Exam 3 Practice Questions

Advantages & Disadvantages of Closed Adoption

Some birth mothers don't mind, but others resent the violation of their privacy, especially if the birth resulted from a rape or violent relationship. Being contacted by a biological child can renew past traumas that the mothers may have struggled to overcome. Adopted children argue, however, that they have a right to meet their biological parents and learn about genetic health histories that may affect their own children DISADVANTAGE: - the records of the adoption are kept sealed, the birth parent is not involved in the adoptee's life, and the child has no contact with the biological parents or little, if any, information about them

A married couple has decided to call themselves "childfree" rather than "childless," indicating what? - Some people have embraced the concept as a lifestyle label. - There is growing stigmatization of people without kids. - The couple is coping with the stress of infertility. - People with children have resentment toward those without children.

Some people have embraced the concept as a lifestyle label.

Henry and Lauren, who are infertile, have decided to call themselves "child-free" rather than "childless," indicating what? Select one: a.) There are higher levels of happiness among people without kids. b.) There is growing stigmatization of people without kids. c.) Some people have embraced the concept as a lifestyle label. d.) People with children have resentment toward those without children.

Some people have embraced the concept as a lifestyle label.

In recent years, extended or multi-generational households are making a comeback as single adults return to their parents' household.

TRUE

T/F according to the value of children perspective children historically were viewed as economic assets

TRUE

What is one reason contemporary mothers might be unlikely to give their children up for adoption? Select one: a. Investigative news stories have shown that adoptive parents don't care for children as well as birth parents. b. More women are being coerced by birth fathers to keep their children. c. It is harder to gain access to birth control. d. The stigma associated with unmarried motherhood has decreased.

The stigma associated with unmarried motherhood has decreased.

Authoritative parents believe that some rules must be set, but they allow some flexibility

True

Parents who use an over parenting style usually have a good intentions of protecting their child

True

T/F Richer societies have lower birth rates than poor ones.

True

T/F Women all around the world have more children with lower levels of education.

True

True or False: Cultures differ significantly in how they communicate warmth and support.

True

True or false: Researchers suggest that parents' actions tend to magnify and exaggerate gender differences among children. True false question. True False

True

Identify the true and false statements about the impact of transitions on children's stress and well-being. Identify the impacts of transitions on children's stress and well-being.

True Statement(s): -Transitions can change the level of economic security of the household. -Transitions can disrupt the emotional ties and support systems built between children and household members. False Statement(s): -Transitions can improve children's level of stress and well-being when disruptive household members leave.

What is one reason women with lower education levels tend to have more children? - Women with lower education levels start having children when they are younger. - Younger parents have more to lose financially than older parents. - Women with lower education levels are more likely to get married. - Women have children first and then continue their education.

Women with lower education levels start having children when they are younger

Within the broader growing trend of single parenthood, what is one way that people become single parents? Select one: a. Gay and lesbian couples may refuse to conform to social norms. b. Divorced people may be too selfish to marry again. c. Young adults, either alone or with a partner, are not ready to marry. d. Older women decide to have children as a tax break.

Young adults, either alone or with a partner, are not ready to marry.

The number of women reaching age 45 without having any children has increased by what percentage since the 1980s? Select one: a. 50 b. 10 c. 20 d. 40

a. 50

Single parenthood is more common among which group? Select one: a. American Indians b. Whites c. Asians d. Latinas

a. American Indians

What trends in single-parenting have been found to be associated with the overall increase in unmarried parents since the 1980s? Choose all that apply. a. Divorced parents in new nonmarital relationships are bearing children. b. Older women who are single by choice are bearing children. c. Gay and lesbian couples who cannot get married because the law prohibits it are bearing or adopting children. d. Young adults who are not ready to marry are bearing children.

a. Divorced parents in new nonmarital relationships are bearing children. b. Older women who are single by choice are bearing children. c. Gay and lesbian couples who cannot get married because the law prohibits it are bearing or adopting children. d. Young adults who are not ready to marry are bearing children.

Why has infertility been a source of stigma for women? Select one: a. It has been used to justify men's infidelity. b. All women want to have kids. c. It points to women's sexual inadequacy. d. Men are not the cause of infertility.

a. It has been used to justify men's infidelity.

From the 1960s to the 1990s-a period when women's employment rates grew rapidly-the time mothers spent with their children actually did increase. How was that possible? Select one: a. Mothers engaged in less of other things, like sleeping and leisure. b. Flexible work opportunities allowed mothers to spend time with children and still get all of their full-time work and housework done. c. Fathers took on much more housework, giving mothers more free time. d. Women started taking advantage of bring-your-child to work programs.

a. Mothers engaged in less of other things, like sleeping and leisure.

What are the reasons for the relatively high fertility rate among Latinos? Choose all that apply. a. The immigrant Latino population includes many young healthy adults, and young healthy adults also tend to have large families. b. Many Latinos are recent immigrants from Latin America where having many children is a cultural expectation. c. Groups that tend to have lower-than-average education levels, such as Latinos, tend to have higher fertility rates. d. Latinos are less likely to have miscarriages than other ethnic and racial groups.

a. The immigrant Latino population includes many young healthy adults, and young healthy adults also tend to have large families. b. Many Latinos are recent immigrants from Latin America where having many children is a cultural expectation. c. Groups that tend to have lower-than-average education levels, such as Latinos, tend to have higher fertility rates.

Falling rates of abortion may be due in part to which trend? Select one: a. attacks on abortion providers b. decreased use of contraception c. better insurance coverage for abortions d. increased access to abortion services

a. attacks on abortion providers

Family transitions always have what component? Select one: a. economic b. racial c. emotional d. gendered

a. economic

____ is the main reason that young adults become boomerang children. a. inability to earn enough money to make it alone b. fleeing from an unsatisfactory or abusive relationship c. substance addictions that require constant care d. a deep feeling of nostalgia for the parental home

a. inability to earn enough money to make it alone

Forty-one percent of all children born in the United States are born to parents who aren't married, up from 28 percent in 1990. This trend is closely tied to Select one: a. the decline of marriage. b. the growing immigrant population. c. wealth inequality. d. the legalization of gay marriage.

a. the decline of marriage.

Although Jeff has a high-paying job, he decided to take a lower-paying position so that he could spend more time with his kids, reflecting Select one: a. the involved father ideal b. economic insecurity c. the male provider ideal d. male privilege

a. the involved father ideal

in 2016, most children living with a grandparent ________.

also live with their mother

Figure 9.11 shows that, in 2016, most children living with a grandparent _________

also live with their mother FEEDBACK: The 2016 bar shows that fewer children living with grandparents also live with both parents or only their father. Children living with their grandparents are most likely to be also living with their mother. Reflecting in part the increase in economic hardships during the past 20 years, the number of children living with a grandparent has increased overall

Dale is the type of father who is demanding and maintains high levels of control over his two sons, but is also warm and receptive. What is his parenting style called?

authoratative

Eshan is the type of father who feels that children should strictly obey their parents. He also believes that children can be spoiled, so he does not lavish praise upon his children. His parenting style is most likely:

authoritarian

Generally speaking, parents using a/an _________ parenting style tend to be more likely to spank their children.

authoritarian

Some parents are strict, punitive, less communicative, and offer less warmth and support. These parents love their children, but tend toward rigidity. They expect complete obedience as there is little room for compromise, and they offer little real communication with their children. What is this parenting style called?

authoritarian

With a(n) _____ parenting style, verbal give-and-take is rare because the child is expected to accept her parents' command without question.

authoritarian

Developmental psychologists believe that the __________ parenting style best predicts outcomes in children thought to be most desirable.

authoritative

Styles of Parenting:

authoritative style of parenting ---> a parenting style in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children permissive style of parenting ---> a parenting style in which parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children authoritarian style of parenting ---> a parenting style in which parents combine low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children

More than a third of baby-boom mothers had four children each. By 2006, only about what percentage of women turning 45 had that number of children? Select one: a. 50 b. 12 c. 25 d. 30

b. 12

In 2008, what percentage of pregnancies resulted in abortion? Select one: a. 49 b. 18 c. 82 d. 5

b. 18

On average, American families have how many children? Select one: a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4

b. 2

What percentage of children live with a cohabiting parent at some point in their lives? Select one: a. 18 b. 40 c. 5 d. 60

b. 40

When Arturo found out he was adopted, his peers teased him, saying that his real parents didn't care about him. Arturo has met his birth parents, and following research trends, how is Arturo likely to respond? Select one: a. He will lie to his peers, saying that he was not adopted. b. He will know that his birth parents gave him up for adoption for his own good. c. He will feel inferior to his peers who have better parents. d. He will agree with his peers since he resents his birth parents.

b. He will know that his birth parents gave him up for adoption for his own good.

In her book The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, sociologist Sharon Hays describes an ideology she calls intensive motherhood, which is Select one: a. the difficult period of emotional instability following childbirth, previously known as postpartum depression. b. a cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their kids. c. a growing trend among mothers to be highly authoritarian with their children. d. the way in which grandmothers are now more likely to perform mothering functions for their grandchildren.

b. a cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their kids.

If a country has a fertility rate of more than 2.1 or so, the population will usually Select one: a. shrink b. grow c. explode d. stagnate

b. grow

Until the 1960s, the male provider ideal was the dominant conception of what a father should be. The current dominant American ideal is the Select one: a.) distant father b.) involved father c.) financially secure father d.) funny father

b. involved father

Research shows that by the time they reach adolescence, the great majority of adopted children Select one: a. do not get along with their adoptive parents. b. say they are glad they got to know their birth parents. c. are more likely to use drugs and alcohol. d. are falling behind on their standardized tests.

b. say they are glad they got to know their birth parents.

