Exam #3 Sports History
effects of TV on boxing
wanted sluggers not skill, gym memberships went down, pro boxers dropped, fought undefeated boxers more [powerhouses]
Review:
Muscular Christianity (a fusion of high physical activity and religious devotion) Racial Stereotyping in the media ( Amos Alonzo Stagg (hired by the University of Chicago's president Harper, he was the first professional college football coach)
football - list all the figure heads of early pro)
Woody Hayes, newt, Walter camp, pop warner
Mass momentum:
a heavy concentration of struggling and slugging players in the center of the line
baseball
eliminated town ball, teams moved to larger markets, minor league teams decreased, audience decreased
PEDs: Find 10 examples in the text of use and abuse. Then explain the significance of each example by answering: Did it really matter? Who did it hurt? Should they be banned? (help them get over injuries, get better, EVERYONE ELSE WAS DOIG IT)
1. Thomas Hicks 1. 1904 Olympics 2. It mattered because he was the first one who this happened to 3. Hurt himself because he almost died 4. He should be banned because this influenced other people to do so 2. Bill Toomey 1. Admitted to using drugs 2. Only hurt himself 3. Tommy Simpson 1. Hurt himself because he passed away because of this 2. Hurt the dignity of the sport 3. Should be banned because it took someone's life 4. Steve Courson 1. Lineman who used steroids 2. Impacted himself and his performance 3. It mattered because it enhanced his performance 4. Should be banned because that's unfair to others 5. Steve Howe 1. Violated drug laws and was suspended four times 2. Impacted himself and his ability to play because suspension 3. Mattered because he kept doing it even after getting suspended 4. Should be banned because he is not learning 6. Len Bias 1. Died of a cocaine overdose 2. Impacted himself and the image of the sport 3. It mattered because it is talking about someone's life 4. The use of cocaine should be banned and more easily watched 7. Donald Rogers 1. Died of a heart attacked caused by cocaine 2. Impacted him because he died because of this 3. The use of cocaine and drugs should be banned 4. Mattered because this is a continued thing and people keep dying 8. Dexter Manley 1. Suspended permanently because of repeat drug offenses 2. Impacted his ability to play because of suspension 3. Mattered because he kept doing it 4. Should be banned because he is not learning it is wrong 9. Lyle Alzado 1. Died because of steroid use 2. Mattered because it impacted his performance 3. Hurt himself because it took his life 4. The use of steroids should be banned 10. Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire 1. Excess steroid use 2. Mattered because it enhanced their performance 3. Impacted themselves and their teams 4. Steroid use should be banned Jason Giambi- never got caught using steroids but he admitted to using them. Now they test more often and suspend people for the use of steroids.
chapter 9: overall if their was a first for something you need to know it
1896: Jim Crow 1903: Johnson heavyweight negro champion July 4, 1910: Johnson vs. Jeffries October 23, 1945: Jackie Robinson 1920: Foster makes first African American League 1920: Foste made the 8 team NNL 1981: Foster put into baseball hall of hame 1933: Greenlee made a new NNL 1932: Paige and Dean put together two teams on white and one black to draw crowds in 1938: NAL formed with teams in the midwest and south 1942: Negro league World series was held for the first time since 1927 1944: East-West All star game played at Chicago's Comiskey Park and drew in 46,000 fans 1936: jesse owens and the Olympics 1937: joe Louis wins heavyweight title and holds it for 13 years 1934: Louis won his first match w/ 52 bucks 1962: Jackie Robinson was the first African American elected into the hall of fame 1997: Jackie's number was retired by all teams 1947: Jackie went on the diamond for the first time 1955: first African American joined the Yankees (Elston Howard) 1970: 50% of the NBA rosters were filled by African Americans 1950: Althea Gibson plays for the first time at Forest Hill 1951: First African American invited to Wimbledon 1958: First African American to earn her LPGA tour card 1968: Arthur Ashe first African American man to win the US Amateur 1968: First African American man to win US open 1975: First African American man to win Wimbledon 1969: Rupp signed his only black player Tom Payne
Pete and Roone
1959 American Football League (AFL) L Lamar Hunt; 8 teams (NFL owners didn't like Lamar so they wouldn't allow him to buy a team, so Lamar made is own league) ABC $2M TV contract NFL retaliated w/ the Dallas Cowboys and vulture-ing the Minnesota Vikings Pete Rozelle elected as the new commissioner in 1960 L Bert Bell died so they needed a commissioner. Rozelle didn't have the experience in football & they couldn't agree w/ the 2/3 vote
List all the changes and accomplishments that Pete Rozelle made once he became commissioner
League parity/shared revenues: Took money away from the larger market teams and shared it w/ all the teams NFL/AFL merger Created the Super Bowl (roman numerals weren't added until the 5 one) Moved the headquarters to Manhattan next to the 3 big TV networks Created bidding war between networks Able to monopolize the NFL (exemption from anti-trust laws
What effects did the culture of college football have on the American public? Provide examples and elaborate w/ comparisons to modern day college football.
