Exam 3 practice questions

The latest holiday lights a neighbor has put up are fascinating because they seem to be moving. The likely explanation is that the lights create the illusion of movement using:

the phi phenomenon

One reads about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonders about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.

linear perspective

One reads about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonders about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of:

linear perspective

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of:

encoding

Dr. Faulk conducts empirical research to investigate the claims for such abilities as clairvoyance and telepathy. Dr. Faulk's research reflects a field called:

parapsychology

Juan sees a banana on his desk. The sight of the banana reminds him of the time he made banana pudding with his grandmother when he was a child. The experiences Juan had with bananas has affected his _____ of the banana.

perception

Adlartok's face is completely blank when their usual package delivery driver greets them out of uniform in a café one weekend afternoon. Adlartok's failure to recognize the driver out of their customary context is BEST seen as a failure of _____ processing.

top-down

Cori studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French, and Cori cannot understand a word. A week later after studying, she understands and can respond correctly. Cori was able to improve so rapidly due to:

relearning

Malik glances at his doctor's scrawl on a handwritten prescription. He draws on his knowledge of common medications to distinguish among a's, o's, and u's. Malik's experience BEST illustrates:

top-down processing

The phrase. "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects _____ processing.

top-down processing

Psychics working with police departments often provide police with:

so many predictions that occasionally one is correct.

Who of these is likely to have a greater working-memory capacity?

young adults

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterward, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing

anterograde amnesia

With this condition, people can recall the past but cannot form new memories.

anterograde amnesia

Janet suffers from arthritis and is in constant pain. It is likely that her nociceptors:

are always turned on.

Research with the sea slug Aplysia has contributed to psychologists' understanding of not only long-term potentiation but also:

classical conditioning

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on one's retinas as it opens, yet one still perceives it as rectangular. This illustrates shape _____.

constancy

Which statement BEST explains why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions?

They make lots of guesses.

Tom just learned that his roommate Ahmed's girlfriend no longer wants to see him. Tom knows that Ahmed is studying in the library, so he goes to find him. Although Ahmed looks like he is studying, Tom assumes he looks depressed. This assumption is an example of someone being influenced by:

a context effect

As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he has run into the co-worker is known as:

automatic processing

Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with a middle-aged adult's ability to perform a dance that was popular in one's youth, but rarely seen since then.

basal ganglia

After a rap concert, as Dominique walks out into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the hair cells of her _____ membrane.

basilar

After an evening at the opera, as Enrique walks out into the fresh air, he notices his ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the hair cells of his:

basilar membrane

hen people are told that a bottle of wine is much more expensive than it really is, they are likely to:

believe it tastes better than it would otherwise.

Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.

cerebellum

According to the textbook, desirable objects are perceived as closer than neutral objects. In an experiment examining this phenomenon, the perceived distance of the objects is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

dependent

The retina's central focal point where cones are heavily concentrated is called the

fovea

James has suffered brain damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:

left hippocampus

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:

linear perspective

Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:

mood-congruent memory

Alicia is traveling on a train. She stares out the window at a house. The sidewalk in front of the house will appear to:

move backward

_____ is the technical name for our sense of smell.

olfaction

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of children with asthma respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by the:

signal detection theory

Memories of events occurring before age _____ are often unreliable.

4

Godden and Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (for example, learn underwater, get tested underwater).

Martha is studying the chapter on personality for her psychology exam. To make it easier to remember the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), she uses the first letter of each trait to spell OCEAN. Martha is using:

a mnemonic device

Afterimages are BEST explained by:

opponent-process theory

Robert, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This difference in reaction to the same stimuli is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

Astra is house sitting. On the first night, a thunderstorm causes the electricity to go out. She remembers seeing some candles and matches next to the grandfather clock. Why does she automatically cock her head when trying to pinpoint the sound of the clock?

so that her two ears will receive slightly different messages

When Angie was sitting in the park one day, he witnessed a robbery. When the police officer arrived, she asked, "Please describe the young criminal." Angie responded by recalling erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Angie's experience best illustrates:

misinformation effect

Megan starts making a grocery list early in the week, and adds items daily throughout the week. At the end of the week, when Megan gets to the grocery store, she realizes that she left her list at home. The items she is MOST likely to recall on the list are those that she added:

most recently

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting:

motivated forgetting

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because:

of the automatic processing of space

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

one's first kiss

Marla has a persistent itch on her arm. This is MOST likely caused by the stimulation of _____ receptors.

pain

Dr. Frasier conducts empirical research to investigate the claims for such abilities as clairvoyance and telepathy. Dr. Frasier's research reflects a field called _____.

parapsychology

When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating:

perception

Humans recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact illustrates:

perceptual constancy

The distance between one's right and left eye functions to provide one with a cue for depth perception known as:

retinal disparity

A one-hit-wonder song popular 5 years ago comes on the radio. "I used to love this song!" Clyde exclaims. "Who sang it?" "Oh! I know! It's . . . it's. . . . Darn! It's on the tip of my tongue!" Ralph responds. Ralph is experiencing a failure of the memory process called:

retrieval

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her:

fovea

Very generally, the structures of the _____ ear _____ sound.

middle; amplify

An injury could stimulate _____, specialized receptors that can detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals.

nociceptors

Evidence that learning has occurred includes these three measures of retention:

recall, recognition, and relearning.