The term parenting became popular in the 1970s, as did - books and magazines offering advice to parents. - the practice of socialization. - the practice of building social networks. - relying on grandparents instead of parents to raise children.

books and magazines offering advice to parents.

sociologists view children/childhood as being socially constructed. this means, that

both the perception and the experience of children/childhood have changed over time

The largest number of international adoptions came from which countries? Select one: a. Mexico, India, Thailand, and Kenya b. South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, and Iraq c. China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala d. Canada, Germany, France, and Italy

c. China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala

In the past few years, American opinion of abortions has moved in which general direction? Select one: a. More people have no opinion. b. More people believe abortion should be illegal. c. More people consider themselves "pro-life." d. More people consider themselves "pro-choice."

c. More people consider themselves "pro-life."

Barbara is a 35-year-old executive at a banking firm. What is the opportunity cost of her decision to have children? Select one: a. Having a child will give her time to go back to school. b. She will receive a tax break for having children. c. She risks halting or losing her stature within the company or industry. d. She may be able to find a job that will pay her more since she will have higher expenses.

c. She risks halting or losing her stature within the company or industry.

When Thomas was adopted as an infant all birth information about his birth parents remained sealed. This is an example of:

closed adoption

often praise their children, play with them, read to them, create and enforce rules about watching TV, engage their children in extracurricular activities, take them on outings, enroll them in private or charter schools, and say there are people in their neighborhood they can count on

concerted cultivation

After Ellen DeGeneres and Portia de Rossi married, rumors spread that they were going to have a child. Headlines and references to the married couple "starting a family" indicate that Select one: a. childless couples somehow add up to less than a family. b. the media loves talking about children. c. lesbian parents can raise children just as well as heterosexual parents. d. gay marriage is now widely accepted in the United States. - lesbian parents can raise children just as well as heterosexual parents. - couples without children are often considered less than a family. - gay marriage is now accepted by everyone in the United States. - the media loves talking about children.

couples without children are often considered less than a family. OR childless couples somehow add up to less than a family.

Falling rates of abortion are mostly the result of - couples' decreased use of contraception. - restrictions on abortion access on the federal level. - most Americans identify as "pro-life." - couples' increased use of contraception.

couples' increased use of contraception.

Beth takes piano lessons, plays on a youth soccer team, attends after-school tutoring, and goes to science camp. Beth's college-educated professional parents engage in a style of parenting called a) helicopter parenting. b) accomplishment of natural growth. c) conformity. d) concerted cultivation.

d) concerted cultivation.

Why might Jane, a new mother, not put her infant son on his back to sleep, despite abundant evidence that infants who do not sleep on their backs are at risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? Select one: a. Jane personally believes that babies sleep better on their sides. b. Jane's religion does not allow children to sleep on their backs. c. Jane's husband told her not to. d. Jane lacks the education.

d. Jane lacks the education.

The relatively high fertility rate among Latinos partly explains the growth of their population in the country as a whole. What is one of the reasons for this pattern? Select one: a. Latinos are descended from relatively older immigrants. b. The Catholic church encourages family planning practices. c. Groups with higher levels of education usually have higher fertility rates. d. The Latino population includes many young, healthy adults.

d. The Latino population includes many young, healthy adults.

In part because of the legal, technological, or financial obstacles they must overcome to have children, same-sex couples have been shown to Select one: a. provide their children better financial support. b. be less likely to pursue adoption. c. spend less time and energy on their children. d. be unusually committed to parenting.

d. be unusually committed to parenting.

Emily, a 25-year-old white woman, just found out she is infertile. What is one factor that may have led to her infertility? Select one: a. her racial background b. her age, as young women are more likely to experience infertility c. her high-paying job, which may have stressed her system too much d. her history of sexually transmitted infections

d. her history of sexually transmitted infections

Lucia was concerned about the well-being of her 11-year-old, who seemed increasingly anxious. What is a child well-being expert likely to prescribe for Lucia's daughter? Select one: a. more extracurricular activities b. anti-anxiety medication c. a better sleep schedule d. more play time

d. more play time

According to Figure 9.5, during the Great Recession, birth rates for women ages 15 to 19 _________, whereas birth rates for women ages 35 to 39 _________.

decreased; increased FEEDBACK: Clear evidence of conscious birth planning emerged during the recession of the late 2000s, when birth rates fell sharply for women under age 30 but rose for those who were older and nearing the end of their childbearing years

Family transitions always have what component? - racial - romantic - gendered - economic

economic

Decisions about childbearing aren't perfectly planned. When researchers look at larger trends, however, they see that childbearing patterns among people respond to what? a.) economic conditions b.) age of the mother c.) cultural acceptance d.) religious practices

economic conditions

The primary reason adoption became less common after the 1960s is the __________.

falling number of babies relinquished by birth parents FEEDBACK: There are several reasons why the number of adopted children has fallen in recent years. On the supply side, the main reason that fewer babies are relinquished by birth parents is the declining stigma associated with unmarried motherhood. Also, the growing availability of both birth control and abortion has also reduced the number of unwanted children. On the demand side, the growing availability of fertility treatments has given parents more ways beyond adoption to have children.

T/F Parents experience higher levels of emotional well-being than their childless peers.

false

The main reason that adoption became less common after the 1960s is that A. stricter laws made adoption more difficult. B. fewer babies were being relinquished by their birth parents. C. the number of parents was increasing. D. there was a greater stigma associated with adoption. The main reason adoption became less common after the 1960's is that

fewer babies were being relinquished by their birth parents.

The purpose of the Hague Adoption Convention was to ensure that an adoptive family is _______.

from the adopted child's home country if possible

Raising children is often expected to a.) pay off financially. b.) drain parents of all time and energy. c.) increase the education level of parents. d.) give emotional and symbolic rewards.

give emotional and symbolic rewards.

In 2010 the number of childless adults age 25 to 40 reached 48% indicating what? A. falling numbers of childless adults B. falling economic inequality C. growing numbers of childless adults D. falling racial inequality

growing numbers of childless adults

Molly met her birth mother when she was in fifth grade. She got to know her birth mother and hear her adoption story from her perspective. Experts have come to believe this open adoption process is __________.

helpful for adopted children's sense of identity and security FEEDBACK: Most adoptions today include an agreement to put the children in touch with their birth families at some point. Research shows that by the time they reach adolescence, the great majority of adopted children say they are glad they got to know their birth parents

parents who hover above, meddling excessively in their children's lives; the over-scheduled child is force to assume too many challenges and responsibilities too soon

hyper-parenting/ helicopter parent

A number of historical events undermined the dominance of the male provider ideal, such as the Select one: a.) economic value of children b.) increase in women's employment c.) diversity of family structures d.) falling birth rate

increase in women's employment

Since 2000, the average minutes per day that fathers engage in developmental activities with their children has

increased

One reason adoptions in the U.S. have become more open is that there are more

interracial adoptions.

Paul spends nearly every Saturday with his two children. This is very different from his parents, who rarely spent time with Paul and his four siblings. This shift reflects which goal of modern parents? Select one: a. monitoring children's progress at every step b. securing children's cooperation in their well-being c. valuing children more highly as priceless individuals d. investing more in fewer children

investing more in fewer children

The sociological definition of parents A. is limited to the mother-father couple. B. includes a specific number of parents. C. requires one man and one woman. D. is fluid, especially when the law does not set the rules.

is fluid, especially when the law does not set the rules.

The high frequency of unintended births, especially among women or couples with less education or fewer economic resources, partly results from Select one: a. poor decision making. b. lack of access to good-quality medical care. c. higher fertility rates. d. higher rates of sexual promiscuity.

lack of access to good-quality medical care.

Compared with the 1960s, in 2015, adults aged 25 to 39 are _________ to be living with at least one of their own children.

less likely

Figure 9.9 shows the percentage of adults living with at least one of their own children by age. Compared with the 1960s, in 2015, adults aged 25 to 39 are _________ to be living with at least one of their own children.

less likely FEEDBACK: Far fewer adults, especially those below age 40, have been living with their children in the last half century. In 1960, 70 percent of people in their late 20s were living with one of their own children, but by 2015 that number had fallen to 27 percent.

a very small fraction of children (less than 1%)

live in the care of same-sex couples

Which group of women is most likely to have an abortion? Select one: a. white women b. low-income women Correct c. married women d. lesbian women - married women - White women - wealthy women - low-income women

low-income women

Compared with married women, unmarried women have a __________ birth rate and are ___________ to have an abortion.

lower; more likely

According to Figure 9.7, compared with married women, unmarried women have a __________ birth rate and are ___________ to have an abortion

lower; more likely FEEDBACK: Among women ages 15 to 44 in 2014, those who weren't married were less than half as likely as married women to give birth, but they were about four times as likely to have an abortion

Assisted reproductive technology contributes to _________.

more diverse family arrangements because the process of producing children is separated from sexual intercourse

Assisted reproductive technology contributes to _______

more diverse family arrangements because the process of producing children is separated from sexual intercourse FEEDBACK: ART facilitates more diverse family arrangements, including same-sex couple parenting, surrogate parenting (in which one woman carries a pregnancy for another woman and her family), and sperm-donor embryos.

Sarah and Dean are a young unmarried couple with two children. They are part of the observed nationwide increase in unmarried parents that has been occurring since the 1990s. Sarah and Dean are also ____________ to be poor compared with __________.

more likely; most other married parents

Compared with the 1970s, mothers spent ________ daily time and fathers spent _________ daily time in developmental activities with children in 2015.

more; more

Figure 9.17 shows the minutes per day spent in developmental childcare activities. Compared with the 1970s, mothers spent ________ daily time and fathers spent _________ daily time in developmental activities with children in 2015

more; more FEEDBACK: Fathers, at least those who live with their children, have increased their daily time spent in developmental activities (such as reading to children, helping with homework, or attending educational events) from about 10 minutes per day to 45 minutes per day. In the 1970s, mothers spent fewer than 30 minutes a day in developmental activities but more than an hour a day by 2010.

