Exam 3/Final Exam as a WHOLE

Which of the following substances is not associated with bacterial cell walls

Chitin

leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans, causes one of the most common sexually transmitted organisms in U.S. lymphogranuloma venereum strain

Chlamydia trachomatis

A quinolone that inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyrase

Ciprofloxacin

3 forms of disease: food, infant, and wound

Clostridium botulinum

Causes flaccid paralysis

Clostridium botulinum

Produces a potent heat labile neurotoxin

Clostridium botulinum

most potent toxin known

Clostridium botulinum

Hyperbaric oxygen is used to treat diseased tissues

Clostridium defficile

causes pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium difficile

Causes gas gangrene

Clostridium perfringens

Toxin causes spastic paralysis; associated with anaerobic wounds

Clostridium tetani

An organic cofactor for an enzyme is known as

Coenzyme

E. coli

Coliform, causes gastroenteritis, many different varieties causing different diseases, including UTI

Legionella pneumophila

Colonizes on charcoal extract agar. Lives in the water, causes legionnaires' disease, which then results in pneumonia.

Coltivirus

Colorado tick fever. Reovirus family

Gram negative cell immediately following decoloration

Colorless

arbovirus and examples

Coltivirus- causes colorado tick fever transmitted by arthropods ex. togaviridae and flaviviridae

Pasteurella multocida

Comes from animal bits/scratches, produces localized inflammation/swelling of lymph nodes.

Picornavirus (Rhinovirus)

Common cold Respiratory tract

Human Herpes Viruses I

Common in children, spread through contact. Cold sores, whitlow.

Glycine betaine, ectoine, sucrose, etc are all

Compatible solutes made by microbes to keep water flowing into the cell

Which of the following microscopes is capable of generating a 3D image of a specimen

Confocal, differential interference contrast, scanning electrons

Plasma

Contains antibodies

Treponema pallidum

Corkscrew motility. Syphilis Sexual contact. Obligate parasite

Whiskey Bourbon

Corn

DTap provides protection against disease by this organism

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Potent exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis; forms grey pseudomembrane that leads to asphyxiation

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Which of the following is not a factor which affects disinfectant activity

Cost of the agent

RBC is placed into a hypertonic solution

Crenation

Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza)

Croup (inflammation of respiratory tract..."seal bark" cough). Children most susceptible

Flaviviruses I

Dengue fever, transmitted by the aedes mosquito, second infection results in hemorrhagic dengue which is fatal.

Retroviruses (AIDS)

Destroys immune system. <20 CD4 count. Glycoproteins impede immune clearance of HIV

Patient fail to develop thymus (no T cells)

DiGeorge Syndrome

NAD and FAD are

Dinucleotides, essential in respiration, and hydrogen atom carriers (all of the above)

Paramyxovirus (pneumovirus)

Disease limited to respiratory tract. Dypsnea (hard breathing)

Bacillus Anthracis

Disease of herbivores, hat's why people in the wool industry got sick. TANNERS OR LEATHER WOOKERS GET WOOLSORES DISEASE.. Virulence due to 3 component toxin and protein capsule. 3 forms: Inhalation, GI, cutaneous *Bioterrorism

Whiskey vodka

Distillation of fermented grain or potatoes

Whiskey rum

Distillation of fermented molasses

Whiskey Brandy

Distillation of wine

Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation

Do not affect electron flow, act by dissipating the proton gradient, are hydrophobic substances

rotavirus

Double-stranded RNA genome; the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis with about 600,000 deaths annually worldwide; infected children can pass 1014 virions per gram of stool; a new effective vaccine prevents 75% of cases

A positive MUG test indicates most specifically, the presence of ________.

E. coli

NOT one of the 3 organisms in AOAC use-dilution test

E. coli

a positive MUG test indicates the presence of...