If one moves one's watchband up one's wrist an inch or so, one will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates:

sensory adaptation

One's ability to focus on informative changes in the environment is MOST directly supported by:

sensory adaptation

Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using _____ cues to remember the woman's name.

retrieval

In a song inspired by the classic television show The Twilight Zone, an American vocal group sang the lines, "Unpretentious girl from Memphis/Saw the future through her third eye." These lines underscore a specific extrasensory perception ability called:

precognition

Jen believes that if she really concentrates, she can see the numbers drawn in the coming week's lottery. Jen believes she is capable of:

precognition

Rubal is taking a course exam that includes fill-in-the-blank questions. The fill-in-the-blank items are good examples of a _____ memory task.

recall

Katrina is driving her 15-year-old car. She notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ perception. Katrina immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound the car made the last time she had it repaired, which involves _____ perception.

bottom-up; top-down

At Cornell University, Gibson and Walk placed infants on the edge of an illusory canyon to determine whether crawling infants can perceive:

depth

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words.

explicit; implicit

We perceive intense colors as those with a greater:

amplitude

Camilla has been told her basilar membranes are damaged. This is MOST likely to affect her:

audition

Many people in the United States can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the attacks on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

As Jenny was watching television the electricity went out. For a few tenths of a second, she was still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of _____ memory.

iconic

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

recognition

An elementary school teacher is testing pupils' retention of state capitals. In Part I of the test, students must match some capitals to the correct states. In Part II, students have to supply the correct capital for each of several states. Part I is a _____ test of memory, and Part II is a _____ test.

recognition; recall

Every time one replays a memory, one replaces the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this _____.

reconsolidation

After having an argument with one's significant other, one is likely to view them very negatively as a person. This is BEST seen as reflecting:

state-dependent memory

In a simplified summary of visual information processing, recognition is _____ step.

the last

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect

With respect to metaphors or "models" or memory throughout history, Aristotle is to Freud as _____ is to _____.

wax tablet; mystic writing pad

An airplane is descending into its destination airport. Currently it is about 500 feet above the ground. The amplitude of its noise is about _____ decibels.

110

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:

AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells.

Which of these statements is TRUE?

External events are first processed by sensory memory.

The _____ psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Gestalt

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties?

Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back

Who theorized that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain?

Melzack and Wall

Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?

Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.

Which statement regarding when we are most likely to forget information is accurate?

We can forget information at any memory stage.

Sean just discovered that his roommate's girlfriend broke up with his roommate. Later on, Sean sees his roommate studying in the library and assumes that his roommate looks depressed. This assumption is an example of perception being influenced by:

a context effect

When Ryan arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

adaptation

When one is picturing a chart in a textbook and thinking about what a professor discussed about the topic in class, one is utilizing the _____ aspect of working memory.

central executive

A 7-month-old toddler is just learning to crawl. Her mother has agreed to have her toddler participate in an experiment that incorporates a visual cliff. What is MOST likely being studied in this experiment?

depth perception

Max is a catcher for a professional baseball team. Last week he injured his groin while playing, but finished out the game. It is MOST likely that Max:

did not feel any pain until after the game.

Michael invites a person that he hopes will become his new roommate to meet him in his apartment. Michael's mother, a real estate agent, tells him to bake cookies and make hot tea just before the prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect the person's judgment of Michael. This is an example of:

embodied cognition

One may see one's relationship with one's partner or roommate as less stable when wobbly chairs and rickety tables predominate than when the furniture feels more solid. This example illustrates the concept of:

embodied cognition

Several days ago, Ravi fell and hurt his ankle. Although it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for X-rays, he found out he has a broken bone. It is likely that Ravi carries a gene that boosts the availability of:

endorphins

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _____ memory is sketchy.

episodic

Juan and Joseph are opera singers. Juan is a baritone. Joseph is a tenor, so his voice is higher-pitched than Juan's voice. With respect to their physical properties, the sound waves corresponding to Juan's voice are lower in _____ than those corresponding to Joseph's voice.

frequency

The brain network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ and _____.

frontal lobes; hippocampus

Marissa's preterm baby is stimulated with hand massage several times each day. She can expect that her baby will:

gain weight faster and be able to go home sooner than preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage.

According to the _____ theory, the spinal cord contains a neurological mechanism that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

gate-control

As Ted walks through a park, he hears the sound of a dog barking and is able to recognize the direction of the sound and if the dog is nearby. Ted is able to do this because:

he has two ears and the sound will first travel to the ear nearest to the sound.

The inner ears contain sensory receptors for:

hearing and the vestibular sense but not kinesthesia.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

helps one to understand how memory works

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's:

hippocampus

The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

One sense influencing the perception of another is known as sensory _____.

interaction

One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is highly likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This phenomenon is called the _____ effect.

primacy

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron forms vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron is engaged in the process of:

priming

"Dog food, coffee, paper towels . . ." Michelle's roommate begins reciting items into the phone as she gets into her car; Michelle is supposed to stop by the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up with, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Michelle forgets a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix are in the bag. Her memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

recency

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

repression

According to the social influence view of hypnosis, hypnotized subjects are:

responding to the social demands of the situation.

Lamar attempts to change an online password. When he creates a new password, the site alerts him that he has used the password before. Lamar cannot recall using it in the past; he can only remember his more recent passwords. Lamar is experiencing _____ interference.

retroactive

Sebastian took 3 years of Latin in high school. In college, he takes three courses in Spanish. By the end of college, he finds it hard to remember much Latin. Sebastian is experiencing _____ interference.

retroactive

After getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous phone number. Samantha was experiencing:

retroactive interference

Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is called _____.

sensation; perception

Carlos was just touched on his cheek, which is a(n) _____. In order for Carlos to know if he was kissed or slapped, Carlos needs a(n) _____.

sensation; perception

Dakota can hear sounds, but often has trouble distinguishing what someone is telling them. Dakota MOST likely suffers from _____ hearing loss

sensorineural

Troy and Allan are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Troy wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Troy prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of:

sensory interactin

Today, a person on television described their experience of _____, a condition in which the senses become joined. The person explained that when certain types of music are played, they often see patterns of colors.

synesthesia

George sees the sound of a trumpet as a pointed, triangular shape. George's experience BEST exemplifies a condition called:

synesthesia.