Sociologist Sharon Hays considers the rising ideology of intensive motherhood, and the pressure it puts on women, to be ironic because __________.

most women now have less time available to perform this intensive motherhood FEEDBACK: Cultural pressure for women to devote more time and energy to raising their children increased while the time mothers have available for children decreased, due to greater rates of employment, divorce, and single motherhood (AKA these days most women have less time available to them to perform this intensive motherhood.)

The price one pays for choosing the less lucrative available option is known as - involved father ideal. - opportunity cost. - intensive motherhood. - the total fertility rate.

opportunity cost.

While biological parents are the adults whose bodies produce a child, adoptive parents are - divorced or separated adults with a child. - people who have chosen a childfree lifestyle. - unmarried partners who cohabitate. - parents to a child they did not produce biologically.

parents to a child they did not produce biologically.

Parents of a typical family with two children can expect to spend between $175,000 and $370,000 to raise each child up to age 17. Much of this spending represents - the decline of children working for their families and contributing financially to reduce the cost. - the legal requirements that parents spend a certain amount on their children. - the increasing cost of public education, medical care, product safety inspectors, and so on. - parents' desire to give children whatever it takes to succeed in a world filled with uncertainty.

parents' desire to give children whatever it takes to succeed in a world filled with uncertainty.

What is the name of the parenting style when parents are nurturing, caring, and responsive to their children, but they are quite lenient and put few controls or demands on their children?

permissive

Adopted children can be adopted through the foster care system, through________, or internationally.

private services

Alicia was adopted and is not biologically related to anyone in her family. Jee lives with her two mothers who are married. Tom lives with his mother, who is not married to his father. All three of them consider the adults in their homes their parents. This is because the definition of parents ________.

refers to adults who are intimately responsible for the care and rearing of children FEEDBACK: A parent is defined as an adult who is intimately responsible for the care and rearing of a child. This definition is not restricted to any specific gender combination or requirement that a parent be biologically related to the child. Therefore, same-sex couples, stepparents, and adoptive parents all can be considered parents

In a(n) _______ adoption, there is communication between the adoptive parents, birth parents, and adopted children, but through a third party

semi-open

One skill or resource that parents provide for their children, and that helps prepare them for future social situations, is _________.

socialization FEEDBACK: Socialization is a type of resource that parents provide for their children that allows them to internalize elements of the social structure into their own personalities. This process then helps children prepare for future social situations so they will feel less stress and confusion

Parents try to provide which three broad categories of skills or resources to their children according to Cohen? A. money, time, and care B. prestige, a big house, and a good education C. socialization, social bonds, and social network D. discipline, authority, and love

socialization, social bonds, and social network

Mothers spent more minutes per day in the 1970s than fathers in developmental childcare activities. In 2015, the gap between mothers' and fathers' developmental childcare activity time ______________.

stayed about the same

The sociological definition of fertility focuses on Select one: a. the number of children born in a society or among a particular group. b. the number of children fathered by the average man. c. the number of children an average woman wants in her lifetime. d. whether or not individuals are able to reproduce biologically.

the number of children born in a society or among a particular group.

Many adults influence the life of a child. The adults who have the most direct influence are Select one: a. those who live with them. b. coaches. c. teachers. d. stepparents. or parents.

those who live with them.

T/F Most Americans raise their children in relative social isolation with little assistance from extended family members, friends, neighbors, and the larger community.

true

Women all around the world have more children with lower levels of education. True False

true

richer societies have lower birth rates than poor ones. True False

true

Daniel is insulted when his mother says that Daniel and his husband will become a family only when they have children. What do Daniel and his mother disagree about? - whether there is an opportunity cost to parenthood - what is required to create a family identity - whether the male provider ideal or the involved father ideal is better - whether same-sex marriage should be legal

what is required to create a family identity

Which of the following represents a typical response when people are asked why they had children?

"I was young, but I was ready"

Identify whether or not each important value is one that today's parents prioritize as a "survival" value.

"Survival" Value (s):-Hard workNot "Survival" Value (s):-Autonomy-Compassion-Enjoyment of play

Parenting Style: Authoritative

- DEFINITION: parenting that is demanding but also supportive and responsive/ a parenting style in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children - demanding -impose rules and standards of behavior, but they're also responsive and supportive -encourage autonomy and self-reliance and tend to use positive reinforcement rather than harsh punishment -encourage verbal give-and-take and believe that the child has rights-expect obedience, but are open to discussing and changing rules when the need arises -produce children who are self-reliant, achievement-oriented, and more successful in school -especially, help adolescents resist peer pressure to use drugs ~ love, affection, emotional, loving touch, and sense of control that gets the child to obey, but not in a forceful/ threatening way

Parenting Style: Uninvolved

- DEFINITION: parenting that is neither supportive nor demanding because parents are indifferent

Parenting Style: Permissive/Indulgent

- DEFINITION: parenting that is usually warm, responsive, and indulgent, but not demanding/ a parenting style in which parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children - usually warm and responsive but not demanding -place few requirements on their children for orderly behavior or doing household task -Instead of setting boundaries, permissive parents tend to be indulgent. -don't bully or tyrannize their children -adolescents raised in lenient households are often less mature, less responsible, and less able to assume leadership positions in adulthood -more likely to be rebellious and impulsive, and to have behavior problems such as fighting and losing their temper ~ Some emotional support with little or no control ; has no control which creates problems

Why might Latinos descended from relatively recent immigrant groups have a higher fertility rate? - They are Catholic, and all Catholics strictly follow the church's ban on birth control. - The federal government encourages recent immigrants to have children. - They come from countries with a higher fertility rate, where having children is a cultural expectation. - The United States is polluted with environmental toxins that prevent fertility.

- They come from countries with a higher fertility rate, where having children is a cultural expectation.

concerted cultivation

- a style of parenting that is marked by a parent's attempts to foster their child's talents by incorporating organized activities in their children's lives - characteristics of middle-class and upper middle-class parents - "intense mothering ideology"

Select the bars representing the time period in which living in the home with a grandparent was most and least common.

-1970 -2010

Parenting Style: Authoritarian

-DEFINITION: parenting that is demanding, controlling, rigid, and punitive/ a parenting style in which parents combine low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children - often demanding, rigid, and punitive -expect absolute obedience from their children and often use forceful measures to control their behavior -Verbal give-and-take is rare because the child is expected to accept parental authority without question ("You'll do it because I said so"). -typically show their children little warmth and support. -Children from these homes are often irritable, belligerent, and hyperactive ~ Little emotional support combined with coercive control ; doesn't have one parent always being the discipliner, or one parent being more in charge of the other.

Select the bold phrases that represent the three categories of skills or resources that parents offer their children.

-ask her teacher questions-talked to Karen-attended parent-teacher conferences-talked to other parents

Infertility is typically defined as the---to have a successful---despite having sex without---for---months.

-failure-pregnancy-contraception-12

Select the bold phrases that represent accurate statements about contemporary concerns regarding parenting.

-more families impacted by parent opioid addiction-especially parents of Black children

Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge---with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also---their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build---that help them parent and provide resources.

-social bonds -socialize -social networks

Types of Parenting & Race/Ethnicity

1. Exercise a permissive parenting style, demonstrate resilience, extended family serves as an instrument of group solidarity by reinforcing cultural standards and lending practical assistance ---> Native American Parents 2. Hierarchal parenting combines warm emotional support for children with a demand for significant respect for parents, older extended family members, and other authority figures ---> Hispanic Parents 3. characterized as authoritarian; confucian training doctrine: blends parental love concern, involvement, and physical closeness with struct and firm control ---> Asian American Parents

Women who did not finish high school have an average of 2.6 children, compared with how many among those with bachelor's degrees? Select one: a. 3.5 b. .4 c. 1.8 d. 4.0

1.8

When did the term parenting become popular? Select one: a. 1900s b. 1880s c. 1950s d. 1970s

1970s

Total fertility rates indicate that Latina women on average have almost how many children? Select one: a. 1 b. 2.5 c. 4 d. 5

2.5

International adoption reached its peak in which year? Select one: a. 1967 b. 1982 c. 2014 d. 2004

2004

What percentage of preschoolers with mothers who have less than a high school education are identified as obese? Select one: a. 25 b. 55 c. 40 d. 10 What percentage of preschoolers with mothers who have less than a high school education are identified as obese?

25

In 2011, births to unmarried women reached a record high of _____________ percent. Select one: a. 25 b. 14 c. 41 d. 60

41

What percentage of all pregnancies are identified as "unintended"? Select one: a. 30 percent b. 15 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

50 percent

In the 1980s, more than 80 percent of parents agreed that spanking was sometimes necessary. In 2012, what percentage agreed? Select one: a. 90 b. 49 c. 62 d. 71

71

What percent of the adult population has biological children?

80%

Although fewer parents are married now than in the past, why are many children involved with more than two parents? A. People are more likely to have "parents of choice" in addition to biological parents. B. A growing number of families include stepparents and siblings from parents' previous relationships. C. The suburbanization of America has meant that children spend more time at other people's houses. D. Younger people are reaching out to older people more with the aging of the Baby Boomer generation.

A growing number of families include stepparents and siblings from parents' previous relationships.

Reed and May are young children who live with their mother. Recently, due to the financial strain of single parenthood, all three of them moved in with a grandparent. This change is referred to as a) a family transition. b) a social change. c) intensive motherhood. d) an opportunity cost.