Media influence, sparked ideas to college presidents about getting money from them Games moved to Saturday School mascots (racial discrimination), school colors , fight songs- picked by the students (school spirit) L Going to "war", one coach used genocide to motivate his players Muscular Christianity (being strong) Celebrities coming to games Banquets after the games
NIKE: Find 10 significant events, facts, contracts, etc... that have contributed to the success of Nike. *Be able to justify why it is significant!
1964: Oregon track coach Bill Bowerman shook hands with Phil Knight to create small show manufacturing company, Blue Ribbon Sports Changed the name to Nike for $35 and commissioned the swoosh as the company logo 1972: Sales reached $3M First waffle shoe appeared in 1974 and sales zoomed Nike entered the athletic shoe market the same time the running movement was sweeping the country 1980: Nike went public and became a darling of Wall Street 1983: Nike selected 21 year old Michael Jordan to be a spokesperson for new basketball shoe-"Air Jordan" 1996: Signed Tiger Woods at 21 years old 2006: Signed 16 year old Michelle Wie 1996: Net profits of $550M and $6.5B in revenues 2004: Net revenues of $14B Nike used to be named Blue Ribbon Sports "Nike" is the Greek goddess of victory University of Oregon track and field coach, Bill Bowerman wanted to create a lighter running shoe that provided sufficient traction, so he used his wife's waffle iron to create a revolutionary composition sole to which he attached light leather and fabric shoes. 1964: Bowerman and Phil Knight create a small shoe manufacturing company, Blue Ribbon Sports. Knight first envisioned such a company in a research paper he had written in a seminar while he was pursuing his MBA at Stanford, in which he thought whether an American firm could challenge Adidas, who dominated the sports shoe market. Bowerman and Knight change the company's name to Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, which embarks on the company's great success and famous swoosh logo (for a mere $35.) The first "waffle shoe" appears in 1974, and sales zoom as Nike entered the athletic shoe market at the same time of the running craze that developed throughout the nation. In 1980, Nike went public with a stock offering and immediately became a darling of Wall Street. CEO Phil Knight decides to tie Nike's expanding line of products to charismatic athletes who either flaunted or at least challenged society's norms. 1983: Knight selects Michael Jordan to be Nike's spokesman for a new basketball shoe, the "Air Jordan." In 1996, Nike signed 21-year-old golfer, Tiger Woods, to a lucrative endorsement contract. In 2006, Nike takes similar risk by signing another highly touted golf phenomenon from Hawaii, 16-year-old Michelle Wie. In 1996, Nike reported net profits of over $550 million on $6.5 billion in revenues; in 2004 its net revenues had increased to $14 billion and its profits had grown accordingly
List all the changes and accomplishments that Roone Arledge made w/ ABC
3 person announcing group (MNF) L TV Network decides who the announcers are, not the league Highlighted the best players Stats, why they must win Ads/sponsorships 3 announcers to 2 announcers today Still do graphics in the intro to Monday Night football Instant replay & slow motion, on-screen statistics (sports broadcasting) Wide World of Sports Filming Celebrities/fans in the crowd WHEN WAS MNF FOUNDED: ABC on September 21, 1970, with a game between the New York Jets and the Browns in Cleveland
Walter Camp; describe his contributions to the game of football. (8-12 examples)
7 man line and 4 in the back field Tackles below the waist (doesn't allow anymore, QB) Kickoffs ** fairs or downs Analytics (wanted the compact plays, science) Mass momentum play From 15-11 players All-American team Introduced Safety Grid Iron (nickname for the field) Americanized the game of football
The safety for college football players have always been a controversial topic. Compare and contrast past to present. (5-10 examples)