"We can practically read each other's minds and feel each other's emotions!" Tim exclaims in describing his relationship with his longtime partner. Tim is attributing the extrasensory perception ability of _____ to the relationship.

telepathy

Judith suffers from painful arthritis. Judith's physician gave her medication to help ease her pain. The medication Judith was given contained water, rather than actual medicine. However, Judith reported that her pain reduced. The BEST explanation for this is that:

the medication dampened the central nervous system's attention and response to her back pain.

Frankie has a very clear memory of their child's birth. They remember the weather, what they were wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy they felt. Psychologists would say that:

they have a flashbulb memory for this event

One evening, one hears a gunshot—or was it just a car backfiring?—up ahead and to one's left as one walks down one's street. One's ability to localize the source of the sound is aided by the difference between the two ears in the _____ of the incoming sound wave.

time and intensity

As Darwin is reading a book, they experience a phantom sound of ringing in the ears. This is referred to as:

tinnitus

Tim suffers from a hearing loss. While he is at work, Tim experiences a ringing sensation in the ears known as:

tinnitus.

_____ occurs when light energy or sound energy is converted into neural impulses.

transduction

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) _____ threshold.

absolute

What is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus 50 percent of the time?

absolute threshold

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as highway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground-floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange BEST exemplifies the concept of sensory:

adaptation

An advertising campaign suggests that people may need an air-freshening room spray because they have probably gone "nose-blind" to odors guests might notice, such as cooking and pet odors. The campaign is capitalizing on the concept of sensory:

adaptation

Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.

anterograde

Tinnitus is a(n) _____ phantom limb sensation.

auditory

Implicit memory formation is dependent on which brain structure?

cerebellum

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the _____ in the brain.

cerebellum

In the brain, learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the _____.

cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus

misinformation effect highlights the

changeability of memory

A building contractor is surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when the contractor moves to the right, she can see the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:

closure

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:

closure

Which sequence correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This BEST illustrates:

context effect

based on information provided in the text one's irises are MOST likely to constrict when one is :

disgusted

From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.

echoic

Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____ memory.

echoic

long-term potentiation is an increase in the ____ over time

efficiency of synaptic transmission

Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hairstyle. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make a comment about her new hairstyle until Lau

encoding failure

Xui was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She does not remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she was not paying attention. Xui's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:

encoding failure

One caution regarding false memories of childhood traumas is that:

genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will not be believed

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

glutamate

With respect to the influence of experience on perception, the philosophers Immanuel Kant and John Locke:

had opposing views

Michelle was driving home from running errands with her four children when her car broke down about a mile from her house. She tried to get it to start but it just would not do anything. She tried to call her husband to come help her but received no answer. Michelle decided to walk home with her four children. After walking about half a mile in the 95-degree weather with her children Michelle could see her street in the distance. It seemed like she would never get home. It felt like she had been walking for hours. Michelle's perception of the distance to her home is being influenced by:

her emotions

Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes?

her pupils are dilating

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.

in the middle

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines ______ of the poem.

in the middle

Thomas recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Thomas' perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

interposition

According to your text, transduction involves three processes. Which of these is NOT one of these processes?

interpreting

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

it is easier to relearn, that is, to learn the material for a second time

The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms BEST illustrates the sense of

kinesthesia

The vestibular sense is a companion to:

kinesthesia.

The increased efficiency of potential neural firing that is believed to be the basis for learning and memory is known as:

long term potentiation

Bees can see ultraviolet light, but cannot see the color red. This means that bees cannot see:

long wavelengths

_____ memory is considered to be a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse for the memory system.

long-term

Randy is playing the piano. His left hand plays notes that are _____ in _____ than does his right hand.

lower; frequency

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

memory

The brain's circuitry for smell also connects with areas involved in:

memory storage

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's ninetieth floor, taxis on the street look tiny. However, a viewer knows they are not toy cars. This example illustrates the _____ depth cue of _____.

monocular; relative size

Phantom limb sensations and other experiences of amputees show that the brain can produce pain in the absence of:

normal sensory input

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could:

not recognize object by sight that were famililar to him by touch

Xavier has had their driver's license for many years. When they first got their learner's permit and started driving, they had to think about every action needed to operate the automobile. Now they do these behaviors automatically and can respond quickly to a road hazard. As an experienced driver, Xavier is using _____ to process routine information needed to drive the car.

parallel

Professor Brandt shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair are related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are not related. Professor Brandt is MOST likely conducting a study on:

perceptual sets

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is:

permanent

Lucy is convinced she senses the odor of rotten eggs, but no one in the house can detect the odor. Lucy's sensation is known as:

phantom smells

Maura goes to a psychic who says she can read cards and tell her about her life. Maura wants to know when she will get married. She hopes this psychic has the ability of:

precognition

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of:

precognition

Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____ effect.

primacy

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is that the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive

Professor Yu has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.

proactive

Evidence that learning has occurred includes these three measures of retention

recall, recognition, and relearning.

Rory agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Rory repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Rory used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called:

rehearshal

When subjects look at a picture of the Moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to:

schemas

In Craik and Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.

semantic

JT recalls that the capital of Delaware is Dover. This example reflects JT's _____ memory.

semantic

One's knowledge that a mile contains 5280 feet is an example of one's _____ memory.

semantic

Playing Ring Around the Rosie, some children are spinning around and around. When they stop, they still feel as though they are spinning because their _____ and _____ have not returned to their neutral state.

semicircular canals; kinesthetic receptors

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.

sensation; perception

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during episodes of the series she streams. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

short-term

To make a long-distance call, Betty has to dial an unfamiliar phone number. She is likely to have trouble retaining the number she just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory.

short-term

The ability to accurately perceive distances MOST clearly underlies one's capacity for:

size constancy

Rachel's friend disappointed her, and she tells another friend, "That friend is really unreliable. She doesn't care about people's feelings." Later, when Rachel's friend apologizes and does something kind, Rachel tells a friend, "That friend is always so nice to me!" This alteration of perception is BEST explained by:

state-dependent memory

Ralph came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. Luckily, he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of:

state-dependent memory

When something good happens to people, the rest of their life feels more positive. This is BEST explained by:

state-dependent memory

Clarice presses the Ctrl and S keys on her keyboard to save a document. A file is then created on her computer's hard drive. Clarice's action is MOST analogous to the memory process of:

storage

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect

Fifty-year-old Jack finds that he really enjoys the taste of whiskey, mushrooms, strong peppers, and onions, but his 21-year-old son does not. The reason for this difference in taste is likely due to:

the number of taste buds in the mouth that decreases with age.