A) a family transition. When children experience the social changes of our era inside their own families, these are referred to as family transitions. Some of these, as in the example, involve a change from a worse condition to a better one, such as moving in with a grandparent to help alleviate financial stress. Most transitions, though, still cause stress for developing children and can have long-lasting effects.

The increase in women's employment and the increased diversity of family structure changed the cultural view of fathers from the ______ to the ______ ideal, which emphasizes providing both material support and emotional bonding. a) male provider; involved father b) working father; intensive fatherhood c) absent father; involved father d) single father; involved father

A) male provider; involved father FEEDBACK: The dominance of the male provider ideal, which characterized fathers as economic providers and authority figures for children, shifted starting in the 1960s as a result of a number of historical events, such as the increase in women's employment and in the diversity of family structures. The new ideal, the involved father, characterizes fathers as emotional and nurturing to their children. The dominance of the male provider view, which was characterized by the father as an economic provider and authority figure for children, started shifting in the 1960s, when several historical events began to undermine this ideal, such as the increase of women's employment and the increased diversity of family structures. The new ideal, the involved father, characterizes fathers as emotional and nurturing to their children.

Select all that apply: Identify the types of households that tend to affect children negatively. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. A divorcing household B. A household with a parent and her or his cohabiting partner C. A household where both parents are married to each other D. A household with a lesbian or a gay couple E. A single-parent household

A. A divorcing household B. A household with a parent and her or his cohabiting partner E. A single-parent household

Which of the following kinds of households tends to have a good environment for children? Multiple choice question. A. A single-parent household B. A divorcing household C. A household with a cohabiting partner D. A household with a stepparent

A. A single-parent household

Figure 9.7 shows infertility for 12 months by race-ethnicity and education level of married women. This chart shows that while infertility is a problem for all types of married women, __________ women are the most likely to experience it. A. Black B. Hispanic C. college graduate D. White

A. Black FEEDBACK: In the United States, the pattern of infertility is consistent with other types of inequality. White women are the least likely to experience infertility, whereas Black women are the most likely. Women with higher education are also less likely to experience infertility compared with women with less education.

Christie, a six-year-old girl, has working parents. Neither of her parents is available when she returns home from school. As a result, she faces daily periods of separation from her parents. In this example, identify a way in which Christie's parents can compensate for the time they spend away from her. Multiple choice question. A. By making a priority of intensive activities with Christie, such as playing with her or reading to her B. By separating their activities and allotting a specific time to Christie C. By involving themselves more in leisure activities such as visiting people or participating in clubs D. By monitoring Christie while she is playing or doing her homework

A. By making a priority of intensive activities with Christie, such as playing with her or reading to her

Identify a reason behind the rise of transnational adoptions in the United States. Multiple choice question. A. Decline in the number of children who are placed for adoption at birth B. Rise in the number of Native Americans in the United States C. Comprehensive educational policies in the countries that send children D. Changes in the political policies of countries that send children

A. Decline in the number of children who are placed for adoption at birth

Which of the following is essential for children to become competent members of their society? Multiple choice question. A. Discipline B. Care C. Nurturing D. Love

A. Discipline

Which of the following is true about transnational adoption? Multiple choice question. A. It is a long and complex process for the prospective parents. B. It typically does not involve any paperwork or interviews. C. It is granted by a private business that promotes transnational adoptions in the receiving country. D. It does not require the adopting parents to travel to the sending country to obtain final approvals.

A. It is a long and complex process for the prospective parents

Identify a cause of elevated levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties among a minority of adopted children in the United States. Multiple choice question. A. Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy B. Insufficient time spent by children in foster homes C. Strong preference of the adoptive parents for biological children D. Unsuccessful efforts by the adopted parents to conceive a child

A. Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy

Identify the class of children whose families have become less stable and more complex over the past few decades. Multiple choice question. A. Middle-class children B. Lower-class children C. Below-poverty children D. Elite-class children

A. Middle-class children

Who should encourage more androgynous behavior in their children? Multiple choice question. A. Parents who believe that both men and women should undertake behaviors having the characteristics of both genders B. Parents who believe that the values passed along to working-class children limit their occupational achievements C. Parents who believe that children should be taught about the spiritual and moral side of life D. Parents who believe that men should have better opportunities for careers and women should provide more care for children

A. Parents who believe that both men and women should undertake behaviors having the characteristics of both genders

When it comes to children's success in three major dimensions—being happy and well-adjusted, doing well in school, and staying out of serious trouble—which parental stance has proven beneficial? a.) Supportiveness b.) Independence c.) Lenience d.) Humor

A. Supportiveness

Identify a task involved in socialization. Multiple choice question. A. Teaching children norms and values B. Preventing children from learning about different cultural groups C. Preventing adults from developing new gender traits D. Familiarizing adults with parental roles

A. Teaching children norms and values

Identify a characteristic of children who belong to poor families. Multiple choice question. A. They can experience hardships for a longer period of their lives. B. They can easily escape poverty since they live with two working parents. C. They usually live with two parents, both of whom work outside the home. D. They are immune to strong racial and ethnic differences that exist among other children.

A. They can experience hardships for a longer period of their lives

Identify an effect of poverty on children. Multiple choice question. A. They tend to get little emotional support and receive discipline that is inconsistent, harsh, and punitive. B. They tend to have a higher level of brain development than other children. C. The continual stress produced by their environment encourages them to improve their condition. D. Their parents provide more cognitive stimulation by reading to them extensively.

A. They tend to get little emotional support and receive discipline that is inconsistent, harsh, and punitive

Identify a true statement about children whose families are prosperous. Multiple choice question. A. They usually live with two parents who work outside the home. B. They experience hardships for a longer period of their lives. C. They usually live in single-parent families. D. They live in families in which mothers are the main earners.

A. They usually live with two parents who work outside the home

Select all that apply: According to studies, when are children socialized best? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. When parents enforce them consistently with love and care B. When parents provide substantial emotional support C. When parents enforce them consistently with harsh punishment D. When parents provide low support with coercive attempts at control E. When parents set clear standards

A. When parents enforce them consistently with love and care B. When parents provide substantial emotional support E. When parents set clear standards

Kayla decides to leave her lucrative job as a financial analyst in order to have and raise a second child. The income she will be giving up in order to raise her child can be referred to as A. an opportunity cost. B. the fertility cost. C. the motherhood penalty. D. the parenting cost.

A. an opportunity cost.

The permissive and the authoritarian styles of parenting produce children who _____. Multiple choice question. A. are less socially competent than other children B. have difficulty in cooperating with others C. are more independent than other children D. have high self-esteem

A. are less socially competent than other children

According to some social scientists, conservative Protestantism leads fathers to be more _____ with their children. Multiple choice question. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. permissive D. democratic

A. authoritarian

The aggressive approach to parenting that stresses assertiveness and interactions with adults, and involves filling children's schedules is called A. concerted cultivation. B. helicopter parenting. C. authoritarian parenting. D. accomplishment of natural growth.

A. concerted cultivation.

One of the primary tasks in socialization is to _____. Multiple choice question. A. familiarize children with the culture in which they are growing up B. make children open to the possibility of same-gender sexual relationships C. develop an androgynous character in children D. improve the intelligence quotient level of children

A. familiarize children with the culture in which they are growing up

The process of teaching children norms and values starts with _____. Multiple choice question. A. families B. churches C. schools D. peers

A. families

While adoptions have become more open in the last 50 years, they have also become much more uncommon. This can be understood as a result of the __________. Choose all that apply. A. growing availability of fertility treatments B. legality of abortion C. declining stigma associated with unmarried motherhood D. growing availability of birth control

A. growing availability of fertility treatments B. legality of abortion C. declining stigma associated with unmarried motherhood D. growing availability of birth control FEEDBACK: There are several reasons why the number of adopted children has fallen in recent years. On the supply side, the main reason there are less babies relinquished by birth parents is because the stigma associated with unmarried motherhood had declined. Also, the growing availability of both birth control and abortion has also reduced the number of unwanted children. On the demand side, the growing availability of fertility treatments has meant that not as many parents need adoption to have children.

In the United States, children adopted through the foster care system tend to _____ compared to other children. Multiple choice question. A. have special health needs B. adjust better at school C. show greater vocabulary D. exhibit lesser physical gains

A. have special health needs

What do parents provide children for the development of basic sense of trust in other human beings? Multiple choice question. A. love B. support C. discipline D. guidance

A. love

Which group(s) of women are more likely to have unintended pregnancies as well as abortions? Choose all that apply. A. low-income women B. single women C. Black women D. married women

A. low-income women B. single women C. Black women

Young African American boys whose fathers are incarcerated tend to show more _____ behavior. Multiple choice question. A. physically aggressive B. emotionally stable C. shy and depressing D. friendly and helpful

A. physically aggressive

Who of the following can qualify as parents, according to the textbook definition? Choose all that apply. A. same-sex couple where only one parent is biological B. biological mother and father of a child C. adoptive mothers and fathers D. stepfather of a child

A. same-sex couple where only one parent is biological B. biological mother and father of a child C. adoptive mothers and fathers D. stepfather of a child FEEDBACK: The definition of who is considered a parent refers to an adult who is intimately responsible for the care and rearing of a child. This definition is not restricted to any specific gender combination or requirement that any parent be biologically related to the child. Therefore, same-sex couples, stepparents, and adoptive parents all can be considered parents to a child.

When Jose was looking for a job, his father Jesus was able to get him an interview at a friend's company. Which category of skill or resource was Jesus providing to Jose? A. social networks B. social bonds C. socialization D. social status

A. social networks

Sociologist Sharon Hays considers the rise of the ideology of intensive motherhood and the pressure it puts on women to be ironic because A. these days most women have less time available to them to perform this intensive motherhood. B. this ideology is contrary to expectations associated with the involved father ideal. C. most mothers have always practiced intensive mothering, even before there was a term for it. D. fathers, not mothers, have historically been put under this type of pressure.

