Exam 3 Review

Kohlberg's studies focus on a) Moral reasoning b) moral behavior c) cognitive reasoning d) cognitive behavior

a) Moral reasoning

In Maslow's approach, what term refers to rare moments that can drive one toward higher values? a) Peak Experiences b) Self-Actualization c) Aspiration to excellence d) Moments of truth

a) Peak experiences

Which of the following is the most fundamental category of needs in Maslow's hierarchy? a) Physiological b) Safety c) Esteem d) Self-Actualization

a) Physiological

Which theory of gender development looks at how children develop gender schemas? a) Cognitive b) Behaviorist c) Social Learning d) Psychodynamic

a) cognitive

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor

a) concrete operational

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and thoughts is called. a) Conformity b) Compliance c) Persuasion d) Obedience

a) conformity

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage? a) conservation b) language acquisition c) object permanence d) stranger anxiety

a) conservation

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? a) conventional b) formal operational c) post-conventional d) pre-conventional

a) conventional

A loss of awareness of one's own identity when acting in a group is known as: a) Deindividuation b) Group sublimation c) Acquiescent deferral d) None of the above

a) deindividuation

In close-knit groups, the tendency to suppress disagreements and to think alike for unanimity? a) Group think b) Group polarization c) Group sublimation d) Group referral

a) group think

Which of these is asocial position for which there are norms to guide behavior? a) Role b) Normative position c) Conformed standard d) Community standard

a) role

In order to best enhance motivation, your goals should be: a) Specific and achievable b) Non-specific, but still achievable c) Specific, but impossible to achieve d) Trying to avoid negative consequences

a) specific and achievable

Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______. a) Schema b) Accommodation c) Assimilation d) Structure

b) accommodation

Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others. a) achievement b) affiliation c) intimacy d) power

b) affiliation

Which parenting style is based on obedience to parental authority without question? a) Authoritative b) Authoritarian c) Permissive d) Neglectful

b) authoritarian

The tendency for people in a group to not offer help is called: a) The conformity effect b) Bystander apathy c) The minimal risk factor d) The aversion effect

b) bystander apathy

Asch's research with line comparison in a group showed the principle of: a) Obedience b) Conformity c) Social roles d) The collective unconscious

b) conformity

In old age, _____intelligence tends to decline, while _____intelligence remains stable. a) Fluid; crystallized b) Crystallized; fluid c) Verbal; spatial d) Independent; dependent

b) crystallized; fluid

Which is NOT a Paul Baltes principle of development? a) Development is plastic b) Development is fixed c) Development is lifelong d) Development depends on history and context

b) development is fixed

Which of the following is negative often aggressive behavior aimed at the target of prejudice? a) Stereotype b) Discrimination c) Bias d) Reactance

b) discrimination

The belief that one is the center of the world is called by Piaget: a) Animism b) Egocentrism c) Self-centered d) Centrismic thinking

b) egocentrism

The process Milgram used by having the teacher commit first to less dangerous steps first? a) Brainwashing b) Entrapment c) Incremental Commitment d) Progressive Involvement

b) entrapment

Which Piagetian stage allows for abstract thoughts? a) Preoperational b) Formal operational c) Concrete Operational d) Sensorimotor

b) formal operational

Term for when a group of people make a more extreme decision than they would as individuals: a) Group think b) Group polarization c) Group sublimation d) Group deferral

b) group polarization

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________. a) amygdala b) hippocampus c) hypothalamus d) thalamus

b) hippocampus

According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese. a) one half b) one third c) one fourth d) one fifth

b) one third

The onset of menarche in females, spermarche in males, are all signs of? a) Adolescent growth spurt b) Puberty c) Menopause d) Synaptic pruning

b) puberty

Which is the correct order for prenatal development? a) Fetus, embryo, zygote b) Zygote, embryo, fetus c) Embryo, zygote, fetus d) Zygote, fetus, embryo

b) zygote, embryo, fetus

Which theory of emotion states, the body responds first, followed by the mind? a) Lazarus-Schacter Theory b) Two-Factor Theory c) James-Lange Theory d) Cannon-Bard Theory

c) James-Lange Theory

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? a) Erickson b) Piaget c) Kohlberg d) Freud