The pain system differs from the visual system in that:

there are multiple stimuli that trigger pain.

Of the thousands of studies conducted to date on claims of extrasensory perception (ESP), what is the general consensus regarding its existence?

there is no evidence to support such claims

How are the basilar membrane and taste buds alike?

they both use hair cells to detect sensations

Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of:

umami

Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a savory dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is:

umami

Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance-beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____ sense

vestibular

_____ principle was NOT developed to help explain an aspect of the sense of __

volley; vision

Why do human's sensory systems adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?

so that they detect potentially important changes in what is going on

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

misinformation

Marcus was born with cataracts, but he didn't have cataract surgery until he was 35 years old. The surgery restored his sight, but:

he could not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch.

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

he has a flashbulb memory for this event

Uri Geller famously claims to be able to bend metal objects such as spoons with his mind. This ability is known as:

psychokinesis

the extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables

effortful processing

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why?

Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes

Baden suffered a brain injury in an automobile accident that makes it impossible for them to form new memories. They can, however, remember their life experiences before the accident. Baden's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:

anterograde amnesia

James is threading a needle under a bright light bulb. During this task, James' vision is driven mainly by the _____ in his _____.

cones; fovea

Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:

encoding failure

An 8-year-old cat Minnie ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for 2 months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When the neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to her owner. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision?

her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions

hierarchical organization

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

infantile amnesia

Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. This inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is called _____.

infantile amnesia

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

iris

Paul decides to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Paul doesn't realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of:

memory construction

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of:

monocular

Latoya accidentally grazes her finger with a hot iron. The burn stimulates _____, specialized receptors that can detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals.

nociceptors

While Maria was stacking her term paper, she received a paper cut. The cut produced a sharp pain on her index finger. This pain was initiated by specialized receptors called _____ in her skin.

nociceptors

Morgan's teacher read a list of United States presidents and instructed Morgan to find several facts on each as part of a homework assignment. However, Morgan failed to write the list down. They can remember the first few presidents the teacher mentioned, though. Morgan's memory for these presidents BEST reflects the _____ effect.

primacy

The cliché of the individual with extrasensory perceptual abilities bending a spoon with their mind illustrates the more specific phenomenon of:

psychokinesis.

Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short because they rely on the distance cue known as:

relative size

While taking a U.S. history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:

retrieval failure

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty BEST illustrates:

retroactive interference

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

While playing Ring Around the Rosie, some children are spinning around and around. When they stop they still feel as though they are spinning because their _____ canals and kinesthetic receptors have not returned to their neutral state.

semicircular

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he does not have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:

short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity

People with hearing loss differ from those without hearing loss MOST markedly in their experience of _____ sounds.

soft

Jess was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She MOST likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.

temporal

Professor Mollier suggests that students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:

the context in which learning occured

When one goes for a job interview and is introduced to many people, whose name is one MOST likely to remember?

the first person one meets

Larry has just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. Because of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, Larry asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

the serial position effect predicts either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicants interviewed in the middle group

the dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's case BEST demonstrates:

anterograde amnesia

Professor Ferguson is a researcher that is interested in studying hypnosis. In the study they are designing they only want to include people with high hypnotic susceptibility. They should choose study participants who:

are imaginative and are suggestible.

psychologists' understanding of memory has benefited greatly form the in-depth studies of such individuals as Jill Prince (the woman who could not forget) and Henry Molaison (HM). These examples highlight the importance of the ______ method in psychological research

case study

In an experiment described in the textbook, bar patrons preferred the taste of vinegar-laced beer in a glass labeled "MIT brew" to the taste of identical beer served in an unlabeled glass. The type of glass is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

independent

In an experiment described in the textbook, preschool children preferred the taste of french fries served in a McDonald's bag to the taste of identical fries served in a plain white bag. The type of bag is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

independent

Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably caused by difficulties with his:

inner ear

which factor is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory

long-term potentiation

Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. Based on the case study of Mrs. M. described in the textbook, the stroke is MOST likely to impair Eleanor's ability to perceive:

motion

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates:

motivated forgetting

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities BEST illustrate our normal capacity for:

parallel processing

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This BEST illustrates:

perceptual adaptation

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she cannot recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing _____ interference. Pippa is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive; retroactive

If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?

recognition

Jaylen found the item number of the product she wanted to order from a catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the item number.

chunking

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called:

chunking

An elementary school teacher is testing pupils' retention of state capitals. In Part I of the test, students must match some capitals to the correct states. In Part II, students have to supply the correct capital for each of several states. Part I is a _____ test of memory, and Part II is a _____ test.

recognition;recall

It's evening and Benson is mentally replaying the day's events. He pictures his facial expression as he listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because he was unable to see his expression at the time, his recall necessarily illustrates:

reconsolidation

When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called:

reconsolidation

Tammy draws a picture in which the mountains are closer to the top of her paper than the nearby trees in her picture. This is an example of the monocular distance cue known as:

relative height

As one watches a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of one's eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures?

cornea, pupil lens

From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A specific type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.

echoic

Madeline is an interior designer. When she chooses a new color for her client's walls, she always checks the swatch against different colored objects in the room. Madeline is aware of how colors change because of:

relative luminance

Which depth perception list contains an item that does NOT belong with the others?

relative motion, convergence, monocular cues

Yasmin is studying for tomorrow's psychology exam. She has been reading and taking notes for hours, and she feels like she cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Yasmin to do at this point is to:

go directly to sleep

After a rap concert, as Jamie walks out into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the:

hair cells of the basilar membrane.