A. these days most women have less time available to them to perform this intensive motherhood. FEEDBACK: Sharon Hays considers the ideology of insensitive motherhood to be ironic because, while it involves a cultural pressure for women to devote more time and energy to raising their children, it coexists with the reality that most mothers have less time available to them now due to increased employment, divorce, and single motherhood.

Goals and principles that are held in high esteem by a society are known as _____. Multiple choice question. A. values B. beliefs C. norms D. theories

A. values

Identify the types of households that tend to affect children negatively. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A.) A divorcing household B.) A household with a parent and her or his cohabiting partner C.) A household where both parents are married to each other D.) A household with a lesbian or a gay couple E.) A single-parent household

A.) A divorcing household B.) A household with a parent and her or his cohabiting partner E.) A single-parent household

Advantages & Disadvantages of Open Adoption

ADVANTAGES: - A longitudinal study of adults who were adopted as infants found that most were glad that their open adoptions gave them an opportunity to meet their biological parents and siblings, even when some of the contacts were negative or uncomfortable. - Offer a better understanding of the child's history - Sharing information and maintaining contact between biological and adoptive parents throughout the child's life. DISADVANTAGES: - involve problems such as birth and adoptive parents' competing for the child's affection and developing effective communication

Advantages & Disadvantages of Semi-open Adoption

ADVANTAGES: - there's communication between the adoptee and the adoptive and biological parents - Communication between the adoptive parents, birth parents, and adopted children but through a third party. DISADVANTAGES: - communication between the adoptee and the adoptive and biological parents, but it takes place only through a third party such as a caseworker or attorney

How have adoption patterns in the United States shifted over the past half-century? a. Adoption has become easier, especially internationally. b. Adoption has become impossible due to global improvement of state support for poor families. c. Adoption has become more common and less acceptable. d. Adoption has become less common, but it is more open and acceptable.

Adoption has become less common, but it is more open and acceptable.

What parenting style seems to be the best approach to help their children realize their goals?

Authoritative

What type of parenting is predictive of positive child outcomes, regardless of race, SES, and culture?

Authoritative

Which parenting style teaches a positive type of self discipline?

Authoritative

Parenting Styles:

Authoritative Parenting: high on responsiveness, high on demandingness; balance of warmth and control; most positive for kids --> high warmth, high control nurturing, affectionate, non-punitive; Discipline through guidance, open communication Authoritarian Parenting: low on responsiveness, high on demandingness; children should obey parents no matter what; structure --> low warmth, high control Strict, inflexible, high expectation, no secret with parent, high supervision, obedience Permissive (Indulgent) Parenting: high on responsiveness, low on demandingness; lenient and allow children to regulate their own behavior --> high warmth, low control nurturing, affectionate; Few or inconsistent boundaries, take the role of friend rather than parent Uninvolved (Detached) Parenting: low on responsiveness, low on demandingness; parents not invested in children's lives --> low warmth, low control Emotionally detached, self-absorbed, inconsistent or no boundaries, slight interaction

When parents set rules and regulations but allow some freedom, they are using the

Authoritative parenting style

How much does it cost for a low-income family (<$59,000/yr) and a high-income family (>$108,000/yr) to raise a child through age 17 years? a) $135,000; $295,000 b) $175,000; $370,000 c) $210,000; $425,000 d) $300,000; $560,000

B) $175,000; $370,000 Rich parents spend more (on clothing, houses, yards, food, health care, child care, and education) than parents who are less well off. This means children in wealth families are more expensive and also benefit in many ways from their parents' income.

Kayla decides to leave her lucrative job as a financial analyst to have and raise a second child. The income she will be giving up to raise her child can be referred to as a) the motherhood penalty. b) an opportunity cost. c) the parenting cost. d) the fertility cost.

B) an opportunity cost. FEEDBACK: An opportunity cost is the price a person pays for choosing the less lucrative of available options. In this example, Kayla pays an opportunity cost by leaving behind the more lucrative option of continuing work and choosing to stay home to raise her second child.

Public opinion regarding spanking children can be understood as being shaped by traditional beliefs and by ______, which are influenced by the advice of experts such as doctors, teachers, and social scientists. a) opportunity costs b) contemporary attitudes c) religious beliefs d) stigmas

B) contemporary attitudes FEEDBACK: Changes in public opinion on issues like spanking can be understood as a reflection of traditional beliefs as well as changes in contemporary attitudes. These contemporary attitudes are partly influenced by the advice and information provided by experts such as doctors, teachers, social workers, and social scientists.

One skill or resource that parents provide (or try to provide) for their children is ______, which helps prepare them for future social situations so they will feel less confusion and stress. a) the social bond b) socialization c) intensive motherhood d) social networking

B) socialization Socialization is a type of resource that parents provide for their children that allows them to internalize elements of the social structure into their own personality. This then helps children prepare for future social situations so they will feel less stress and confusion.

Parents of a typical family with two children can expect to spend how much to raise each child up to age 17? Select one: A. $20,000 -$40,000 B. $160,000 -$370,000 C. $80,000 -$120,000 D. $400,000 -$450,000

B. $160,000 -$370,000

On average, American families have how many children? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B. 2

Identify a way in which fathers can influence their children directly. Multiple choice question. A. By providing financial assistance to the family B. By interacting with their children C. By cooperating with the mother in child rearing D. By responding positively to the parenting the mother does

B. By interacting with their children

Figure 9.9 shows the living arrangements of children by race-ethnicity from 1960 to 2010. How does the faster shift toward single-mother families for African-American children represent evidence of inequality? (Choose all that apply.) A. Single-mother families tend to have more children than other family types. B. Children in single-parent homes are more likely to experience disruptive family transitions. C. Single-parent families have much lower incomes compared to two-parent families. D. There is greater stigma toward single-mother families than other diverse family types.

B. Children in single-parent homes are more likely to experience disruptive family transitions. C. Single-parent families have much lower incomes compared to two-parent families.

Select all that apply: Identify the institutions that are typically involved in a transnational adoption. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Private investigative agencies from the sending country that verify members involved in the process B. Government agencies from the sending and the receiving countries C. A business organization that promotes transnational adoptions in the receiving country D. A nonprofit social service agency with representatives in the sending and the receiving countries

B. Government agencies from the sending and the receiving countries D. A nonprofit social service agency with representatives in the sending and the receiving countries

Jackson, age 10, just received his first cellular phone. What does this mean in relation to his parents? Select one: A. He is less likely to think they are cool. B. His parents will be more likely to know what he is doing. C. He will feel no change in his sense of freedom. D. He will feel disconnected from his parents.

B. His parents will be more likely to know what he is doing

Identify the major factors in the growth of mass incarceration in the United States. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Increases in arrests for violent crimes such as murder or battery B. Increases in arrests for nonviolent drug-related crimes C. Increases in the number of state and federal prisons D. Increases in the sentences that the violators receive

B. Increases in arrests for nonviolent drug-related crimes D. Increases in the sentences that the violators receive

Identify a feature of multiple-partner fertility (MPF). Multiple choice question. A. MPF has made relationships like half-siblings and step-siblings uncommon in families. B. MPF leads to family households in which different children have different sets of parents. C. MPF is common among mothers who had their first children very late in their life. D. MPF has simplified the structure of family households.

B. MPF leads to family households in which different children have different sets of parents

According to a report published by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2015), identify the group of families in which the proportion of children has contracted sharply from 1980 to 2013. Multiple choice question. A. Extreme-poverty group B. Middle-income group C. High-income group D. Below-poverty group

B. Middle-income group

Identify a true statement about children of working parents. Multiple choice question. A. Both parents are always available to care for a preschool child or to be home when an older child returns from school. B. Neither parent is available to care for a preschool child or to be home when an older child returns from school. C. Working mothers give their full attention to their children and invest their time and energy to provide care for them. D. Working mothers prefer to work in organizations that allow them flexibility of time so that they can give attention to their children.

B. Neither parent is available to care for a preschool child or to be home when an older child returns from school

Identify a factor that tends to prevent American parents from doing what they are supposed to do. Multiple choice question. A. The rising levels of income and employment B. The growing instability of family life C. The declining rate of standard of living D. The increasing awareness of female education

B. The growing instability of family life

Identify an accurate statement about multiple transitions in a household. Multiple choice question. A. These transitions strengthen the relationship between a child and a cohabiting parent. B. These transitions tend to produce disruptions in the child's family system. C. These transitions improve the social behavior of children. D. These transitions improve the relationship between a child and his or her biological parents.

B. These transitions tend to produce disruptions in the child's family system

Identify an accurate statement about multiple transitions in a household. Multiple choice question. A.) These transitions strengthen the relationship between a child and a cohabiting parent. B.) These transitions tend to produce disruptions in the child's family system. C.) These transitions improve the social behavior of children. D.) These transitions improve the relationship between a child and his or her biological parents.

B. These transitions tend to produce disruptions in the child's family system.

According to the author, identify an accurate statement about the children that are neither poor nor affluent. Multiple choice question. A. They have grown up during a period of economic belt tightening by the elite classes. B. They have experienced a moderate downward drift in well-being. C. They are more likely to live with two parents than in the past. D. They are more likely to easily maintain their standard of living than other children.