Added wearing helmets (you were a wuss if you wore them, today now very cautious [concussions]) Artificial turf (70s) Untrained referees (could slug a player 3 times before you got kicked out of the game) No pads White House Reform (Teddy R) after his son was injured by the YALE team, NYU. L Contacted Walter Camp. Held a conference at the White House on October 5 1905. Harry S Truman called for an investigation for the remote (Carnegie Report) **AMOUNT OF DEATHS: 3 college & 18 HS dead, 167 suffered serious injuries (collegiate)
know the women's associations before the NCAA take over
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW)
Influence television had on boxing's culture
Audience numbers dropped L Paper view fights Fans less educated and only wanted knockout punches instead of technique The boxers had less experience since they would get bumped up when they weren't ready 1960 moved championships to Las Vegas due to the gamblers Participation at local boxing clubs decreased
Barry Bonds: 5-7 key events explaining who is he and why is he famous?
Barry Bonds was a record setting major league baseball player. L set the single season and career record for home runs L accused of using steroids L set the home run record in 2001 with 73 home runs set an all-time mark with 2,558 walks finished with 8 gold glove awards 7 Time MVP & "Home Run King" (record of 762) Name tainted due to accusation of using steroids (which was never proven) Played for Pirates & Giants, coached with the Marlins drafted by Giants but decided to stay in college in 1982 At ASU, led NCAA record with 7 consecutive hits in the College World Series Won Golden Glove and Silver Slugger, MVP in 1990 Admitted to using cream provided by trainer, but they were harmless herbal compounds Drafted by Pirates in 1986, Giants picked him up in 1993 as a free agent & signed big contract deal End of 15th year, batting avg over .300 &494 HR Managed to hit 209 HRs between 37th $ 40th birthday, led to skepticism 4 months after he surpassed Aaron in record books, he was indicted by federal grand jury for perjury/obstruction of justice
Influence television had on professional baseball's culture
Big market teams got more air time then little markets Commercial breaks 1953: 70% of attendance fell from 488 to 155 L attendance dropping broadcasting: Dizzy Dean
Mike Tyson and Don King: Who are they and why are they important? 5-10 examples.
Don King: Became the biggest promoter of boxing for over 25 years as the head of Don King Productions where he wheeled and dealed with sponsors, fighters, managers, and boxing commissions where he raked in hundreds of millions of dollars in profits Thrust himself into the boxing business a few years after getting out of prison by promoting the "Rumble in the Jungle" by Muhammad Ali and George Foreman as well as the "Thrilla in Manila" by Ali and Joe Frazier Quickly signed all the top heavyweight prospects which gave him exclusive rights to promote their fights Used his flamboyant nature to create a positive public image of himself and become one of the richest men in America despite being a convicted felon. Was drawn to Mike Tyson, a promising young boxer from the slums of Brooklyn and saw a great opportunity to promote another big star Many young boxers continued to sign with Don King in the hopes of one of his popular million dollar payouts despite many of King's former clients complaints of him ripping them off First to make a fight available to television subscribers (pay-per-view style) Was known to organize lopsided fights where his fighter would beat up on a clearly weaker opponent Mike Tyson Was taught to box as a kid to control his rage and elevate his poor self-image and became a young phenom, winning the Junior Olympics Tyson's life spiraled out of control with countless acts of violence and crime outside of the ring. King tried to invest his whole future in Tyson, but Tyson was too big of a liability and his boxing career faded quickly as did the image of boxing Tyson went to prison and wasn't the same fighter when he returned, losing his crown to Evander Holyfield. Famous moment of biting his opponent's ear off Filed bankruptcy, went to jail for rape, and infamous for biting off part of Evander Holyfield's ear Won first pro fight in a 91 second knockout and won first fifteen pro fights by knockout 1988 had biggest purse in boxing at $21 million By age 12, he was arrested 40 times. Could be argued he popularized the "bad boy" attitude outside of boxing which we still see today.