Manny suffers from diabetes and lost his vision 2 months ago. He experiences phantom sights called:

hallucinataions

Research on wine drinkers has demonstrated that a wine's price _____ on its perceived taste.

has a top-down influence

Research shows that infant rats deprived of their mother's grooming:

have a lower metabolic rate.

Thomas was having a painful dental procedure. His dentist performed the most painful portion of the procedure first and then performed the less painful portion of the procedure. According to research on memories of pain, Thomas is likely to:

have a memory in which he recalls the less painful procedure more than the more painful procedure.

Judith has been experiencing a great deal of pain in her lower back. Her experience of pain is in part the result of certain psychological factors such as:

her expectations about pain.

Digitally altered photos can produce false memories because of:

imagination inflation

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of:

repression

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great moviegoing experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:

retinal disparity

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with _____.

retrieval

In daily life, when one says one remembers some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able to use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage but also _____.

retrieval

Jake is describing a chance encounter with an acquaintance. "I couldn't remember her name, yet it was on the tip of my tongue!" he exclaims. Jake is experiencing a failure of a memory process called:

retrieval

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be _____ cues.

retrieval

An oldie playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a:

retrieval cue

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test; however, as he rereads the response options he remembers the correct answer. Chad has made use of a:

retrieval cue

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name.

retrieval cues

While taking his statistics exam, Charles is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Charles is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.

retrieve

After getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____ interference.

retroactive

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet supplies display in a Boise, Idaho, discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is BEST described as:

retrograde

________ amnesia involves an inability to retrieve old memories

retrograde

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned because she knows that prolonged exposure to earsplitting music can cause:

sensorineural hearing loss.

The minute you walk into your in-laws' house, you are struck by the strong smell of perfume. After about 10 minutes, however, you no longer notice it. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation

When Thad arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model, we record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Before going home, Dr Rosen tries to flesh out his patient notes. He can remember the first and last sessions of the day, but his memory of the middle ones is a bit fuzzy. Dr.Rosen is a victim of the ______ effect.

serial position

Amber asked her roommate to turn down the radio because she was trying to study. Her roommate had increased the volume from a volume level of 14 to 15. This was just enough for Amber to detect the increase and subsequent decrease. Amber's detection of the increase and decrease of volume is an example of:

the difference threshold

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect

In 1937, two Harvard psychologists asked the public for assistance in finding the Lindbergh baby after he was kidnapped. People were asked to submit the contents of their dreams. Out of 1300 submissions, what percentage of people accurately predicted that the baby had already died?

5 percent

When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels.

60

Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds of _____ decibels and above can produce hearing loss.

85

Morrie has had a cold for 5 days, and his nose is so stuffy that he cannot smell anything. When he sips his coffee, he finds that it is tasteless. What is the MOST likely reason for this?

To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose.

Stacy is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Stacy to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Stacy to do this with one eye closed. Stacy finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of:

binocular cues

Adults with severe hearing loss are at an increased risk for:

both anxiety and depression.

Which statement is false about the use of hypnosis in pain reduction?

In surgical experiments, hypnotized patients have required no pain medication and no local anesthesia.

Your room is still fairly dark when you wake up early one morning. You look over at your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual

Why are children often repelled by the taste of novel meat dishes and bitter vegetables?

Novel or bitter foods were considered potentially toxic by our ancestors.

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates:

source amnesia

Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.

distributed practice

"I remember that day!" Marta exclaims, showing a friend a "memory" status from 4 years ago that appeared today in her social media site newsfeed. Marta seems to have a clear _____ memory for the day in question.

episodic

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her twenty-first birthday. That is, her _____ memory of that evening is sketchy.

episodic

When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory

essay; recall

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been MOST likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by:

experience

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:

explicit memory and implicit memory

Kisharra encounters an intriguing article reporting a case of a neuropsychological disorder called prosopagnosia. She learns that prosopagnosia reflects an inability to recognize _____ and results from damage to the _____ hemisphere.

faces; right

When an extremely tired person is walking toward their parked car after a long day at work, they are more likely to perceive it as being _____ due to motivation effects.

farther away

Based on survey research, _____ eminent scientists support the notion of extrasensory perception.

few

Danilo has a vivid memory for the moment he learned of the 2016 mass shooting at the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Danilo has a(n) _____ memory for this tragedy.

flashbulb

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This best illustrates ___________ memory.

flashbulb

Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory for this event.

flashbulb

Some of our memories of emotionally significant events are vividly clear. These memories are known as:

flashbulb memories

The practice of acupuncture is based on the theory that one way to block pain messages is to create competing stimulation. This in turn is based on _____ theory.

gate-control

The place theory is specialized to detect _____ sounds and the temporal theory is specialized for _____ sounds.

high-frequency; low-frequency

Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

hippocampus

Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.

hippocampus

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.

iconic

As a practical joke, Veronica tells her younger brother a story about an event that did not happen when he was 4 years old, that he called 9-1-1 to report a fight they were having. Veronica repeated the story several times, until her brother could really see himself dialing the phone. This is an example of:

imagination inflation

The way in which one quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

proximity

The way in which one quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of:

proximity

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

recognitiion

Genna's irises are constricting. Based on information provided in the text, Genna is MOST likely _____ someone.

refusing

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him their phone number, he had nothing to write on. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called _____.