B. They have experiences a moderate downward drift in well-being

Identify the types of parents who socialize their children for the kinds of blue- and pink-collar jobs the parents have held. Multiple choice question. A. Middle-class parents B. Working-class parents C. Elite-class parents D. Higher-income parents

B. Working-class parents

According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, in the _____ of parenting, parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control. Multiple choice question. A. submissive style B. authoritative style C. permissive style D. authoritarian style

B. authoritative style

Children whose fathers support them indirectly are _____ than other children. Multiple choice question. A. likely to have greater vocabulary B. better adjusted at home and at school C. likely to show greater cognitive gains D. better trained in household chores

B. better adjusted at home and school

While the use of mobile phones and other technological gadgets can clearly enhance children's ability to communicate freely and express themselves, the tracking devices on smartphones also provide parents with a tool to __________ their children, which is another new trend in modern parenting. A. entertain B. constrain C. discipline D. pamper

B. constrain FEEDBACK: Technology facilitates two trends in modern parenting: freedom and constraint. Mobile phones, for example, can provide children with freedom to communicate and express themselves; however, they also provide parents with a tool to constrain their behavior by using it to keep track of their children's whereabouts.

Public opinion regarding spanking children can be understood as being shaped by both traditional beliefs as well as __________, which are influenced by the advice of experts such as doctors, teachers, and social scientists. A. stigmas B. contemporary attitudes C. religious beliefs D. opportunity costs

B. contemporary attitudes FEEDBACK: Changes in public opinion on issues like spanking can be understood as a reflection of traditional beliefs as well as changes in contemporary attitudes. These contemporary attitudes are partly influenced by the advice and information provided by experts such as doctors, teachers, social workers, and social scientists.

While socializing their children, middle-class parents tend to _____. Multiple choice question. A. provide a safe, loving environment B. emphasize autonomy and self-direction C. aim for the accomplishment of natural growth D. stress obedience and conformity

B. emphasize autonomy and self-direction

Which of the following provides the main setting in which children's fundamental needs are met for the first several years of their lives? Multiple choice question. A. Society members B. Families C. Neighbors D. Peers

B. families

There is reason to suspect that parents' insecurity has increased in the last few decades for which of the following reasons? Select one: a. The media has increasingly shown children in a negative light. b. Because parents have fewer children, their investment in each one has grown. c. Since the value of education has decreased, making it hard for everyone with a bachelor's degree to find a job, parents feel less pressure to have lots of high-achieving kin. d. The growing perception of economic security means that parents need fewer children to help support them in their old age.

Because parents have fewer children, their investment in each one has grown.

Figure 9.8 shows infertility for 12 months by race, ethnicity, and education level of married women. According to this chart, which women are the most likely to experience infertility?

Black FEEDBACK: In the United States, the pattern of infertility is consistent with other types of inequality. White women are the least likely to experience infertility, whereas Black women are the most likely. Women with higher education are also less likely to experience infertility compared with women with less education

What two races in the U.S. are not as negatively impacted by strict (authoritarian) parenting as are Whites?

Blacks and Asian Americans

If a country has a total fertility rate of more than 2.1, the population will usually ______ , but if the total fertility rate is lower than 2.1, the population will instead ______. a) shrink; grow b) grow; stay the same c) grow; shrink d) stay the same; shrink

C) grow; shrink FEEDBACK: The total fertility rate refers to the number of children born to the average woman in her lifetime. If a country has a total fertility rate of less than 2.1, the population will eventually start to shrink. This is because not everyone survives to have a child or wants to have a child, so an average rate of at least 2.1 is needed to replace each woman and her partner. The 2.1 fertility rate is also referred to as replacement fertility.

How does the faster shift toward single-mother families for African-American children represent evidence of inequality? (Choose all that apply.) A. Single-mother families tend to have more children than other family types. B. There is greater stigma toward single-mother families than other diverse family types. C. Children in single-parent homes are more likely to experience disruptive family transitions. D. Single-parent families have much lower incomes compared to two-parent families.

C. Children in single-parent homes are more likely to experience disruptive family transitions. D. Single-parent families have much lower incomes compared to two-parent families. FEEDBACK: This transformation towards single-mother families for African-American children represents inequality because such families tend to have lower incomes and other resources, on average, than two-parent families. Also, children in single parent homes are much more likely to experience disruptive family transitions.

Peter, a thirteen-year-old boy, comes from a poor urban family. His father is depressed about job prospects and does not provide any emotional support to Peter. While playing with his friends, Peter started a fight with one of his neighbors and hurt him badly. In this example, identify a way in which Peter's father would react. Multiple choice question. A. He would settle the matter with his neighbor calmly. B. He would try to understand the reason for Peter's misbehavior. C. He would discipline Peter by threatening harsh punishment. D. He would ignore Peter's actions and allow him to continue his behavior.

C. He would discipline Peter by threatening harsh punishment

Identify an accurate statement about emotional support provided by parents to their children. Multiple choice question. A. Sometimes it is coercive, consisting of the use or threat of punishment or force. B. Sometimes it is shown by threatening to withdraw their love. C. It makes children feel more positively about themselves. D. It seeks to limit or change children's behavior.

C. It makes children feel more positively about themselves

What do parents provide children for the development of basic sense of trust in other human beings? Multiple choice question. A. discipline B. guidance C. love D. support

C. Love

Which of the following types of parents seeks actively to enhance their children's talents and opinions, in a style that Lareau called "concerted cultivation"? Multiple choice question. A. Higher-income parents B. Lower-income parents C. Middle-class parents D. Working-class parents

C. Middle-class parents

Which of the following types of parents seeks actively to enhance their children's talents and opinions, in a style that Lareau called "concerted cultivation"? Multiple choice question. A. Lower-income parents B. Working-class parents C. Middle-class parents D. Higher-income parents

C. Middle-class parents

Which of the following is true about control exercised by parents on their children? Multiple choice question. A. Parents exercise control to help children feel more positively about themselves. B. Parents' control make children to act in ways they think will please their parents. C. Parents exercise control to limit or change children's behavior. D. Parents' control shows children that parents care about their actions.

C. Parents exercise control to limit or change children's behavior

How do parents compensate for the time they spent away from their children? Multiple choice question. A. They monitor their children rather than playing with them. B. They carry out each activity separately. C. They cut back on housework. D. They engage in many leisure activities.

C. They cut back on housework

In the context of socialization and conservative Protestantism, identify an accurate statement about conservative Protestant fathers. Multiple choice question. A. They are less likely to believe in traditional gender roles. B. They spank, hug, and praise their children less often than other fathers. C. They encourage a strict, discipline-oriented, distant style of fathering. D. They are less likely to combine discipline with emotion work.

C. They encourage a strict, discipline-oriented, distant style of fathering

Why do women with higher education levels tend to have fewer children according to the text? A. They view children as little monsters. B. They view children as economic assets. C. They face the prospect of giving up higher incomes and career status if they decide to have more children. D. All of the above

C. They face the prospect of giving up higher incomes and career status if they decide to have more children.

Select all that apply: Identify the true statements about religious fathers from "mainline" Protestant groups, such as the Episcopal, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches, in comparison with conservative Protestant fathers. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They are highly involved in activities with their children and are more authoritarian. B. They are more likely to set rules for television viewing. C. They spank their children less. D. They are less likely to know where their children are when they are not at home.

C. They spank their children less. D. They are less likely to know where their children are when they are not at home.

According to studies on families, identify the behavior of men who were the main earners and had lost their jobs during the Great Depression. Multiple choice question. A. They tended to be optimistic about job opportunities. B. They were less irritable and hostile toward their wives and children than other men. C. They were explosive and punishing in their relations with children. D. They tended to send their children to boarding schools to save them from economic pressure.

C. They were explosive and punishing in their relations with children

In the context of immigration, identify the true statements about unauthorized parents in the United States. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They are typically eligible for most public benefits, such as Medicare and Medicaid. B. According to a study conducted by Noah and Landale in 2018, unauthorized parents from Mexico reported less parenting strain than did United-States-born Mexican parents. C. United-States-born children of unauthorized parents are eligible for some benefits such as the Children's Health Insurance Program. D. They usually face a difficult task in raising their United-States-born children.

C. United-States-born children of unauthorized parents are eligible for some benefits such as the Children's Health Insurance Program. D. They usually face a difficult task in raising their United-States-born children.

Which of the following best explains the reason behind the passion of the childfree movement? A. an increased incidence of miscarriages and fertility problems B. cultural changes that have devalued parenthood C. a backlash against the culture of intensive parenting D. religious beliefs that emphasize reduced fertility

C. a backlash against the culture of intensive parenting FEEDBACK: Many people who choose not to have children have begun to embrace this as a lifestyle choice, labeling it the childfree movement. A major motivation in the passion this movement has been a backlash to the culture of intensive parenthood, which demands that parents give up all of their time and individuality in order to properly raise their children

In her book The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, sociologist Sharon Hays describes an ideology she calls intensive motherhood, which is... Select one: A. a growing trend among mothers to be highly authoritarian with her children B. the difficult period of emotional instability following childbirth, previously known as postpartum depression C. a cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their kids D. the way in which grandmothers are now more likely to perform mothering functions for their grandchildren.

C. a cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their kids

The decline in international adoptions was part of a worldwide trend in which the act was A. praised as a beneficiary effort. B. made more expensive. C. closely scrutinized for ethical and legal violations. D. restricted to only wealthy adoptive parents.