E. coli

Consists of cytochromes and iron sulfur proteins

ECC

Hydrogen atom "juicing"; proton gradient is formed

ECC

Blood test to screen HIV

ELISA

Involves enzyme-conjugated antibodies

ELISA

Filovirus

Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic fevers. Bats. Virons attack macrophages and liver. Viral glycoproteins (allow blood leakage)

Developed smallpox immunization using cowpox agent

Edward Jenner

Use dilation test and Kelsey Sykes capacity test are methods designed for measuring

Efficiency of a disinfectant

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

Endocarditis (tongue piercing) Facultative oral commensals

Malachite green is associated with which of the following stain procedures

Endoscope stain

Group D strep

Enterococcus

Borellia recurrentis

Epidemic relapsing fever. Septicemia. Lice. Presence of spirochetes

HHV4

Epstein-Barr virus Virons. Invaded B cells

Togavirus

Equine encephalitis: already by mosquitoes and horses. Birds natural host. Infects brain Rubella: 3 day measles. Rash. Birth defects. Skin lesions Arbovirus (transmitted by arthropods...biting animal)

macrolide 50s

Erythromycin

All of the following are produced during aerobic respiration except

Ethyl alcohol

It has been determined that native human papillomavirus is resistant to inactivation by

Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, glutsraldehyde (all of the above)

Neiseria gonnherae

Gonorrhea. Male: rectal and pharyngeal infections. Female: asymptomatic or Salpingitis. Children: gonococcal ophthalmia (eye infection) Attachment pili. Pyogenic (lots of pus)

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Gonorrhea. Virulence factor is attachment pili. Painful urination in males, females asymptomatic. sexual contact transmission.

Leptospira interrogans

Humans are infected with this zoonotic pathogen through exposure to contaminated urine; it can cause kidney and liver dysfunction; it is a thin spirochete with one end hooked like a question mark.

Neisseria meningitidis: Virulence

Humans are the only natural carrier, causes infection when normal flora migrate into the blood/CSF. Capsule and endotoxin.

NAD and FAD are classified as

Hydrogen atom carriers

Most abundant antibody in secretions

IgA

Produced in greatest abundance each day by the body

IgA

No other function besides B cell receptor

IgD

Attaches to mast cells and basophils; involved in allergies

IgE

Can cross the placenta

IgG

Main serum antibody; has longest serum half life

IgG

Can fix complement

IgG and IgM

Exists most commonly as a pentamer

IgM

Produced at first response to antigen and can serve as B cell receptor

IgM

Has a J chain for joining more than one unit together

IgM and IgA

separate proteins in a gel, then add anti sera in a trough; precipitation arcs simultaneously identify multiple specific proteins in a serum

Immunoelectrophoresis

Methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, etc are all

Immunosuppressive drugs used to treat graft rejections

Immunologically privileged sites

Include cornea, testes, etc Can be grafted lack of blood vessels, dendritic cells, etc AKA all of the above

Adjuvants

Increase the antigenicity of a vaccine, often stimulate local inflammation, include substances like alum/saponin (all of the above)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Infects lungs of cystic fibrosis. Fruity odor. Common infector of sever burns Biofilm (anti phagocytic)

Chlamydia trachomatis

Infects mucosal tissues, including the eyes and genitals. STD and ocular disease in children.

Listeria Monocytogenes

Ingestion of contaminated milk or meat. Pregnant or immuno-compromised people are susceptible. Presence of bacteria in the CSF is diagnosis.

Clostridium difficile

Intestinal microbiota, minor infections can cause explosive diarrhea, Fecal Transplants

Difference between ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation is

Ionizing: shorter wavelength, penetrates better, and is used to sterilize (all of the above)

Catalase

Is one of the fastest enzymes

Catalase

Is one of the fastest enzymes known, breaks down hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen gas and water, is found almost exclusively in bacteria capable of respiration (all of the above)

The reason visible light is relatively limited in its usefulness for microscopy is

It's wavelength is too long to enable high resolution of very small objects

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation

Itching

Father of Epidemiology

John Snow

Aseptic surgery (mists of phenol)

Joseph Lister

HHV8

KSHV (kaposi's sarcoma) - large DNA tumor virus

Human, animal and plant pathogens

Known bioterrorist agents are:

The 2 pathways that are capable of substrate-level phosphorylation

Kreb and glycolysis

Acetyl-CoA goes in; NADH, FADH2, and GTP come out

Kreb cycle

Carbon dioxide is a by product of which if the following

Kreb cycle and fermentation

Viridans Streptococci

Lack group specific carbs and cannot be grouped by the Lancefield system. Many produce a green discoloration when grown on blood media (α-hemol.) Normally inhabit the mouth, pharynx, GI tract, genital tract, and urinary tract. One of the causes of dental caries (dental plaque production). If they enter the blood, can cause meningitis and endocarditis

First person to see bacteria

Leeuwenhoek

Legionella pneumophilia

Legionnaires disease. Pneumonia Intercellular parasites. Pleomorphic bacterium. Drinkers/smokers for arthritis

Mycobacterium leprae

Leprosy (Hansen's disease); Tuberculoid leprosy milder than Leprotamous. T: high cell mediated, low antibody. Loss of sensation L: low cell mediated, high antibody. Gradual tissue destruction

Mycobacterium leprae

Leprosy. 2 forms: Tuberculoid (cell mediated, low antibody, loss of sensation to skin) and Lepromatous (low cell mediated, high antibody, tissue destruction). Cannot be cultivated in-vitro.