rehearsal

Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

rehearsal

Which depth perception list contains items that all go together?

retinal disparity, binocular cues, convergence

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____ memory is MOST important.

working

Phyllis is doing a handstand in her yoga class. When she looks at the clock she can still tell that the time is 10 o'clock. This is thanks to:

perceptual constancy

"Believing is seeing." This reversal of a familiar saying BEST reflects the influence of _____ on sensation and perception.

perceptual set

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with:

retrieval

When one encodes a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are called:

retrieval cues

If Lola begins to list all the classes she's ever taken in college, she will MOST likely recall her last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?

the recency effect

Tanner's study partner asks him, "Which German physiologist is associated with the trichromatic theory of color vision?" "Um . . . von . . . von. . . . I know it! H something . . . ," Tanner manages. Tanner is experiencing:

the tip-of-the tongue phenomenon

If the functioning of one's cerebellum is impaired, one would have trouble:

tying a knot

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

working memory

Luca has been studying all week for his final exam in biology. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ before sleep will be remembered well.

1 hour

Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

high amplitutde

Mona is waiting for her friend to give her a ride on his new motorcycle. As her friend pulls up the driveway, the motorcycle's brakes squeal loudly. Mona gets on, and then her friend revs the engine. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves.

high-frequency; low-frequency

One's memory for one's most embarrassing moment is to one's anxious reaction to a blood test as the brain's _____ are to its _____.

hippocampus and frontal lobes; basal ganglia and cerebellum

Research has demonstrated that our memories of pain depend on which of these factors?

how much pain we feel at the end of the experience

Cruz realizes just how loud the building's heating system is when it abruptly shuts off one afternoon in the early spring. That Cruz had failed to notice the system's noise all winter BEST illustrates the concept of sensory:

adaptation

Stefan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision. He has agreed to wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Due to perceptual _____, after about a week, he is able to perform his usual tasks, like riding a bike or reading a book.

adaptation

The minute Mark walks into his mother-in-law's house to visit, he is struck by the strong smell of his mother-in-law's perfume. However, after about 10 minutes Mark no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

adaptation

Estelle remembers the night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus, but also her:

amygdala

If different parts of the brain could talk, this brain structure would say, "Brain, encode this moment for future reference!"

amygdala

At a block party, Derek meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, he can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors he met. The fact that Derek can remember the last two people he met BEST reflects the ____ effect

recency

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

rehearshal

With respect to the senses, _____ is to head position as _____ is to body position.

the vestibular sense; kinesthesia

Samantha opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called

transduction

The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of:

transduction

You open your eyes in the morning and see flowers by your bedside. At that point, your eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called

transduction

Antjuan's pupils are dilating. Based on the textbook's discussion, Antjuan is MOST likely _____ someone.

trusting

Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in MOST of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of:

umami

As Trent reads a textbook, he actively integrates sentences with the memory representation of earlier sentences that he is maintaining in memory. Trent's active processing is taking place in _____ memory.

working

Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for 3 months. How will this sensory deprivation affect his vision?

His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation.

Tomas wakes up early in the morning and his room is fairly dark. He looks over and sees his shirt hanging on a hook. He knows it is his red shirt because he hung it up there before he went to bed, but in the dark he cannot see its color. It looks dark gray to him. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in his eyes are ineffectual.

In a demonstration of our memories of pain, researchers asked subjects to put one hand in painfully cold water for 60 seconds and then the other hand in the same painfully cold water for 60 seconds, followed by a slightly less painful 30 seconds more. Which experience would the subjects recall as MOST painful?

The first hand that experienced only 60 seconds of pain would be remembered as more painful.

Godden and Baddeley conducted a memory experiment using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. Then the groups were tested on the words. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (for example, learn underwater, get tested underwater).

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

On a business trip last year, Erum, who really hates to fly, and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. In the middle of the flight, they experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Erum remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why?

erum experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes

Lily is riding her bicycle and, after the fortieth mile, she has one last hill to climb. As compared with the other hills she has climbed on her ride, Lily is likely to perceive this last hill as:

higher

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time, even though they cannot recall having seen the story before. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's:

hippocampus

Carlos's memory for the approximate population of California is to his memory for how to tie a necktie as the brain's _____ are to its _____.

hippocampus and frontal lobes; basal ganglia and cerebellum

Mind-to-mind communication is known as:

telepathy

A police officer stops people to ask them about an automobile accident they may have witnessed the previous day. Because they were in the area at the time of the accident, the police officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the police officer's wording affect one's recollection of the incident?

People would be more likely to remember a more serious accident than if the police officer had used other wording (for example, "hit" each other).

Lana cannot recognize faces. She has to pretend to know people she has already met. Lana MOST likely suffers from:

Prosopagnosia

A long time ago, Lorie was stuck in an elevator for over three hours. Although generally not claustrophobic, they felt like the elevator walls were closing in on them after two hours. Now, 10 years later, they still vividly recall the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing their long-lasting robust memory of this event?

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

For your psychology class, there are practice quizzes that you can take before completing a graded quiz. If you take these practice quizzes, what is likely to happen?

You are likely to learn the course content better than if you did not complete the practice quizzes.

Which of these is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory?

You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Wilson was born deaf. At 3 years of age his parents had the doctor put in this device so he will be able to hear:

a cochlear implant

Smell is a(n) _____ sense.

chemical

Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.

chunking

When asked to memorize the 15 letters C I A C B S A B C F B I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called _____.

chunking

Mrs. Costello lives in Florida. She is gripped by a vision of her sister, gravely injured in a car wreck happening at that very moment in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Costello is inconsolable. Her husband calmly disproves Mrs. Costello's vision by calling his sister-in-law; her cheery voice greets him on the phone. Clearly, Mrs. Costello does not have the ability of _____ that she believes she possesses.

clairvoyance

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina.

cochlea; rods and cones

Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear pops from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in:

conduction hearing loss

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No," and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

deja vu

Lonnie is waiting for Brandon to arrive at a café for an afternoon coffee date. They haven't been out together one-on-one yet; call it a prelude to a "real" first date, in the evening and with dinner. Lonnie has made sure to order Brandon hot rather than iced coffee, and he's seated at a booth rather than a rickety chair or stool. These choices MOST likely reflect Lonnie's knowledge of:

embodied cognition

Physical warmth may promote social warmth. In a café, for example, one may perceive another customer as friendlier when one is holding a steaming mug of coffee than when one is holding a chilled can of soda. This example illustrates the concept of:

embodied cognition

The Scandinavian notion of "hygge" suggests that the physical warmth of a cozy environment—candlelight, firelight, snug spaces, fuzzy fabrics, and the like—promotes social conviviality and warmth. Hygge is consistent with the concept of _____ discussed in the textbook.

embodied cognition

Although contemporary college students have undoubtedly seen the apple logo many, many times, one study found that only 1 in 85 could draw it correctly. This most likely reflects a failure in the memory proces of

encoding

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates a failure in the memory process of:

encoding

If students study for a test by reviewing multiple-choice items, but the test is given in an essay format, they are not likely to do as well as they might have if the test were also multiple choice. This is explained by the:

encoding specificity principle

The three consecutive steps in our memory information processing are:

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:

encoding, storing, and retrieving

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.

encoding;retrieval

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.

interaction

At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember her name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:

interference

Gestalt psychologists discovered that our minds follow specific rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups. Which of these is NOT one of these rules?

interposition

Malik knows that a passing bus is nearer than a parked car because the bus momentarily blocks his view of the car. This example illustrates the depth cue of:

interposition

As one walks into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of one's eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the:

iris

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the eye's ______ to confirm people's identity

iris

Demitri is suffering from depression and can only recall negative experiences. The recall of these negative memories:

is then used by Demitri to explain the depression.

Dr Huang is considering "changing up" their teaching style, moving from passive lectures to an active-learning format. Recalling a recent study a colleague states that, "Well, if you make that change, your students will ______ than your students do now"

learn more but fell that they learn less

Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

misinformation

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues to depth perspective.

monocular

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates:

mood-congruent memoru

Professor Proctor is conducting a study on _____ where he shows participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and their child, while he tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related.

perceptual set

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set

Both _____ and _____ indicate how experiences help to construct perception.

perceptual set; context

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to view his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual sets

Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to view her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual sets

People perceive young infants as bigger and stronger if the infant is introduced with a male rather than a female name. This BEST illustrates the concept of:

perceptual sets

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much briefer, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.

pitch

At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. The fact that Cyndi can remember the first few people she met BEST reflects the _____ effect.

primacy

Ana learns some conversational Portuguese in advance of a vacation in Brazil. However, the Spanish she used at home as a child sometimes impairs her retrieval of Portuguese words and phrases. Ana is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive

Josette recently changed the password to her online banking site—at the site's insistence. She cannot remember the new password; she can only remember the preceding one. Josette is experiencing _____ interference

proactive

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by _____ interference.

proactive

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates:

proactive interference

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by:

proactive interference

After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty BEST illustrates

retroactive interference

Bruce watches a new television show with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar show. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the first show; he finds that details about the second show keep intruding. What has probably occurred?

retroactive interference

_____ memory refers to our memory for past events, whereas _____ memory refers to our memory for intended future actions.

retrospective; prospective

Jonny has suffered brain damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:

right hippocampus

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

semantic encoding

In an amusement park ride, the cars spin rapidly while accelerating along a track. A person's head movements during this ride are detected by hair cells in the:

semicircular canals.

After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, Kyle has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. Kyle is suffering from _____ hearing loss.

sensorineural

After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, David has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. David is suffering from:

sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness).

Billy Bob works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:

sensorineural hearing loss.

Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurt and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara's typical unawareness of her toe BEST reflects:

sensory adaptation

Entering his house, Jayden's face contorts in disgust. He hadn't noticed the odor of his cat's litterbox when he was relaxing at home all morning, but he certainly notices it now! Jayden's failure to pick up on the smell earlier is a good example of:

sensory adaptation

While playing golf James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:

sensory adaptation

Samar's teacher read a list of United States presidents and instructed him to find several facts on each as part of a homework assignment. However, Samar failed to write the list down. He can remember the first several presidents the teacher mentioned, as well as the last few, but not the ones in the middle. Samar's memory for the first and last several presidents reflects the _____ effect.

serial position

When learning occurs in the Aplysia sea slug, the snail releases more of which neurotransmitter into certain neurons?

serotonin

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____ memory.

short-term

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which will affect his _____ memory.

short-term

After a head injury, Asnah has difficulties remembering what people have just said. Asnah is also unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Clearly, Asnah is having difficulty with which type of memory?

short-term memory

Phone companies created seven-digit phone numbers because this amount BEST suits the capacity of one's:

short-term memory

Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

The writer of a song that enjoyed some radio play in the early 1980s sue a currently popular artist claiming that the contemporary artist plagerized their 80s hit in writing one of 2021's biggest hits. It is possible that the present day artist believed the melody in their head originated in their imagination, rather than in a dim memory for a song occasionally played on the radio during the intervening decades. The current artist may have fallen prey to

source amnesia

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up, as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:

source amnesia

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is taking advantage of the _____ effect.

spacing

Ned spreads out his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. Ned is using the:

spacing effect

If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same kind of mood when one takes the exam. This is known as:

state-dependent

"It's been 20 years!" Tim protests, to explain his failure to remember the topics of some of his college term papers in the 1990s. Tim is citing _____ as the reason for his forgetting.

storage decay

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity

Breanna is watching a rapid series of still cartoon images and perceives the cartoon as moving. This phenomenon is called:

stroboscopic movement.