C. closely scrutinized for ethical and legal violations.

The term "helicopter parents" refers to parents who A. only occasionally become involved in their children's lives B. seek to escape any involvement with their grown children C. constantly intervene in their children's lives D. refuse to let their children leave home or have a career

C. constantly intervene in their children's lives

Gay and lesbian families consist of a growing number of couples who either adopt a child or conceive one through _____. Multiple choice question. A. intrauterine insemination B. in vitro fertilisation C. donor insemination D. surgery

C. donor insemination

As described by sociologist Viviana Zelizer, the transformation of American childhood during modern times can be understood as children losing their __________ value and instead achieving a newfound __________ value. A. emotional; economic B. labor; material C. economic; emotional D. material; labor

C. economic; emotional

While socializing their children, middle-class parents tend to _____. Multiple choice question. A. aim for the accomplishment of natural growth B. stress obedience and conformity C. emphasize autonomy and self-direction D. provide a safe, loving environment

C. emphasize autonomy and self-direction

According to a report published by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2015), from 1980 to 2013, the proportion of children in the high-income group _____. Multiple choice question. A. was the same as that of children in the below poverty group B. was less than that of children in the extreme poverty group C. grew markedly D. contracted sharply

C. grew markedly

If a country has a total fertility rate of more than 2.1, the population will usually__________, but if the total fertility rate is lower than 2.1, the population will instead __________. A. shrink; grow B. stay the same; shrink C. grow; shrink D. grow; stay the same

C. grow; shrink FEEDBACK: The total fertility rate refers to the number of children born to the average woman in her lifetime. If a country has a total fertility rate of less than 2.1, the population will eventually start to shrink. This is because not everyone survives to have a child or wants to have a child, so an average rate of at least 2.1 is needed to replace each woman and her partner. The 2.1 fertility rate is also referred to as replacement fertility.

According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, the authoritative style of parental behavior produces children who _____. Multiple choice question. A. have difficulty cooperating with others B. are less competent than other children C. have higher self-esteem than other children D. are always dependent on their families

C. have higher self-esteem than other children

According to studies on families during the Great Depression, children whose fathers were more hostile and irritable were themselves _____. Multiple choice question. A. more focused and determined B. less tense and irritable C. more sullen, angry, and abrasive D. less explosive and punishing

C. more sullen, angry, and abrasive

According to Kohn, differing parenting styles derive from the _____. Multiple choice question. A. transnational customs of family life B. religious activities of the society C. occupational conditions of parents D. inherent gender roles of the adults

C. occupational conditions of parents

More children face daily periods of separation from their parents because of a great increase in the _____. Multiple choice question. A. number of extended families in which children have to spend time with other family members B. proportion of children who study in boarding schools C. proportion of mothers who work outside the home D. number of hours children spend in extracurricular activities

C. proportion of mothers who work outside the home

If a country has a total fertility rate of 1.82, the population in that country will usually A. grow. B. stagnate. C. shrink. D. explode.

C. shrink.

One skill or resource that parents provide (or try to provide) for their children is __________, which helps prepare them for future social situations so that they will feel less confusion and stress. A. intensive motherhood B. the social bond C. socialization D. social networking

C. socialization FEEDBACK: Socialization is a type of resource that parents provide for their children that allows them to internalize elements of the social structure into their own personality. This then helps children prepare for future social situations so they will feel less stress and confusion.

In part because of the legal, technological, and financial burdens they must overcome, gay and lesbian parents A. have more difficulty raising children that are well-adjusted. B. are more likely than heterosexual couples to have children. C. tend to devote larger-than-average amounts of time and energy to their children. D. have not increased number in recent years in the United States.

C. tend to devote larger-than-average amounts of time and energy to their children. FEEDBACK: Gay and lesbian parents must overcome many legal, technological, and financial burdens in order to have children through adoption, foster care, or assisted reproduction. In part because of the burdens they must overcome, same-sex couples have been shown to be unusually committed to parenting and tend to devote larger-than-average amounts of time and energy to their children.

Most parents adopting from foster care said they did so because they _____. Multiple choice question. A. wanted to avoid having children of their own B. wanted to improve their social status C. wanted to provide a permanent home for a child D. wanted to be accepted by their families and peers

C. wanted to provide a permanent home for a child

Identify the challenges that studying fathers presents to researchers.

Challenge(s):-Only 3 percent of single parents are fathers.-Some fathers do not live in households with their children.Not Challenge(s):-Fathers are typically uninvolved in their children's lives.-Stay-at-home fathers are rare.

What is one reason women with lower education levels tend to have more children? Select one: a. Poor women want to take advantage of the welfare system, which provides more money per child. b. Younger parents have more to lose financially than older parents. c. Women continue their education after they have children. d. Childrearing threatens higher incomes and career status.

Childrearing threatens higher incomes and career status.

Figure 9.10 shows the living arrangements of children by race/ethnicity from 1960-2016. How does the faster shift towards single-mother families for African American children offer evidence of inequality?

Children in single-parent homes are more likely to experience disruptive family transitions. FEEDBACK: This transformation towards single-mother families for African American children signals inequality because such families tend to have lower incomes and other resources, on average, than two-parent families. Also, children in single-parent homes are much more likely to experience disruptive family transitions

Which is TRUE about adoption?

Closed adoptions were popular in the past, but today adoptions are more likely to be open

Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children.

Contributing Factor(s)-greater educational and occupational attainment for women-delayed marriage and childbearing-having children is more of an option and less of a universal arrangement for American adultsNot Contributing Factor(s):-increasing religiosity

Identify the factors that contributed to families' having fewer children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Contributing Factor(s):-Raising children cost more money.-Children's labor was not needed.-More children lived into adulthood.Not Contributing Factor(s):-Abandoned children were adopted or fostered rather than made to work.

Identify the correct and incorrect conclusions about the figure.

Correct Conclusion(s):-The birth rate for women over age 30 has been increasing most of the time since 2000.-The birth rate for women under age 30 declined even more beginning in 2007.-The greatest decline in birth rates has occurred among those under the age of 24.Incorrect Conclusion(s):-In 2011 the birth rate for women under age 30 leveled off after the recession

Identify each conclusion about the figure as either correct or incorrect.

Correct Conclusion(s):-Women with BA degrees or higher show the lowest rates of infertility.-Infertility rates have a higher span, high to low, across race/ethnicity than educational attainment.Inorrect Conclusion(s):-Infertility rates have a higher span, high to low, across educational attainment than race/ethnicity.-Given unequal rates of infertility by education, birth rates must be higher for more highly educated women.

As described by sociologist Viviana Zelizer, the transformation of American childhood during modern times can be understood as children losing their ______ value and instead achieving a newfound ______ value. a) material; labor b) emotional; economic c) labor; material d) economic; emotional

D) economic; emotional FEEDBACK: The new industrial workplace and child labor laws resulted in the meaning of American childhood going through a transformation. Children no longer worked for their keep; therefore, they lost their economic value, instead achieving a newfound emotional value that was considered priceless.

In the early part of the twentieth century, it was incredibly dangerous to be a child, with almost 200 children killed in New York City streets in 1911. Now just 7 pedestrian children per year are killed on the city's streets, despite the growing population. What does this mean sociologically? A. Children became increasingly intelligent, learning how to avoid dangerous situations. B. New immigrants are more protective of their children. C. There is less social inequality among children. D. American children lost their economic value and achieved a newfound emotional value.

D. American children lost their economic value and achieved a newfound emotional value.

Instability of family life is much higher in the United States because _____. Multiple choice question. A. Americans have high rates of income and savings B. Americans tend to start earning before completing their education C. Americans tend to switch their jobs more often D. Americans have high rates of marrying, divorcing, and remarrying

D. Americans have high rates of marrying, divorcing, and remarrying

What did New York City do after almost 200 children were killed on the city streets? A. Implemented state laws on child abuse. B. Implemented traffic safety laws and regulations. C. Expanded public parks and playgrounds. D. B and C

D. B and C

Identify an accurate statement about multiple-partner fertility (MPF). Multiple choice question. A. MPF is more common among Native American mothers than African American mothers. B. MPF is widespread in rural America among couples without children together. C. Marital relationships have accelerated the process. D. Cohabiting relationships have stimulated the process.

D. Cohabiting relationships have stimulated the process

According to researchers, identify an accurate statement about socialization. Multiple choice question. A. The process of socialization starts in schools. B. The process of socialization does not involve teaching children norms and values. C. Socialization is a process in which only parents can influence their children. D. Socialization is a two-way process in which children and parents influence each other.

D. Socialization is a two-way process in which children and parents influence each other

Identify an accurate statement about transnational adoptions. Multiple choice question. A. Three-fourths of all adopted children in the United States were born in other countries. B. The receiving countries tend to be poorer than the sending countries. C. Ethiopia has been the largest sender of children to the United States for years. D. The decline in transnational adoptions since the mid-2000s reflects geopolitics and population policies.

D. The decline in transnational adoptions since the mid-2000s reflects geopolitics and population policies

According to research studies, identify an accurate statement about women who have children with multiple partners. Multiple choice question. A. They attend religious services very often. B. They do not receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. C. They are more likely to have their first children very late in life. D. They are less likely to have family or friends to count on for social support.

D. They are less likely to have family or friends to count on for social support

Rashad and Amaya are both young children who live with their mother. Recently, due to the financial strain of single-parenthood, all three of them moved in with a grandparent. This change is referred to as __________ and can often add stress to child development, even when their situation changes for the better. A. social change B. an opportunity cost C. intensive motherhood D. a family transition

D. a family transition FEEDBACK: When children experience the social changes of our era inside their own families, these are referred to as family transitions. Some of these, as in the example, involve a change from a worse condition to a better one, such as moving in with a grandparent to help alleviate financial stress. Most transitions, though, still cause stress for developing children and can have long-lasting effects.

The greatest expenses in raising children tend to come from? A. food B. health care C. clothing D. child care and education

D. child care and education

The purpose of the Hague Adoption Convention was to ensure that adoptive families are A. financially able to take on the responsibility of raising a child. B. from a similar racial background to the child being adopted. C. only able to adopt children that are from the same country they currently live in. D. first searched for in a child's home country.