Broad US Themes:
Drive for civil rights Jim Crow/segregation
Themes: Across the nation
Economic cycle of boom, bust, and boom again TRANSFORMATIVE IMPACT OF THE WW2 (over 6'6" then exempt from going to the war) The power of the entertainment and communications industries
Sport Themes:
Evolution of football rules from student organizations to White House reform The inventions of Walter Camp Regulation of violence; football crisis Media coverage of sports leads to their popularity
W/in the college athletics
Gambling creates major problems for college sports administrators Mechanization: stadium construction, recruiting, pro coaches, wins equal profits Mythic figures: Rockne, Grange, Warner Emphasis and de-emphasis, and the unique role of Robert Maynard and Hutchins
What effects did the culture of college football have on the college campuses? Provide examples and elaborate w/ comparisons to modern day college football.
Homecoming and tailgates (rioting and debauchery lowered) 60,000 seat stadiums Recruiting (proselytizing [financial inducements/scholarships], could hop around to different teams) Boosters
MLB'S STACE ON RACE IN THE 1940S, 50S, AND BEYOND JACKIE'S EXPERINCES LIBERAL-WHITE / AA COALITION ON BEHALF OF FAR REACHING CIVIL RIGHTS REFORMS
Jackie was yelled at a lot by the other teams players but he toughed it out. When the MLB first came out they didn't allow any african Americans on their teams. then in 1945 was the first year they had one on the team, the Dodgers picked Jackie Robinson.
Jimmy the Greek and Pete Rose: Find 7 things from each person that have contributed to their reputations.
Jimmy the Greek Would predict the upcoming games on CBS's NFL Today with details and analysis Fired from CBS for comments about black athletes Increase in popularity and attendance of sports gambling Wrote a sports betting column for the Las Vegas Sun Made Phyllis George cry from comments about her husband Called himself the nation's top odds-maker and handicapper. Called himself the "Wizard of Odds" Contributed to the growth of the sports betting, especially in the NFL L Released predictions on NFL games every Sunday A well-known sports commentator and Las Vegas bookmaker Worked for 12 years on the television network CBS. His most famous roll was his part on The NFL Today pregame show Began writing sports columns for the Las Vegas Sun in 1963 Promoted himself as the nations top odds maker and handicapper. Showed his proficiency in picking winning horses in Florida Was fired from CBS after commenting that African Americans were "naturally superior athletes". Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds player-manager Tax evasion in 1990 August 1989- agreed to a lifetime ban for breaking baseball's cardinal rule of betting on baseball, but did not admit to betting Nickname was "Charlie Hustle", related to his betting in baseball He wagered on games he played in Finally admitted to betting on games 4-5 times a week and said he never bet against the Reds or in the clubhouse MLB all-time hit record Caught for betting on all sports games, including baseball Known for his head-first slides Placed on MLB's ineligible list so could not be inducted into Hall of Fame for betting on sports games Started a campaign to overturn decision Published a memoir in 2004 that covered the lies he told and the gambling problems he had Admitted to betting on Reds games to "win over the radio" in 2007 Elected to write autobiography for royalty checks, not to come clean but came clean nonetheless
Sport Themes
Joe Louis (could relate to everyone/all colors) boxer Jesse Owens (track star that went to the Olympics in Germany and won a lot of medals) Althea Gibson ( women's tennis player) Negro Leagues and their Stars (Gibson[babe Ruth], Leonard [Lou Gehrig], James "cool papa" Bell, Leroy Paige[pitcher]) Racial attitudes and practices in sports mirror the larger social issues of race, racism, segregation, and the drive for racial tolerance Jackie Robinson as an American Hero
What examples throughout the chapter did you find early college athletics different than today's college athletics? What are the same?