Mila sees the sound of a drum as a large round shape. Mila's experience BEST exemplifies a condition called _____.

synesthesia

Seeing the numeral 3, for instance, may evoke a particular taste sensation in a condition called _____.

synesthesia

Xui is studying for her chemistry exam. After reviewing the information she learns in lecture and from the textbook, she takes practice tests to test her understanding and memory of what she has learned. Xui is using the distributed practice technique often called the:

testing effect

Regarding long-term memory, which statement is MOST accurate?

the capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless

As she was trying to study, Tanisha asked her roommate to lower the radio. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Tanisha to detect. Tanisha's roommate turned the radio back down to 14 after Tanisha asked her to lower it, which satisfied Tanisha. This is probably the result of:

the difference threshold

As Rachelle walks out into the fresh air after a concert, she notices that her ears are ringing. This may indicate possible damage to

the hair cells of her cochlea's basilar membrane.

Why does a woman have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that she just saw 10 minutes ago?

the number was probably never encoded in the first place

The concept of stroboscopic movement is MOST closely related to that of:

the phi phenomenon

_____ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

transduction

Information provided in the textbook suggests that we recognize familiar human faces in about _____ milliseconds.

150

Which statement about the skin is false?

The skin has only two basic and distinct skin senses: pain and temperature.

Which statement about the skin is true?

The skin is receptive to a mix of four basic and distinct skin senses.

If people stare at an object, why does it NOT seem to disappear?

Their nerve cells are constantly firing.

Shelton and Jacinta have been friends since they were small children. Both are now in their late sixties and have been through a lot together. Shelton notices that Jacinta repeatedly complains of her arthritis pain. Jacinta takes medication for the pain and uses a heating pad to help ease the pain. After a visit with his friend, Shelton begins to notice that he has pain in his lower back and hands. Shelton is convinced that he too has arthritis. Why might Shelton experience pain now?

He feels empathy for his friend.

Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory?

One remembers exactly what one was doing when one heard about the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012.

Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color?

Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves.

Many American adults can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

flashbulb memory

_____ is considered by some people to be no more than a social interaction, during which one person suggests to another person that various feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur spontaneously.

hypnotism

Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____ memory may be impaired.

implicit

Mell cannot recall many details from their childhood, a childhood filled with domestic violence. The memories would be traumatic if they could recall them. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that Mell's poor memory illustrates:

repression

Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____ amnesia.

source

ictor has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up, as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as _____ amnesia.

source

Jill was born without the ability to feel pain. On several occasions she has not noticed when she has been seriously injured. People with this type of problem may:

die by early adulthood. have joints that fail from excess strain. suffer the accumulated effects of unnoticed infections.

A hypnotist instructed Juanita that, when she came out of hypnosis, she would be unable to spell her own name. This is an example of:

a posthypnotic suggestion

Given what is known about the relationship between distraction and pain, if Charlene is trying to pick the BEST hospital room for a loved one who is in a great deal of pain, she should pick:

a shared room with a television that is near a window.

Tania was running outside and she felt a sensation on her leg and stopped to look. She saw a large red bump that she deduced was caused by getting stung by an insect. This deduction seemed only to increase her anxiety and pain. The influence of the sting itself on Tania's pain is a _____ influence. The influence of her deduction is a _____ influence.

bottom-up; top-down

Bryce volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers want to know when the participants notice a reduction in salt in the soup. After Bryce tastes several bowls of soup, he notices that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Bryce's detection of the change in salt content is an example of detecting the:

difference threshold

Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in his face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

implicit

Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the:

lenses of her eyes are less able to accommodate.

Even though black paper reflects a tremendous amount of light outdoors, it still appears black. This is an example of:

lightness constancy

Dorothy is off to see the wizard of Oz. She perceives that the Yellow Brick Road converges to a point way off in the distance because of the depth cue of:

linear perspective

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Samantha was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Samantha mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Samantha's experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

misinformation

Which of these will one MOST likely store as an implicit memory?

one's conditioned fear of guns

Lagging motivation and depressed emotions can affect one's perception. This fact BEST illustrates the concept of:

top-down

When Lahn encounters an unfamiliar word, they use the context provided by its sentence and surrounding paragraph to construct an understanding of its meaning, Lahn's example BEST illustrates _____ processing.

top-down

_____ processing is illustrated when we use our experience with language to interpret THEDOGATEMEAT as "the dog ate meat" rather than "the do gate me at."

top-down

Janice opens her eyes in the morning to see a photograph by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

transduction

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This BEST illustrates:

weber's law

Sven is trying to determine if something his 9-year-old daughter is telling him about really happened when she was 4 years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. Her description of the event is a bit vague, and also sounds similar to a cartoon he remembers her watching then. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event?

Children of any age cannot be trusted to have accurate memories, so it is likely a false memory.

Damage to a brain area called the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.

cerebellum

A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.

difference

In a television interview, a once-famous rapper insists that he did not steal the hook of his only hit from a song by a well-known rock band of the era. The rapper hums the melodies of both songs in succession, claiming that the final notes are not the same. Most viewers cannot distinguish the notes. At least in the rapper's hummed rendition, the frequencies of the final notes are separated by less than the typical person's _____ threshold.

difference

sensory memory is to ____ as long-term memory is to ____

fleeting; permanent

Which choice links a visual function with the correct pair of eye structures?

focusing light- cornea and lens

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he might use the technique of:

linear perspective

JJ often has vivid dreams and can usually recall them in great detail in the morning. It sometimes takes them a bit of time to figure out if they are remembering a dream or something that they actually experienced. What is this called?

source amnesia

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:

source amnesia

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Daniel began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.

source amnesia

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (for example, hair color) but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that:

vision is partly an acquired sense