D. first searched for in a child's home country. FEEDBACK: The Hague Adoption Convention is an international agreement that facilitates adoptions so that they are in the best interests of children who need families. One of its goals is to ensure that efforts are made to find an adoptive family in a child's home country before placing the child into an international adoption (AKA from the adopted child's home country if possible)

According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, the authoritative style of parental behavior produces children who _____. Multiple choice question. A. are less competent than other children B. have difficulty cooperating with others C. are always dependent on their families D. have higher self-esteem than other children

D. have higher self-esteem than other children

The increase in women's employment and the increased diversity of family structures changed the cultural view of fathers from the __________ to the __________ ideal, which emphasizes providing both material support and emotional bonding. A. absent father; involved father B. single father; involved father C. working father; intensive fatherhood D. male provider; involved father

D. male provider; involved father FEEDBACK: The dominance of the male provider view, which was characterized by the father as an economic provider and authority figure for children, shifted starting in the 1960s when a number of historical events began to undermine this ideal, such as the increase of women's employment and the increased diversity of family structures. The new ideal, the involved father, characterizes fathers as emotional and nurturing to their children.

Figure 9.6 shows that married women are more likely to have __________ while unmarried women are more likely to have __________. A. abortions; miscarriages B. births; miscarriages C. abortions; births D. miscarriages; abortions

D. miscarriages; abortions FEEDBACK: When we consider pregnancy outcomes by marital status, we find that while unmarried women are more likely to have abortions, married women are more likely to have miscarriages. (The most common outcome for both groups of pregnant women is birth.)

Sarah and Dean are a young unmarried couple with two children. They are part of the observed nationwide increase in unmarried parents that has been occurring since the 1990s. Sarah and Dean are also __________ to be poor compared to __________. A. less likely; most other married parents B. less likely; most other unmarried parents C. just as likely; most other married parents D. more likely; most other married parents

D. more likely; most other married parents FEEDBACK: Young adults who are unmarried and have children are one part of the overall increased trend in unmarried parenting that has been observed since the 1990s. These unmarried couples with children are also more likely to be poor than most other families

Figure 9.10 shows that the number of children living with a grandparent and __________ has increased during the past 20 years, although the number of those living with a grandparent and __________ has stayed fairly similar during the same time period. A. neither parents; both parents B. a father only or mother only; both parents C. a mother only; a father only D. neither parents or both parents; a father only

D. neither parents or both parents; a father only FEEDBACK: Reflecting in part the increase in economic hardships during the past 20 years, the number of children living with a grandparent has increased overall. Specifically, the numbers of children living with both parents and a grandparent and of children living with no parents but with a grandparent have all increased during this time period.

A widely accepted rule about how people should behave is called a _____. Multiple choice question. A. right B. belief C. value D. norm

D. norm

According to Cohen, now raising children is a major expense, an investment that is expected to A. pay off financially. B. help provide long-term care for elderly parents. C. drain parents of all time and energy. D. pay off not so much economically as emotionally and symbolically.

D. pay off not so much economically as emotionally and symbolically.

W. Bradford Wilcox argues that conservative Protestant churches _____. Multiple choice question. A. urge fathers to avoid being disciplinarians B. require fathers to suppress emotions, such as anger, toward their children C. avoid combining strict discipline with involvement D. teach that being the household head means, in part, being an involved father

D. teach that being the household head means, in part, being an involved father

An important source of the rise of multiple-partner fertility (MPF) is _____. Multiple choice question. A. an increase in the number of marriages that are less stable than cohabiting relationships B. the considerable number of marriages among African Americans C. an increase in the number of families with individuals having living-apart-together relationship D. the considerable amount of childbearing outside of any kind of partnership

D. the considerable amount of childbearing outside of any kind of partnership

Figure 9.1 shows that since the late 1980s women have become far more likely to have __________ by the time they reach the age of 45 instead of __________, which was much more common prior to this time. A. no children; two children B. four or more children; three children C. no children; two children D. two children; four or more children

D. two children; four or more children FEEDBACK: Since the late 1980s there has been a large increase in the number of women who have just two children by the time they reach the age of 45, whereas in the 1970s and early 1980s having four or more children by the age of 45 was the more common trend.

Larry, a six-year-old boy, lives with his mother after his parents got divorced. After the divorce, Larry's mother started dating men and her partners started visiting her frequently. In this scenario, the repeated movements of Larry's mother's boyfriends could _____. Multiple choice question. A. strengthen his relationship with his mother B. enhance his ability to accept new changes C. undermine his relationship with his father D. undermine his sense of security and trust

D. undermine his sense of security and trust

There is reason to suspect that parents' insecurity has increased in the last few decades for which of the following reasons? A. Declining fertility rates. B. The growing perception of economic insecurity, together with the increasing necessity of advanced education for success in adulthood. C. Parents' fears about crime, terrorism, and accidents. D. The explosion of consumer culture/advertising. E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Identify the examples of transitions that may add to children's stress and affect their development.

Example(s)-moving to a new, safer neighborhood-an aunt's moving in after losing her job-a mother's boyfriend's moving into the homeNot Example(s)-being punished unfairly by a parent

T/F Three children typically constitute America's ideal family size.

FALSE Feedback: 2 children, typically one boy and one girl

T/F The total fertility rate in the United States is currently 1.71, which is the same as the replacement fertility rate.

FALSE Feedback: the level of fertility necessary for a society to replace its population = 2.1

True or false: Mass incarceration leaves children with fathers who are completely gone and are not present in their daily lives. True false question. True False

False

True or false: Most adopted children in the United States show elevated levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties. True false question. True False

False

Authoritarian parents typically use the induction method of discipline

False Induction = A technique in which parents discipline by reasoning and explaining to them why they should or should not use certain behaviors

A young man has always known that he was adopted, and he recently decided to meet his birth parents. According to research trends, how is he likely to respond to meeting his birth parents? a.) He will feel good and assured that his birth parents cared about him. b.) His sense of security and identity will be hurt. c.) He will feel a strong stigma about being adopted. d.) He will feel angry after meeting his birth parents.

He will feel good and assured that his birth parents cared about him.

What is one typical example that demonstrates how parents plan their births around their economic circumstances? A. Grace, a 45-year-old, waited to have children until after the economic recession. B. Joyce, a 25-year-old, waited to have children until after the economic recession. C. Molly, a 19-year-old, decided to have children while she was on welfare. D. Sunita, a 32-year-old, decided to have children while she had a high-paying job.

Joyce, a 25-year-old waited to have children until after the economic recession

Why are first-generation Latino immigrants more likely to have children than families who immigrated in earlier generations? Select one: a. Latin American culture places high value on having children. b. The American education system lacks a sexual education curriculum. c. The United States is polluted with environmental toxins that prevent fertility. d. Latinos know they can get welfare from the U.S. government.

Latin American culture places high value on having children.

Which group do you think had the highest fertility rate and which group had the lowest?

Latino; American Indian

Which racial-ethnic group in the United States has the highest fertility rate?

Latinos FEEDBACK: Total fertility rates in the United States show that different racial-ethnic groups have on average different numbers of children. Latinos have the highest fertility rate followed by Blacks, Whites, and Asians, while Native Americans have the lowest fertility rate

What is a reason for the relatively high fertility rate among Latinos?

Many Latinos are recent immigrants from Latin America where having many children is a cultural expectation. FEEDBACK: Several reasons explain the higher fertility rate among Latinos. Many are recent immigrants from Latin American countries where having many children is a cultural expectation. Also, Latinos tend to have lower-than-average education levels and also tend to be young healthy adults. Both of these groups, regardless of race and ethnicity, tend to have more children as well

What trend has been found to be associated with the overall increase in unmarried parents since the 1980s?

Marriage has declined more than childbearing. FEEDBACK: Since the 1980s, marriage has declined more than childbearing, causing an increase in unmarried parenthood. Young adults who are not yet ready to marry are bearing children; older women who are single by choice are bearing children; divorced parents who are not remarried are bearing children. Gay and lesbian couples can now legally marry, so same-sex couples who are parents and married are no longer considered unmarried parents

In 2015, 40 percent of births were to unmarried women. This statistic supports which of the following trends?

More children are born to parents who are not married.

Overall, the opinion of abortion in the United States is evenly split. However, in the past few years, the opinion of abortion in the United States has slightly moved in which general direction? - More people have no opinion. - More people believe abortion should be illegal. - More people consider themselves "pro-choice." - More people consider themselves "pro-life."

More people consider themselves "pro-life."

Chapter Vocabulary

Parent: an adult intimately responsible for the care and rearing of a child Biological Parents: the adults whose bodies - including the father's sperm and the mother's egg - produce a child Adoptive Parents: parents to a child they did not produce biologically Fertility: the number of children born in a society or among a particular group Total Fertility Rate: the number of children born to the average woman in her lifetime Opportunity Cost: the price one pays for choosing the less lucrative of the available options Infertility: the failure of a couple to have a successful pregnancy despite deliberately having sex without contraception Parenting: the activity of raising a child Intensive Motherhood: cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children Male Provider Ideal: the father as an economic provider and authority figure for his children Involved Father Ideal: the father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as providing for them Helicopter Parents: Hover over their kids; are hyper involved, intrusive, and over-controlling Boomerang Children: young adults who move back in with their parents

Children are most likely to be adopted through which method? A. private services B. international adoption C. coercion D. foster care system

Private Services foster care system; also find private services as an answer (think this is the right answer)

Identify the reasons why women with less education have more children, on average, than women with more education.

Reason(s):-Schooling delays the start of childbearing.-The opportunity cost of having children is lower for less educated women.Not Reason(s):-It is less expensive for less educated women to have children.-Many educated women don't want to have children.