NCAA known as a figure head w/ little power (power in the institution) similar today Stadium sizes are about the same. Football didn't reach its height until the 60s and 70s (most colleges didn't have them) Transition to quarterback from lead blockers to passers Coach pay was high like it is today Presidents influenced by boosters No athletic scholarships (not labeling them as such) Safety; adding shoulder pads and helmets(Pop Warner)
School the documentary:
NCAA traps the players for playing for them for free instead of going straight to the NBA/NFL L Code of amateurism Byers went back on the "student athlete" after he retired Who gets paid what if we do pay them? L Become a tax bracket entity
Pro Football
NFL founded in 1921 L Canton, Duluth, Marion, Dayton, Portsmouth, Decatur, Evansville, and Green Bay 1946 NFL Commissioner- Bert Bell Wanted to expand 1945 A-AFC created L Paul Brown's salary enticement to the Browns Asst. coaches in the press box "Taxi squad": drivers for taxi's that would be substituted in if a player was hurt 1949 NFL adds 3 teams L Browns, 49ers, and Colts Rules were adjusted to encourage scoring Goal posts on the goal line (1974: moved to the back of the end zone) 1951 DuMont Network (league wide TV contract) L Blackouts could be implemented in a 75 mile radius 1956 CBS $1M L Regional networks still covered teams
Negro league: only the ball was white (movie)
No organization at first L $1 a day Foster was black baseball's founder East/ west all star game at kipsie park Satchel Paige (pitcher) 42 was the oldest rookie in the MLB Buck Lenard put into the hall of fame although he never played in the MLB (was like Lou Gehrig w/ his hitting and fielding) Josh Gibson (better than Babe Ruth) hit the ball further than the measuring tape could go, best hitter in the league L Died of a stroke at the age of 35 Signed Jackie from Kansas City Monarchs by Ricky the owner of the Dodgers League fell in the early 60s
Find 5 significant facts that have contributed to the demise of boxing. Why are they significant?
On November 13, 1982 Duk Koo Kim Died on the canvas in Las Vegas in the Lightweight championship. This is significant because it is the first time that a boxer has sustained such a heavy beating and clear injuries on National television. This showed the brutality of the sport and how the point is to cause physical harm to your opponent. (Matthew Marks) The sport wasn't making enough money & the people who were boxers come from no money with a difficult social & economic circumstances. This is significant because there was no revenue coming from the sport to make it successful. (Madalynn Malone) Multiple boxers were claimed "champions" causing a public lack of interest. This is significant because without the fans, boxing did not have the funds or excitement to continue as a top-level sport. (Kyle Mau) Everyone had more interest in arranging profitable fights rather than monitoring the integrity of the sport. This is significant because they weren't be careful with the athletes, they just cared about money. (Madalynn Malone) Fighters would throw matches and lose on purpose for gambling interest. Muhammad Ali drew so much attention. When he quit fans vanished. This is significant because fans lost interest in boxing. (Patrick Lynch) One of the more significant facts that is true today is the one about the multiple champions. The fact that people today probably can't name another boxer outside of Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacioau, shows that there is truly only one weight class that people pay attention to. There was no central governing body in boxing which led to confusion among fans with multiple weight classes and championship titles The brutality of boxing led to chronic health issues and even deaths. Because fighters were often miss matched, gamblers and fans stopped betting due to lack of excitement Don King heavily promoted miss matched fights and promised boxers large sums of money to sign with him and was involved in the deaths of two people Fans stopped coming to matches because it turned into more of a spectacle like professional wrestling and television allowed views to stay home and watch the fights L Today fights are on Pay-per-View to make fans have to pay to watch from home. They also moved the fights to Las Vegas where the entertainment can bring in more money Lack of charismatic boxers today has led to less fans since there are no more stars such as Ali, Tyson, and Holyfield L Today fans don't like Mayweather as much because he is cocky and not charismatic It was controlled by three rival international organizations of questionable origin and authority Boxing had untrustworthy promoter to arrange profitable fights; It was more about the money than the integrity of the sport TV controlled it and the book states that it was distorted by machinations of commercial television. Image suffered due to brutality, because of deaths fans were "turned off" by the sport Allegations of fixed fights, and rumors of connections between promoters and crime syndicates decreased fan's attention to boxing Don king wheeled and dealed with sponsors, fighters, managers, and boxing commissions, raking in hundreds of millions of dollars (corrupt)
For someone who doesn't understand MLB's labor legislation; what 5-8 points would you use to explain the concept most efficiently?
