opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood
The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ___ and its ___ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule
Medulla, Ascending
Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reaction results in _____
Metabolic water intake
When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distension are ____
More immediate but less accurate
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in _____
NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers
The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the ____
Nephron loop multiples the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla
In the condition of volume excess, fluid gain involves____
No change in the osmolarity of body fluid
Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?
No exceptions, all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder
How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?
One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct
In response to low blood ____, the kidneys secrete ____.
Oxygen, Erythropoietin
What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?
Oxygen, Erythropoietin Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney?
Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.
The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and ____, and it restricts the passage of _____.
Proteoglycans, plasma proteins
Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the ____
Proximal convoluted tubule and is obligatory water reabsorption
Low levels of calcium within the cell are maintained by____
Pumps that move calcium out of cells the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves _____
Relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter
If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels ______
Rise, blood H+ rise, and blood ph falls
When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the renal tubules being to ____
Secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+ in exchange through type B cells
Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of ____
Sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____
Stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption
Angiotensin II causes a(n) ____
Stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH
Which is not correct regarding the urinary bladder?
The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex
Which is not correct regarding nephrons?
The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.
The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the ____
Transport maximum
The word "countercurrent" within "counter current multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of ____
Tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop
Someone with a diet that is high in vegetable's but low in animal protein is likely to have a very active
Type b cells, which secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+
Distension of the stomach causes thirst to ____
decrease
Increases in secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to _____
decrease
ANP is a hormone that causes _____
dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release
Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered _____ controls
extrinsic
In the process of urine formation, first _____
filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.
Dehydration results in ____
increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.
Renal plasma clearance ____
is the volume of plasma that can be entirely cleared of a substance in one minute.
Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the _____
kidneys
The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are _____
liters per minute
Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a ____ percentage of body fluids
low
Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit ____
low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure
Urine passes from the renal papilla into a ____
minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.
Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of ____
pinocytosis
The kidneys are located ____ in peritoneum.
posterior
Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _____
proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.
Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to ____
reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium.-
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that ____ synthesis Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principle cells of kidney tubules
stimulates
The renal threshold of a substance refers to ____
the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine
When NaCl is added to the body fluids, it results in the addition of _____
two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules
High levels of ADH cause ____
vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure
