Exam 3 Questions (Ch. 40)

Define homeostasis. Describe in general terms how an animal maintains homeostasis.

"steady state" maintenance of internal balance -maintains homeostasis by maintaining a variable, i.e. body temp. or solute concentration, at a particular value by using sensors and responses (negative feedback)

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the A) cell body. B) synaptic terminals. C) axonal region. D) dendritic region. E) synapse.

A) cell body

A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in A) chondroitin sulfate of cartilage. B) actin and myosin of muscle. C) the axon of a neuron. D) nervous tissues. E) spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells.

A) chondroitin sulfate of cartilage.

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of A) connective tissue. B) reproductive tissue. C) nervous tissue. D) epithelial tissue. E) adipose tissue.

A) connective tissue.

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the A) green frog. B) penguin. C) bluefin tuna. D) house sparrow. E) gray wolf.

A) green frog

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have A) increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches. B) increased the thickness of the membranes in these linings. C) increased the number of cell layers in these linings. D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings.

A) increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches.

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. B) it contains more than one type of cell. C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. D) its cells can move from place to place. E) it is found within all the organs of the body.

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the A) lungs. B) skeletal muscles. C) liver. D) heart. E) brain.

A) lungs

Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up A) organs. B) membranes. C) organ systems. D) organelles. E) organisms.

A) organs

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of A) several layers of boxlike cells. B) a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells. C) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane. D) an irregularly arranged layer of pillarlike cells. E) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.

A) several layers of boxlike cells.

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is A) simple squamous epithelium. B) simple cuboidal epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) stratified squamous epithelium.

A) simple squamous epithelium.

Cardiac muscle cells are both A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks. B) striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells. C) smooth and under voluntary control. D) striated and under voluntary control. E) smooth and under involuntary control.

A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks.

As body size increases in animals, A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. B) reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. C) there is greater variability in metabolic rate. D) migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. E) it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.

A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio.

Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because A) their membranes will crystallize if not in contact with interstitial fluid. B) an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. C) this prevents the loss of water due to osmosis. D) their cells need to be protected from dissolved nitrogen gas in the blood. E) terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments.

B) an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include A) a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape. B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body. C) a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings. D) complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area. E) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.

B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.

Structure in the living world is organized at hierarchical levels. Which of the following choices lists several of these, from least inclusive to most inclusive? A) cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism B) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism C) cell, organ system, tissue, organ, organism D) cell, organism, organ, organ system, tissue E) tissue, cell, organ system, organ, organism

B) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is A) epithelial tissue. B) connective tissue. C) skeletal muscle. D) smooth muscle. E) nervous tissue.

B) connective tissue

When the temperature of the outside air exceeds their internal body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will A) dilate the blood vessels in their large ears to transfer more body heat to the environment. B) constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears. C) increase motor movements to find a sunny area to maximize heat transfer into their bodies. D) increase pigmentation in their ears, darkening them to maximize their capacity to take up heat. E) begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal muscles in order to generate more metabolic heat.

B) constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears.

If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains A) collagenous fibers. B) elastin fibers. C) reticular fibers. D) adipose tissue. E) loose connective tissue.

B) elastin fibers

Ingested foods inside the digestive tract of snakes are typically digested by A) biosynthesis. B) enzymatic hydrolysis. C) uric acid. D) chemiosmosis. E) metabolic heat.

B) enzymatic hydrolysis.

Endothermy A) is a characteristic of most animals found in tropical zones. B) is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature. C) is a term equivalent to cold-blooded. D) is a characteristic of mammals but not of birds. E) is seen only in insects and in certain predatory fishes.

B) is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.

The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells A) receive their oxygen directly from inhaled air and ingested foods. B) provide abundant exchange surface. C) have exceptionally high numbers of cellular organelles in the cytoplasm. D) offer greater protection due to increased membrane thickness. E) have a lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperative exchange between cells.

B) provide abundant exchange surface.

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a A) cuboidal epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) stratified squamous epithelium. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) simple columnar epithelium.

B) simple squamous epithelium.

Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of A) smooth muscle. B) skeletal muscle. C) cardiac muscle. D) smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. E) smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.

B) skeletal muscle

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by A) cardiac muscle. B) smooth muscle. C) voluntary muscle. D) striated muscle. E) skeletal muscle.

B) smooth muscle

Muscles are joined to bones by A) ligaments. B) tendons. C) loose connective tissue. D) Haversian systems. E) spindle fibers.

B) tendons

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by A) the respiratory system. B) the endocrine system. C) the immune and lymphatic systems. D) the integumentary system. E) the excretory system.

B) the endocrine system

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. C) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. E) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.

B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

When body temperature is too low, which of the following occurs? A) Blood vessels at the body surface dilate and fill with warm blood. B) The thermostatic control center of the brain is deactivated. C) Muscles relax. D) Blood vessels in the skin constrict. E) Sweat glands are activated.

Blood vessels in the skin constrict.

Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions? A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.

C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant.