Pittsburgh labor lawyer, Marvin Miller, was able to increase player's salaries and eventually got rid of the Reserve Clause. Players salaries majorly increased as time went on Once the CBA expired, the players and owners couldn't reach an agreement on terms; the players were threatening not to play if they didn't get what they wanted The players were fighting against team owners and coaches; The Players' Association went on strike, while Bud Selig, owner of the Brewers and the Acting Commissioner, threatened to cancel playoffs and the World Series, hoping the players would cave; they didn't and the World Series was cancelled The National Labor Relations Board found that owners had came together and tried to get rid of free agency and wanted a salary cap The players ended up winning and fans were mad at both players and owners for not reaching an agreement As television rights increased along with larger crowds attending games, the players were upset they were not given an increase in salary as the MLB revenues were rising substantially. 1966 MLB Players Association hired Pittsburg labor lawyer Marvin Miller as Executive Director - He was able to increase minimum salary ($7,000 to $10,000) and guaranteed the players right to be represented by an agent (Basic Agreement). In 1969, Curt Flood challenged the legality of the reserve clause as a vestige of slavery Shortly after Flood, baseball players won the right to free agency and ended the 100-year tyranny of the reserve clause. In 1973, Miller's Basic Agreement incorporated the right of a player with two or more years of major-league experience to seek independent arbitration of his salary - this led management to offer higher salaries and negotiate multiyear deals By 1975, minimum salary was up to $16,000 By 1975, Miller had killed the reserve clause with skillful legal maneuvering and some luck. Found a loop hole in the writing of the reserve clause, it stated that if a player refused to sign a contract, he could be renewed for one year without a signature, but was silent on anything beyond one year. He convinced two players to test the theory and eventually the courts ruled in favor of the players. By 1980, average player salary was $144,000 and $891,000 by 1991, by 2010 average was $3.3 million. Owners attempted to rein in on escalating salaries, but failed. In 1981, an attempt to abolish free-agency led to a mid-season strike, players unified and ultimately lost $30 million in salaries). Owners strike insurance ran out after 713 games and an estimated $72 million in ticket sales was lost. In 1985, owners stopped making offers to players eligible for free-agency and for 3 years there were no significant free agent signings. Arbitrator found that the owners had to pay $280 million to former free agents. Early 1990's owners expressed an interest in a salary cap like NBA and NFL, unsuccessful. In 1994 the Basic Agreement expired which resulted in a player strike and the World Series was cancelled for the first time in 89 season.
List the contributions that Rockne, Red Grange, Clair Bee and Pop Warner had on college athletics.
Popularized the forward pass (Rockne the first ever celebrity to die in a plane crash) Grange (ended his college career to go to the pros. He did broadcasting after he blew his knee) Spread out the defense so he could rush Clair Bee wrote a book about Chip who is the All American who defeats the foes. (basketball coach) Pop Warner: safety, numbers and names on the jerseys, youth football, punt and strength training with the sled
"Emphasis and "de-emphasis" the unique role of Robert Maynard Hutchins and college athletics.
President of Chicago, who led a group to de-emphasized college sports and make degrees more important. (got rid of football) Evil must be endured L Agreed w/ it, but felt that it should be more commercialized (Rockne) Speed up or slow down to get out of trouble L it sped up Through his efforts in trying to de-emphasize sports, he de-emphasized presidents (emphasized boosters and fans held the power) Ronald A. Smith: " If a college had truly amateur sport, it would lose contests and thus prestige. If a college acknowledged outright professional sport it would lose respectability... Be amateur and lose athletically to those who were less amateur; be outright professional and lose social esteem."
Explain the role of Charles Eliot played in the early years of college football reform. Describe his approach to the game and the actions and statements he made.