c) Kohlberg

_____ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people. a) Asch b) Lewin c) Milgram d) Sherif

c) Milgram

What % of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series? a) Less than 1% b) Between 5%- and 10% c) about 65% d) about 90%

c) about 65%

Type A behavior is characterized by____________. a) Learned helplessness b) Relaxed attitude c) Anger and impatience d) Lack of competitiveness

c) anger and impatience

Learned, relatively enduring feelings about objects, events, or issues are called ___________. a) Norms b) Opinions c) Attitudes d) Emotions

c) attitudes

Piaget's model looks at which type of development? a) Moral b) Social c) Cognitive d) Behavioral

c) cognitive

At which Piagetian stage do we develop ability to reason in multiple dimensions (use of maps)? a) Sensorimotor b) Concrete Operations c) Formal Operations d) Preoperations

c) formal operations

Research indicates when we set the stage for the self-fulfilling prophecy, we _____that behavior. a)Evaluate b) Criticize c) Guide d) Observe

c) guide

The Ericksonian stage we must face in adolescence is a) intimacy v isolation b) ego identity v self-doubt c) identity v role confusion d) competence v inferiority

c) identity v role confusion

Which of these involves pursuing an activity for its own sake, rather than for external reward? a) Avoidance motivation b) Inherent Motivation c) Intrinsic Motivation d) Extrinsic Motivation

c) intrinsic motivation

________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant. a) orexin b) angiotensin c) leptin d) ghrelin

c) leptin

Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so. a) nucleus accumbens b) amygdala c) medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus d) hippocampus

c) medical preoptic area of the hypothalamus

What is the term forth is effect, when extrinsic motivation replaces intrinsic motivation? a) Externalization effect b) Replacement effect c) Over justification effect d) Supplantation effect

c) over justification effect

_____________develop with cognitive maturity and social learning. a) Secondary emotions b) Tertiary emotions c) Primary emotions d) Linguistic emotions

c) primary emotions

People link their failures to situations, and their successes to internal factors. This is: a) First person attribution error b) Fundamental attribution error c) Self-serving bias d) Immediacy bias

c) self-serving bias

People link their failures to situations, and their successes to internal factors. This is: a) First person attribution error b) Fundamental attribution error c) self-serving bias d) Immediacy bias

c) self-serving bias

Over-simplified generalizations about the characteristics of a group are called: a) Prejudice b) Biases c) Sterotypes d) Discrimination

c) stereotypes

A reflex crucial to an infant's survival is__________. a) Cooing b) Grasping c) Sucking d) Stepping

c) sucking

What term refers to harmful influences that cross the placenta, such as alcohol, nicotine? a) Generotacts b) Genotypal influences c) Teratogens d) Genotics

c) teratogens

Erickson saw the first year of life as devoted to resolving the crisis of: a) integrity v despair b) industry v inferiority c) trust v mistrust d) intimacy v isolation

c) trust v mistrust

A person who operates at the conventional stage of morality: a) will be an odd individual b) will exhibit the highest level of moral reasoning c) will reason according to society's norms and rules d) will reason to protect their own self-interest

c) will reasons according to society's norms and rules

Inferring characteristics of people based on their observable behavior is called ___________. a) Personality psychology b) Attitudes c) Social psychology d) Attributions

d) attributions

Which is the optimal parenting style? a) Authoritarian b) Permissive c) Neglectful d) Authoritative

d) authoritative

Which motivational conflict is described at the "lesser of two evils"? a) Extrinsic-Extrinsic b) Approach-avoidance c) Negative-negative d) Avoidance-avoidance

d) avoidance-avoidance

The 2nd week to the 3rd month after conception, the developing organism is called a(n)_____. a) Neonate b) Fetus c) Zygote d) Embryo

d) embryo

The rules that govern our behavior in a social context are called: a) Roles b) Dynamics c) Conformations d) Norms

d) norms

Following orders is referred to as _______ by social psychologists. a) Compliance b) Conformity c) Influence d) Obedience

d) obedience

________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task. a) physiological needs b) self-esteem c) self-actualization d) self-efficacy

d) self-efficacy

An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because: a) You want to earn an A on the test b) You want to avoid a D or F on the test c) You are being paid to read it d) You enjoy reading it

d) you enjoy reading it