Exam 3 Psych
Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by
internal motivation
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
Physical domain
All types of physical/bodily change
Should the news that you baby was born without an SRY gene" concern you?
No, it means that it is genetically female
Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring. When she meets Mark she immediately decides that she does not like him. Selena's beliefs are _________, and not liking Mark is ___________.
a stereotype; prejudice
Transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
Accommodation
"we are able to learn of other animals"
around how many months do children start talking?
12
A genetic test confirmed that Daysha has Turner syndrome and she is now receiving estrogen replacement therapy. Based on this, you can conclude that the genetic test revealed that Daysha has _______ female sex chromosome(s) and ______ male chromosome(s).
1;0
Embryo
2 weeks through 2 months
In Milgram's shock experiments, the maximum level of shock was administered by about what percent of participants?
65%
Nadia knows that a substance's quantity does not change, even when its form does. Based on this, Nadia is most likely _____ years old.
9
Fetus
9 weeks to birth
John and Nolan are huge fans of the New York Knicks basketball team, whereas Brad is a fan of the Brooklyn Nets. Which of the following is John most likely to do? A. favor Nolan because he belongs to the ingroup B. favor Brad because he belongs to the outgroup C. be hostile to Brad because of discrimination D. like Nolan and Brad equally because of stereotypes
A
Mr. Lahore hired four college students to paint his house. Given what you know about social loafing, which set of conditions is likely to produce the best work by the group of students? A. each student paints a room B. all student work together on each room C. students work in 2-person teams D. students should all wear the same uniform and paint the rooms together
A
Based on psychological research, which of the following men does NOT have an increased likelihood of being gay? A. right handed with 3 older brothers B. parents married gay couple C. 3 gay cousins on mother's side of family D. identical twin brother is gay
B
Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. Then, Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland tells himself that he is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship. Roland now enjoys soccer less. Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that Select one: a. he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play. b. he is afraid that he will start losing games. c. winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer. d. playing has become too much hard work.
C
The final project for your class is due in a few days. You ask a classmate how his project is going. He tells you that he has not started, because no matter how hard he tries, he can never get a good grade. Based on this statement, it is likely that your classmate: A. is low in achievement motivation B. is high in achievement motivation C. has low self-efficacy D. has high self-efficacy
C
Which of the following questions would NOT be investigated in social psychology? A. why do romantic relationships fail B. why do fraternities use hazing on new members C. why is smoking so addictive D. why does advertising work
C
Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives. Which of the following should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is NOT related to a "need"? A. water B. sleep C. achievement D. money
D
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
role confusion
Erikson's term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path
Mandy has a stereotype that engineers are dull. When she meets Matt, an engineer who writes exciting stories, she will likely create a subtype that ______________.
Matt is the exception to the rule
females on average experience menarche at an earlier age today compared to 50 years ago is this a reason why females are less aggressive than males?
No
When a person such as Coy Mathis is described as transgender, what does this mean?
She has a gender identity that is not the same as her biological sex
intamacy vs isolation
The sixth of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound loneliness and isolation.
Nurture
The way we are raised. The environment we live in.
Erikson's Theory
Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
Cognitive Domain
Thinking, reasoning, and to communicate over time
Nature
What we are born with. We can not change it.
Female chromosomes
XX
male chromosomes
XY
Genderqueer
a person who does not subscribe to conventional gender distinctions but identifies with neither, both, or a combination of male and female genders.
sexual orientation
a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person
Secure Attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
Piaget's theory of development states that it consists of
a series of qualitatively different stages of cognitive ability
Dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
Brent blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitting shoes. However, Brent believes that other runners who did poorly are naturally slow runners. Brent's reasoning illustrates the __________________________________.
actor/observer bias
#1 teratogen
alcohol
identity confusion
an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self that often occurs in Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion
James was born with a penis but during puberty began to grow breasts. After various medical tests, a doctor tells James that he has XXY sex chromosomes. Based on this you know that James is experiencing _______ development due to his ________.
atypical; intersexuality
You leave a child alone with a stranger and the child plays with the stranger and when you return she/he ignores you, which attachment style is he/she portraying?
avoidant
According to research, people tend not to prefer unattractive, asymmetrical faces. This may be because people with these faces could _________________________________.
be less healthy
Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ______________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.
belonging
In the U.S. gender identity is usually thought of as ____________, whereas in India gender identity is more likely to be thought of as ______________.
binary; a continuum
According to the best available evidence from psychological research, sexual orientation is related to _________________.
biological factors
Which colors can babies see?
black and white
When running through the airport, Collin trips and spills all of his stuff out of his backpack. Lots of people see Collin trip and fall, but no one helps Collin pick up any of his stuff or checks to see if he is okay. The fact that others do not help in this case is best explained by __________________.
bystander apathy
cognitive development theory
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
Chris believes that anyone who listens to pop music is an idiot. One day, Chris realizes that the song he is dancing and singing along with on the radio is the newest pop music hit. Chris now decides that listening to pop is not so bad. Chris's attitude change is best explained by ____________________.
cognitive dissonance
Lisa believes that drinking alcohol is wrong. However, her boyfriend Mike likes to drink beer after work. Instead of breaking up with Mike, she decides that drinking alcohol is not so bad after all. Lisa's attitude most likely changed because of __________________________.
cognitive dissonance
What did Harry Harlow's experiment demonstrate?
comforting touch is more important than food
As you walk to class, you notice that everyone is sitting on the floor. You sit on the floor, too. In this situation, the fact that you change your behavior to match the people around you is an example of ________.
conformity
Dirk just failed the driving portion of his driver's license exam. Dirk will most likely explain his failure by saying that he __________________________________________________.
could not see well because it was raining
When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the teacher could see the learner, the level of obedience _________________.
decreased
After an earthquake in one city, people were overexcited and there were no police around. So, mobs of people looted and damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of __________.
deindividuation
Hal is a police officer who believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. He issues tickets to a lot of elderly drivers. The way that Hal unfairly targets and punishes elderly drivers is best described as ___________.
discrimination
If a baby is born with androgen insensitivity syndrome, what should the doctor do?
do not alter the infant's genitals and wait for the infant to develop a gender identity
a female was found to have XY sex chromosomes, lack ovaries and a uterus, and have internal testes that produce high levels of testosterone. Why would this person be described as experiencing intersexuality?
does not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or female
When people are more likely to agree with a small request after refusing a large request, it is an example of the _____________________ strategy.
door-in-the-face
Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n)
drive
Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?
drive reduction
sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
gender roles
expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
Ambivalent Attachment
extremely upset during parents' absence, and both seeks and resists contact on parent returning.
Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.
extrinsic; intrinsic
preconventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior
Victor has not started his paper, which is due tomorrow. He asks his friend Christy if she will write the first sentence. Then he asks her to write the next sentence. Next, he asks if she will write the next paragraph. Finally, he asks her to outline the whole paper and she agrees. Victor has just used the ____________ technique to get Christy to help him.
foot-in-the-door
Franklin sees that Sarah often goes to her math professor's office hours. Franklin thinks that Sarah must be terrible at math. This is an example of the _____________________.
fundamental attribution error
gender disphoria
gender identity does not match biological/genetic sex, not happy with biological assignment
A young girl named Malala Yousafzai was brutally attacked and nearly killed for attending school and speaking out against Islamic militants opposed to education for females in her traditionalist culture. This is an extreme example of a girl being punished for defying ____________.
gender roles
biological sex is determined by what?
genetic influences, hormonal influences, interactive influences of brain and environment
claudia has been feeling ill for a couple of weeks and finds out she is two weeks pregnant. Up to this point her baby has been in the ______ period of development and the ______ has begun to form
germinal, placenta
androgynous
having both male and female characteristics
How do you test to see if a child is still in the sensorimotor stage?
hide his favorite toy underneath the couch cushion and see if he looks for it
Socio-emotional Domain
how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and regulate emotions
William is a graduate student interested in studying the genetic influences on sexual orientation. What is one of the first things he learns?
identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation than non-identical twins
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Avoident Attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return
why is the development of pubic hair in males and females considered a secondary sex characteristic?
it is not directly related to sexual reproduction
gender schemas
knowledge structure that contains information about aspects of gender, including social expectations, traits, interests, thoughts, and feelings
Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?
lower needs must be met before higher needs
The main reason that people make attributions that reflect the just world hypotheses is that these explanations _________________.
make them feel safer
What gender genetically are people with androgen insensitivity syndrome?
male
Who determines the sex of the baby?
male
Yi Ling experiences her first menstrual period two months after her twelfth birthday. This event is called_______ and it represents development of a _______ sex characteristic.
menarche; primary
Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs is called __________________.
modern racism
Ming is learning English and today she learned that the word talking is made up of two units of meaning: talk and ing. Ming is learning about_________
morphemes
Embryonic period
most important time for psychological development of the spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs
what sounds should parents play on a mobile so the baby will pay attention to it?
mother's voice
Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking ______.
motivation
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
When we conform or go along with what the group does because we want to be liked, it is often due to ________ influence.
normative
Intersexuality
not exhibiting exclusively male or female sex characteristics
Tom believes that it is his wife's role to do the laundry and cook because that is what he saw his mom doing when he was growing up. Based on this, Tom's expectations about gender role in the household was shaped by ____________.
observation
Gender is best understood as being ______ and sexual orientation is best understood as being ________.
on a continuum; on a continuum
Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their _________________________.
optimal levels of arousal
What did Milgram's shock experiment demonstrate?
ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered by an authority
Encouraging college students to consider a variety of careers, regardless of whether they are traditionally considered "jobs for men" or "jobs for women" is one way to _____________________________________________.
overcome gender stereotypes
What did the Stanford prison study demonstrate?
people will behave according to their roles in a situation
In explaining other people's behaviors, people form Western cultures tend to emphasize ____________ factors and people from Eastern cultures tend to emphasize ______________ factors.
personal; situational
Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's ________ needs are not met, but his ________ needs are being met.
physiological; belonging
what is the correct order of development
prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood
A child thinks that a tall, thin container contains more sand than the shorter rounder containers. What stage of cognitive development is he in?
preoperational
Maturation
process of developing motor skills in a sequence of steps
Dr. Gupta notices that his patient's testosterone level is 20 times higher than it was during the checkup one year ago. Based on this, what has the patient most likely entered?
puberty
Paraphilia
recurrent intense sexual urge, fantasy, or behavior that involves unusual objects, activities, or situations
Bilal believes that boys are generally strong, aggressive, and interested in sports, while girls are generally polite, expressive, nurturing, and interested in relationships. These beliefs reflect Bilal's gender______
schemas
conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior
Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because _________________________________________________.
she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice
Jay is nervous about giving a presentation at work. His presentation sounds fine when he practices alone, but it goes even better when he delivers his presentation to his boss. Because Jay performs even better in front of other people than when he is alone, he is most likely experiencing __________________.
social facilitation
Gender
social, cultural, and psychological aspects of masculinity and feminimity
during puberty, typically developing males will experience ______ and females will experience ________
spermarche; menarche
Grant gives his wife folic acid frequently because he knows that this helps development of the ______ during the ______ period
spine and brain
What does homeostasis do?
stabilizes conditions in the body
A store manager got rid of gender labels for the toy isles and combined them into one generic isle, without labels. The manager hoped it would help people change their ideas about which toys are appropriate for a child. The manager is trying to change people's gender _______
stereotypes
Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender ________
stereotypes
Teratogens
substances that cause birth defects
If a child is putting verbs at the end of sentences, for example "the dog the bone ate" what is the child having problems with?
syntax
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Zygote
the fertilized egg; to 2 weeks
Egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
gender role socialization
the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
biological sex
the sex determined by a person's chromosomes
gender expression
the way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior.
postconventional morality
third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
When children learn to talk what are the first words used for?
to identify objects or are simple action words
Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because ____________________________________________.
very high arousal can hurt her performance
Assimilation
we already are equipped. "call all animals cats"
gender stereotypes
widely held beliefs about characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females
What chromosome is the egg?
x