President of Harvard Tried to abolish it from Harvard from an un-sportsman like view Brought safety to the forefront, didn't have much success at first Did cancel 2 football seasons during his 20 years there Bull fight, undermines the academic area Bullying, foul, evil, viscous (words he used to describe football) Did appreciate sports thought it promoted Muscular Christianity and (prevented premarital sex)
Themes:
Progressive era: reform and progress, modernity Government intervention on life, workday and food regulation Growth of media/information/education Victorian values and Muscular Christianity
Come up with three pros and three cons regarding the professional teams that moved away to live in another city.
Pros: 1. New fan base/ change in demographics 2. Better profit margin 3. Led to expansion of the leagues 4. Set the standard for power of ownership/influence of money and facilities 5. New revenue in a new city Art Modell and the Browns received $65 million and a new 70,000 seat stadium by moving the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore Due to fan outrage, the NFL and Modell allowed Cleveland to have its own expansion team and retain the Browns' name, colors, records, etc Construction of new stadiums and the addition of new teams helps bring economic success to some struggling areas, such as in Cincinnati. Cons: 1. Left former cities without a professional football team/change of culture in those cities 2. Angry response from the fans in former cities/lose old loyal fan base 3. Former cities lose money, source of revenue Cleveland fans were very upset and angry with Modell and the Browns for leaving Cleveland. This led to numerous threats and angry messages from fans. Due to a lengthy heated legal dispute, the Baltimore Colts moved their franchise from Baltimore to Indianapolis. Legal issues are very common when teams threaten to, and eventually, relocate. Bills to build new stadiums usually cause taxes to be raised in the area and often create a large initial burden for the community.
know MNF (start, format, sponsors, commentators)
September 1970 Held by ABC Format: used instant replay, isolation shots of players, fancy graphics and other special effects: had opening graphics for introduction then lead commentator would speak and bing two other men out to speak about their expertise. They would then get int the stats of the players and why the game was important commentators: Don Meredith, Howard Cosell, Keith Jackson, Frank Gifford
What influences and examples throughout the chapter did you find gambling affecting college athletics?
Shaving points (Kentucky, LIU Brooklyn, Toledo, CCNY) Games were believed to be fixed L Shave points (player can still try to win) Or can throw the game Point spread: Charles McNeil Coach Rupp defended his players (arrogantly) and then his players came out and said they did it he was shocked (UK) Fixed games in the Olympics Judge ruled the gambling Corruption of college athletics: Moral failure (de-emphasis) Harry S Truman called for an investigation for the remote (Carnegie Report)
Sport themes:
TV challenges the hegemony of newspapers and radio, exclusive sports media, espn TV broadens viewership, alters rules and popularity of some sports Sports make money and become their own industries L NFL-AFL, MLB, NCAA Innovations of Pete Rozelle
Themes:
Technology and communication revolution Mass consumption Postwar economy (in book need to know the war entities)
What influences and examples throughout the chapter did you find commercialism affecting college athletics?
Tickets for sold at higher prices, stadiums being built to add more seating, boosters donating more money Walter Scott at Northwestern saw opportunity to make scholarships to draw more people into the school (Carnegie Report) Business managers were assigned athletic director duties L Replaced student captains; now (pro) coaches Grange, U of Illinois, forgoed a season to go to the pros. Needed the money not the degree Funding Scouts Madison Square Garden starts to realize the significance of college sports Graduate managers Notre Dame allowed national radio to report their games L Subway alumni: people who have never stepped on campus but who were fans
know the conflict between the NCAA and tark the shark (Jerry T)
was a coach at the Long Beach State and then the coach of UNLV Jerry said that the NCAA didn't go after the big schools but the little schools. He left long beach and then went to UNLV where they already had a probation for questionable practices. The NCAA wanted the school to suspend him even though he wasn't there when they announced this and he sued them for due process. Judge did a injunction that reinstated him as coach. Then it went to the supreme court where they said the NCAA had the right and reapplied the injunction. NCAA and Jerry ended up settling out of court where they made him $2.3M