The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are A) elastin fibers. B) fibrin fibers. C) collagenous fibers. D) reticular fibers. E) spindle fibers

C) collagenous fibers

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed A) balanced equilibrium. B) physiological chance. C) homeostasis. D) static equilibrium. E) estivation.

C) homeostasis.

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) thyroid gland. C) hypothalamus. D) subcutaneous layer of the skin. E) liver.

C) hypothalamus

All skeletal muscle fibers are both A) smooth and under involuntary control. B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers. C) striated and under voluntary control. D) smooth and under voluntary control. E) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers.

C) striated and under voluntary control.

Most types of communication between cells utilize A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells. B) a direct electrical connection between the cells. C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. D) the exchange of DNA between the cells. E) the movement of the cells.

C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message.

The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because A) natural selection typically has no limits when different organisms face the same challenge. B) respiration through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape. C) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly. D) the fusiform shape is coded by the same genes in all three types of aquatic animals. E) all three types evolved from the same ancestral form, which flew in air rather than swam in water.

C) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.

If thermoregulation is considered to be a secondary function of the large ears of jackrabbits, then the primary function of the ears is A) to optimize nutrient intake through the thin, permeable surfaces on the ears. B) to alter the rate of gas exchange, based on the adjustable radius of the ears' blood vessels. C) to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal. D) to protect offspring from bright sunlight by the positioning of the ears to cast the maximum shadows. E) to protect against pathogens by having a thick, waxy surface on the ears.

C) to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal.

Positive feedback has occurred when A) an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood. B) a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus. D) an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone. E) a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.

C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) wind blowing across the body surface D) countercurrent heat exchanger E) blubber or fat layer

C) wind blowing across the body surface

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with A) connective tissue. B) smooth muscle cells. C) neural tissue. D) epithelial tissue. E) adipose tissue.

D) epithelial tissue

Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) evaporation. E) metabolism.

D) evaporation

Connective tissues typically have A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation. D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

Interstitial fluid is A) the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra. B) the internal environment inside animal cells. C) identical to the composition of blood. D) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells. E) found only in the lumen of the small intestine.

D) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because A) all share a common ancestor at some point in the past. B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures. C) flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form. D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming. E) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water.

D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.

The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because A) the environment imposes identical problems regardless of where the animals are found. B) the development of the specialized structures in an animal is influenced by the animal's ability to learn. C) the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. D) they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes. E) the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin.

D) they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes.

All animals, whether large or small, have A) an external body surface that is dry. B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm. D) the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce. E) each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.

E) each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the A) smooth muscles. B) adipose tissue. C) endocrine system. D) intercalated disks. E) glial cells.

E) glial cells

All types of muscle tissue have A) intercalated disks that allow cells to communicate. B) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope. C) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated. D) a response that can be consciously controlled. E) interactions between actin and myosin.

E) interactions between actin and myosin.

Fibroblasts secrete A) fats. B) chondroitin sulfate. C) interstitial fluids. D) calcium phosphate for bone. E) proteins for connective fibers.

E) proteins for connective fibers

The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is A) skeletal muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) striated muscle. D) intercalated cells. E) smooth muscle.

E) smooth muscle

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because A) thick and thin filaments are present. B) they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. C) the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different. D) they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. E) the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.

E) the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.

Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of A) food eaten in one day. B) heat generated in one day. C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day. D) carbon dioxide produced in one day. E) water consumed in one day.

E) water consumed in one day.

Which tissue creates protective coverings on the skin and around organs?

Epithelial

The control center for thermoregulation in humans is the A. Skin B. Hypothalamus C. Muscles D. Blood vessels

Hypothalamus

Distinguish between positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Which type of mechanism contributes to homeostasis?

Positive feedback is when change triggers a mechanism that amplifies a response Negative feedback is when change triggers a control mechanism that counteracts the effect of the change (body temp/sweating), contributes to homeostasis.

Distinguish between regulators and conformers for a particular environmental variable. Explain how an animal may be both a regulator and a conformer.

Regulators are animals that use internal control mechanisms to regulate internal change in the face of external fluctuation. Conformers allow its internal condition to conform to external changes. An animal can conform to the temperature of the surroundings but regulate the solute concentration of its blood to its' own desired level.

Which type of muscle cell do you have voluntary control over?

Skeletal

Homeostasis is A. the maintenance of a constant internal state as the internal environment changes B. the maintenance of a constant external state as the internal environment changes C. the maintenance of a constant internal state as the external environment changes D. the maintenance of a constant external state as the external environment changes

The maintenance of a constant internal state as the external environment changes

Define thermoregulation.

Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature with a tolerable range. Endotherms warm mostly by heat generated by metabolism while ectotherms warm mostly from external sources.

An example of a connective tissue is the A. nerves. B. smooth muscles. C. cuboidal epithelium. D. skin. E. blood.

blood

What kind of connective tissue has a liquid matrix? A) blood B) cartilage C) adipose tissue D) nervous tissue E) loose connective tissue

blood

A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is ______. A) covering surfaces B) support C) sensation D) contraction E) absorption

covering surfaces