Leptospira interrogans

Leptospirosis (Weil's disease). Kidney failure Most widespread zoonic disease. Site of infection=liver and kidney

HHV1

Lesions Mouth. Casual contact of children

Ability to multiply at fridge temps; dangerous to pregnant women

Listeria monocytogens

Virulence is tied to its ability to escape phagosomes and polymerize cell actin

Listeria monocytogens

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP)

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Localized periodontitis (bone loss in teeth) Facultative oral commensals

borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease, tickborne, causes bulls eye rash, arthritis, and neuro symptoms.

Borellia burgdorferi

Lyme disease. Rheumatoid arthritis. Arthalgias/myalgias. Red "bull's eye" Tickborn (deer tick)

Pasteurella multocida

Lymph nodes/inflammation Animal bites/scratches

T cell receptors of T CYTOTOXIC cells looks for this protein

MHC 1

T cell receptors of t HELPER cells look for this protein

MHC 2

Cytotoxic T cell receptors bind with these in complex with foreign peptide fragments

MHC class 1

Super antigens like TSS cross link these

MHC class 2

Combines with endogenous antigenic fragments in the ER

MHC class I

Found on every nucleated cell of the body

MHC class I

Combines with exogenous antigenic fragments within endosomes

MHC class II

Found only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells

MHC class II

Phagocyte which can be activated to be a more efficient killer

Macrophage

TISSUE cells which contain preformed inflammatory mediators

Mast cells

paramyxoviruses

Measles--> rubeola, prevented by MMR vaccine, Koplik's spots and SSPE Mumps--> infects the upper respiratory tract, parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result, prevented by MMR vaccine

Paramyxovirus (morbillivirus)

Measles: Koplik's spots (lesions) on mouth>>rest of body

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Melioidosis; highly variable symptoms, high mortality rate, infectious dose is very low.

N. meningitidis: Disease

Meningococcal meningitis causes death in 6 hours, also causes blood poisoning. 85% mortality if left untreated.

NEISERIA MENINGITIS

Meningococcal septicemia (blood poisoning). Hemorrhagic legions. Nausea Invade blood/cerebrospinal fluid. Found in dorms/barracks. Capsule and endotoxin

Causes "black hairy tongue"

Metronidazole

The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin in the cell

Mitochondria

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte

Monocytes

The endospore stain and the gram stain have all of the following in common except

Mordant

Campylobacter jejuni

Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in US, poultry is common source, infection is self-limiting through diarrhea.

N. gonorrhoeae: Disease

Most common reportable disease, painful pus discharge in males but often asymptomatic in females, can be passed to the newborn.

Salmonella enterica

Most infections in humans result from consumption of food contaminated with animal feces; it is particularly common in poultry, eggs, and reptiles; it also causes diarrhea.

Paramyxovirus (rubolavirus)

Mumps: parotid glands inflame. Orchitis

Rickettsia typhi

Murine (endemic) typhus Rodents (rats/fleas)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Virulence

Mycolic acid in cell wall makes it difficult to phagocytize

Has no cell wall and an obligate requirement for cholesterol

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

walking pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Cell would be least permeable to

Na+ (any charged particle)

Silage

Natural fermentation of corn, grass or grain stock

Lymphocyte that is part of innate immunity

Natural killer cell

causes life threatening disease in individuals experiencing crowded and stressful living conditions. More common in miliary barracks, prisons, college dorms.

Neisseria meningitidis

Streptomyces

No diseases; source of most of our antibiotics

Nocardia

Nocardiosis Maybe cause TB like pulmonary disease that can progress to form abscesses which may spread to the brain

Bacteroides fragilis

Normal flora of intestinal/upper respiratory, involved in gastrointestinal disease.

RBC is placed into an isotonic solution

Nothing happens

3 types of antigens that are used to serotype enteric bacteria

O (outer membrane) K (capsular) H (flagellar)

Antigen for Serotyping Enteric Bacteria

O (outer membrane),K (capsular), and H (flagellar)

the three types of antigens that are used to serotype enteric bacteria

O- outer membrane C- capsular antigens F- flagellar antigens

3 types of antigens used to serotype enteric bacteria

O-outer membrane K- capsular antigen H- flagellar

Clostridium Tetani

Obligate Anaerobe, endospore, forming, gram positive rod, Upiquitous in soil, dust and GI tract. Causes lock jaw, tetanus. Tetanus results when endospores germinate and produce toxins. Tetanus results in spasms and contractions and can cause death (no exhale). Inhibits glycine release (neurotransmitter)

Coxiella burnetii

Obligate intracellular parasite, extremely small, causes Q fever. Spread via animals, common in ranchers/veterinarians

S. Epidermidis

On the skin, Coagulase negative, usually mannitol negative; mostly opportunistic infections.

Retroviruses (general)

Oncogenic and AIDS polyhedral capsids with spiked envelopes. Reverse transcriptase

Chlamydophila psittaci

Ornithosis (disease of birds). Flu-like symptoms

Antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other in gel

Ouchterlony

Brucella Melitensis

Ovine brucellosis, MALTA FEVER.

Semicritical instruments

PAA based disinfectants

Papillomavirus

Papilloma (warts) Capsid with 72 star-shaped capsomers. One of most common STI's

retroviruses - parvoviruses

Parvoviruses- the only pathogen of humans with a single stranded DNA genome, causes erythema infectiosum or fifth disease in humans

Developed first rabis vaccine

Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation (swan flasks)

Pasteur

Magic bullet

Paul Ehrlich

Responsible for the highest percentage of drug allergies

Penicillin G

first antibiotic used in humans

Penicillin G

Polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides

Peptidoglycan

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis)

Prevotella intermedia

Periodontal infections (gingivitis>>periogingivitis...main indicator is bone loss). Gynecological and abdominal infections. Brain abscesses Spirochetes. Selenomonas species

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Periodontitis

Bordetella pertussis

Pertussis, or whopping cough, mostly in children. Four stages, also produces four toxins.

Have a central role in conjugation

Pili

GN cells immediately following counterstain

Pink

Haemophilus influenze

Pink eye (conjunctivitis). Aegyptius. Meningitis in infants. Otitis media. Epiglotittis Polysaccharide capsule (resist phagocytosis)

Treponema carateum

Pinta (scarring/ disfigurement) Skin-to-skin contact

Which cells are NOT part of the mononuclear phagocytic system

Plasma cells

make and secrete antibodies

Plasma cells

Plant cell placed into a hypertonic solution

Plasmolysis

Picornavirus (enterovirus)

Poliovirus (polio), hep A virus (infectious hepatitis), coxsackieviruses, echovirus, hep E (enteric hep) Contaminated food. Pharynx and intestine

Haemophilus influenzae

Polysaccharide capsule prevents phagocytosis. Causes pink eye, ear infections.

3 types of M. TB

Primary TB - initial infection with M TB Secondary TB - active infection after a period of dormancy Disseminated TB - infection throughout the whole body

different stages of treponema pallidum pallidum

Primary: chancre (small lesions) secondary: rash (all over body) Latent Tertiary: gumma (huge legions)

Clostridum Perfringens

Produces 11 toxins that can cause irreversible damage. Causes food poisoning and gas gangrene.

All of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella are true except

Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin.

Which of the following microorganisms is known for, and classified by its variety of locomotive structures?

Protozoa

Which of the following microorganisms is noted for and classified by its variety of locomotive structures

Protozoa

thought question: the plant associated organism that is a major cause of nosocomial infections, especially in hospital burn wards is?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

GN cells following mordant

Purple

GP after all steps in gram stain

Purple

Gram positive cells immediately after the primary stain

Purple

Gram positive cells immediately following the counterstain

Purple

Gram-negative cells immediately following the primary stains

Purple

Gram-positive immediately following decolonization

Purple

Coxiella burnetii

Q fever Spore (can survive harsh environment). Obligate intracellular parasite

Inhibits BACTERIAL DNA gyrase

Quinolone

Borrelia recurrentis

RELAPSING FEVER, infected humans are only natural reservoirs.

Rhabdovirus

Rabies Bats. Hydrophobia (neurological complications)

Antigen quantitated by measuring diameter of precipitation ring

Radial immunodiffusion

A. aphrophilus

Rare endocarditis from tongue piercings.

aggregatibacter Aphrophilu

Rare type of endocarditis (tongue Piercing)

Disproved spontaneous generation (flies from meat); father of scientific method)

Redi

Nocardia

Related to actinomyces. Found in the soil, cause TB like pulmonary disease which can lead to abscesses in the brain.

The primary purpose of the kreb cycle is to

Remove H atoms from organic compounds and place them onto NAD and FAD

Empty magnification results from increasing magnification without increasing the

Resolution

Antiviral guanosine analog; used to treat RSV infections

Ribavirin

Arena virus

Ribosomes (Sandy appearance) Hemorrhagic fever: Lasss and Junin fevers. Internal bleeding Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: house mice. Abiphasic febrile illness>>meningitis and encephalitis Hep D: liver cancer. Requires Hep B to become virulent (satellite virus). Doesn't have glycoproteins needed to attach to liver cells and must steal them from Hep B

Used to treat TB

Rifampin

Petri dishes, agar, and staining originated in his lab

Robert Koch

Pioneered the cultivation of bacteria on solid media

Robert Koch

Rickettsia rickettsii

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Infected ticks

Rickettsia typhi

Rodents are reservoirs, fleas transmit the disease. Causes endemic/murine typhus.

HHV6/7

Roseola infantum (rash on body). Linked to MS might make person more susceptible to AIDS. Orphan virus

Whiskey Rye

Rye

4 well define shell species

S. boydii S. sonnei (most commonly in industrialized nations) S. flexneri (most common in developing countries) S dysenteriae (a more serious disease than the other species

Patient fails to develop T and B cells

SCID

Human Herpes Virus II

STD, 85% of genital herpes cases

Salmonella enterica

Salmonellosis Feces contaminated food

yogurt production

Scald milk to 80C, cool to 65C. Innoculate with streptococcus thermopiles and lactobacillis bulgaricus. Microbial succession, ST first, pH drops and it slows, LB then grows more, further lowering pH. Incubate between 42-44 C for 16-24 hours

All of the following microscopes are limited to useful magnifications except...

Scanning tunneling

Poxiviridae (smallpox)

Scarring face Varioles. First human disease to be eradicated

Orientia Tsutsugamushi

Scrub typhus, transmitted by infected chigger mites

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Synonymous with cystic fibrosis, very common outside the body and very drug resistant. Generally affects immunocompromised patients. Also causes blue-green pigment in burn victims.

Antigen recognition by T cells

T cell receptors

Cells which direct and regulate the acquire immune response

T cells

Which T cell population would you expect to provide help for B cells in the generation of an antibody response?

T follicular helper cells

Bartonella quintana

TRENCH FEVER(5-day fever)

Salmonella typhi

TYPHOID FEVER, chronic infection of gallbladder, orgs penetrate intestine into the blood

Salmonella typhi

TYPHOID FEVER, chronic infection of gallbladder, orgs penetrate intestine into the blood. Bacteremia. Peritonitis Feces contaminated food. M cells. Aptosis

Borax-spectrum drug that inhibits protein synthesis; binds with calcium

Tetracycline

drinking water have a count of 0 coliform bacteria per 100 ml.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that

An adjuvant increases

The immunogenicity of a vaccine

What is the reason there is no vaccine for the common cold

There are so many different viruses from multiple families that cause the common cold

togavirus

This causes Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis; it is transmitted by mosquitoes; it also causes rubella or the German measles.

human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

This causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer often seen in AIDS patients.

Borrelia burgdorferi

This causes Lyme disease; it is transmitted by Ixodes hard ticks; it causes a bull's-eye rash, neurological symptoms, and arthritis that can last for years.

Rickettsia rickettsii

This causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever; it is transmitted by Dermacentor hard ticks.

flavivirus

This causes West Nile encephalitis, dengue fever, and yellow fever; it is transmitted by mosquitoes.

Neisseria meningitidis

This causes a life-threatening disease in individuals experiencing crowded and stressful living conditions. It is much more common in military barracks, prisons, and college dormitories. The bacteria are gram-negative cocci that infect the central nervous system.

varicella-zoster virus (HHV-3)

This causes chicken pox and shingles.

Rickettsia prowazekii

This causes epidemic typhus; it is spread by human body louse; a recurrent, milder disease is called Brill-Zinsser disease.

Helicobacter pylori

This causes gastritis and most peptic ulcers; it produces a potent urease to neutralize stomach acid.

human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1)

This causes gingivostomatitis and recurrent cold sores.

Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)

This causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma.

Borrelia recurrentis

This causes louse-borne relapsing fever; infected humans are the only natural reservoirs; it is marked by recurrent episodes of septicemia and fever due to antigenic variation.

rhinovirus

This causes most of the common colds; over 100 serotypes exist.

variola

This causes smallpox.

Yersinia pestis

This causes the plague or "black death." It has probably killed more humans than any other single infectious agent; it is transmitted by flea bites or infectious aerosols.

Treponema pallidum pallidum

This causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis; it is an obligate anaerobic spirochete pathogen of humans.

Francisella

This causes tularemia, rabbit fever, or tick fever; it is one of the smallest, but most infectious organisms known; it has a wide host range, but it is not found south of the equator.

Brucella melitensis

This causes undulant fever or Bang's disease or Malta fever; humans contract the disease from unpasteurized dairy products or contact with infected animal tissue; it also causes abortive diseases in animals.

Bordetella pertussis

This causes whooping cough; it produces four toxins that interfere with the ciliary escalator of the respiratory tract.

rhabdovirus

This is a bullet-shaped virus that causes rabies in animals and humans.

Vibrio cholera

This is a curved gram-negative rod that causes explosive diarrhea; the toxin activates adenylate cyclase causing fluid and electrolyte loss; pandemic strains are O1 El Tor and O139 Bengal.

adenovirus

This is a mid-sized, naked icosahedral DNA virus with spikes at the vertices; it causes respiratory disease epidemics on military bases; it can also cause diarrhea and pinkeye.

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

This is a paramyxovirus that causes a severe respiratory disease in young children and infants; it is the leading cause of fatal respiratory disease in this age group; 2,000 deaths occur each year.

mumps virus (rubulavirus)

This is a paramyxovirus that infects the upper respiratory tract, then causes a viremia which infects other areas of the body. Parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result; it can be prevented by MMR vaccine.

measles virus (morbillivirus)

This is a paramyxovirus that is very contagious and causes one of the five classical childhood diseases called rubeola; it is associated with Koplik's spots and SSPE; it can be prevented by the MMR vaccine.

polyomavirus

This is a small DNA virus that causes tumors in humans and animals; examples are BK and JC viruses. JC can cause a rare fatal disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

papillomavirus

This is a small DNA virus that causes warts; infection with some types can be prevented by the vaccine Gardasil.

Bartonella species

This is an aerobic capnophilic pathogen of humans only; it causes severe anemia, trench fever, and cat-scratch disease.

poliovirus

This is an enterovirus that caused epidemics of paralysis which were particularly frightening for parents from the 1930s through the 1950s. Famous victims of this disease were Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Itzhak Perlman.

retrovirus

This is an ssRNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA from its RNA genome, which is then integrated into the host genome; HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV are examples.

Campylobacter jejuni

This is likely the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States; it is a curved rod that is microaerophilic and capnophilic; it also causes a zoonotic disease most often from contaminated poultry.

coronavirus

This is the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which was first identified in the winter of 2002-2003 in China's Guangdong province.

Chlamydia trachomatis

This is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans; it is an energy parasite with a two-stage life cycle; it also causes one of the most common sexually transmitted organisms in the United States: lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) strain.

Escherichia coli

This is the most common cause of non-nosocomial urinary tract infections, usually in women; it is also the cause of the life-threatening disease known as hemolytic uremic syndrome.

parvovirus

This is the only pathogen of humans with a single-stranded DNA genome; it is the smallest DNA virus; it causes erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease, in humans.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This possesses many virulence factors. It is responsible for about 10% of nosocomial infections, especially in burn wards; it also infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and produces pyocyanin, a blue-green pigment.

orthomyxovirus

This virus causes annual pandemics of influenza; it is categorized by the types of H and N spikes on the virion envelope (e.g., H1N3).

bunyavirus

This virus causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the Four Corners area of the United States in 1993.

filovirus

This virus causes severe hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg.

arenavirus

This virus causes zoonoses that include hemorrhagic fevers named for locales where they occur, like Lassa, Junin, Sabiá, and Machupo; capsids contain ribosomes that give it a sandy appearance.

rotavirus (reovirus)

This virus has a double-stranded RNA genome; it is also the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis with about 600,000 deaths annually worldwide; infected children can pass 1014 virions per gram of stool; a new, effective vaccine prevents 75% of cases.

hepatitis B virus

This virus's genomic DNA is partly single-stranded and partly double-stranded; it replicates through an RNA intermediary; it cannot be grown in cell culture; it is also very infectious.

Legionella pneumophila

This was unknown prior to 1976; it lives inside amoebae; humans are infected by inhaling aerosols produced by showers, vaporizers, air conditioning systems, and hot tubs; it causes a pneumonia or a flu-like illness called Pontiac fever.

Rubella

Togavirus, causes German (3 day) measles. Causes birth defects if pregnant mother is infected.

Chlamydia trachomatis

Trachoma (disease of eye). Genital elephantitis Elementary bodies (only infectious). Reticular bodies (only growing). Don't have peptidoglycan

hepatitis D virus

Transmission through body fluids, liver cancer, requires Hep B to become virulent (satellite virus)

Rickettsia prowazeki

Transmitted by body lice, causes epidemic typhus.

Orientia tsutsugamushi

Transmitted by chigger mites, causes scrub typhus.

Rickettsia rickettsii

Transmitted by wood ticks, causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

Bartonella quintana

Trench (5 day) fever, spread by body lice. Fever can return every five days.

Bartonella quintana

Trench fever (5-day fever). Pain in long bones. Spread by lice

thought question: which spirochete below has not been grown in vitro?

Treponema pallidum pallidum

Commonly combined with sulfanilamide; inhibits tetrahydrofolate synthesis?

Trimethoprim

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: disease

Tuberculosis: respiratory disease Declining in US, pandemic elsewhere Three types: primary is often asymptomatic, secondary is reactivation of primary infection, disseminated TB spread through lymph.

Francisella tularensis

Tularemia (deerfly/rabbit fever) Endotoxins, capsule, pili. Infected tick. Commonly misdiagnosed

A motile photosynthetic bacterium moving toward a light source would

Tumble less and have longer runs (B and D)

Polyomavirus

Tumors, leukoencepholopathy (brain cancer).

bartonella bacilliformis

Two forms of bartonellosis -oroya fever verruga peruana Invades RBC spread through sand flies

Bartonella Baciliformis

Two forms: Oroya feber (acute, fatal, ANEMIA) and Verruga peruana (non fatal skin disease)

Asthma

Type 1

Systems exposure to an allergen that results in anaphylactic shock

Type 1

rheumatoid arthritis

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Allergic reaction to latex gloves

Type 4

Reaction to poison ivy

Type 4 hypersensitivity

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Type II

Drug induced anemia

Type II hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmers lung)

Type III hypersensitivity

Positive TB skin test

Type IV hypersensitivity

The only hypersensitivity NOT mediated by antibody

Type IV hypersensitivity

Bioterrorism

Used microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations 3 types: human, animal, plants

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor that is used to treat MRSA

Vancomycin

Human Herpes Virus III

Varicella-Zoster viruses, causes chicken pox and shingles in latency.

HHV3

Varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox-children). Herpes zooster (shingles-adults) Enters through respiratory/eyes

dental caries

Viridans streptococci

Whiskey Gin

Vodka with added flavoring from juniper berries

discovered streptomycin

Waksman

Flavivirus (arbovirus)

West Nile: spread by mosquitoes. Encephalitis Dengue fever: aedes mosquitoes. Tropical location. Breakbone fever and rash. Hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever: aedes mosquitoes. Massive hemorrhaging. Liver damage (jaundice) Zika virus: mosquitoes. Conjunctivitis. Pregnancy (microcephaly). Guillian-Barre Stndrome Hep C: chronic infection. Liver damage

Labeled antibody used to detect protein on a membrane

Western blot

Labeled antibody used to detect protein on membrane

Western blot

Bordetella pertussis

Whooping cough Adhesions and pertussis toxin (4 toxins)

3 domains based on rRNA sequences

Woese

Treponema pertenue

Yaws (skin lesions) Contact with bacteria

Flaviviruses II

Yellow Fever, which causes liver, kidney and heart damage and massive hemorrhaging.

Flaviviruses III

Zika Virus, pregnancy while infected causes microcephaly.

Vinegar production occurs through the oxidation of ethanol by

acetic acid bacteria Starting material: fruits, veggies, grains

Mycolic acids

acid fast only

The complement system provides all of the following useful functions except

activation of macrophages

Prevotella intermedia

acute necrotizing gingivitis

midsized naked icosahedral dna virus with spikes at the verticies, causes respiratory disease epidemics on military bases, can cause diarrhea and pink eye

adenovirus

legionella pneumophila

aerobic, pleomorphic bacterium. inhabitants of water. causes legionnaires disease, results in pneumonia. Inhaling aerosols transmission. Causes flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. Unknown prior to 1976.

Which of the following organisms are responsible for red tides involved in shellfish poisoning

algae

Known bioterrist agents are: a. human pathogens b. animal pathogens c. plant pathogens d. all of the above

all of the above

In a traditional sewage treatment facility, the treatment of primary sludge involves

anaerobic digestion and the production of methane

thought question: A sudden radical change in the H and/or N antigens of the influenza virus is termed ________.

antigenic shift

The main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics is

antiseptics can be used on tissue

viroids ______

are naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only

causes zoonoses that include hemorrhagic fevers named for locales where they occur, like Lassa, Junin, Sabia, and MAchupo, capsides contain ribosomes that give them a sandy appearance

arenavirus

You get the MMR vaccine and are immune to measles

artificially acquired active

Bordetella Pertussis

attaches to ciliated epithelial cells through 2 adhesions, produces 4 toxins that interfere with ciliary escalatory of the respiratory tract including: pertussis, adenylate cyclase, dermonecrotic, tracheal. Causes WHOOPING COUGH.

Responsible for motility in spirochetes

axial filaments

cutaneous form of this disease caused by this organism results in a black eschar lesion, a CDC select agent

bacillus anthracis

aerobic capnophilic pathogen of humans only, causes severe anemia, trench fever, and cat scratch disease.

bartonella species

Fatty acids are broken down, 2 carbons at a time

beta oxidation

Protein A on the surface of S aureus is a virulence factor because it

binds antibody by the Fc end

Primary lymphoid tissue

bone marrow and thymus; is where cells of acquired immunity develop

causes whooping cough, produces 4 toxins that intefere with the ciliary escalator of the respiratory tract

bordetella pertussis

causes lyme disease, transmitted by ticks, causes bulls eye rash

borrelia burgdorferi

causes louse-borne relapsing fever, humans are only natural reservoirs

borrelia recurrentis

Impetigo can be caused by

both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

In a traditional sewage treatment facility, the treatment of primary sludge involves ________.

both anaerobic digestion and the production of methane

causes undulant fever or Bang's disease or Malta fever; human contract disease from unpasteurized dairy products or contact with animal tissue

brucella melitensis

yersinia pestis

bubonic plague, diagnosed post-mortem, transmitted by flea bites or aerosols.

rhabdoviruses

bullet shaped virus that causes rabies

causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the four corners area of the U.S. in 1993

bunyavirus

most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis

campylobacter jejuni

Highly organized glycocalyx, firmly attached to the cell

capsule

Photoautotroph (carbon source)

carbon dioxide

S. Aureus

carried in 30-50% of healthy population (nose & perineum). Coagulase positive, by definition of species, usually mannitol positive; more virulent infections result when staphylococci breach the body's physical barriers. 3 Features: evade phagocytosis, enzymes and toxins allow it to increase pathogenicity. Causes food poisoning, colitis, TSS, Bacteremia, Endocarditis, Pneumonia.

2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2

catalase

retroviruses- coronaviruses

cause of SARS

filoviruses

cause severe hemorrhagic febers like ebola and marburg

retroviruses- caliciviruses

causes GI disease

orthomyxoviruses

causes annual pandemics of influenza, categorized by types of H and N spikes on virion envelope.

bunyaviruses

causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the four corners area of the U.S.

flaviviruses

causes west nile encephalitis, duggie fever, and yellow fever. Transmitted by mosquitoes.

Trepmonema pallidum pertenue

causes yas -ckin lesions that turn into draining glesions -spread by contacting bacteria from a draining lesion

arenaviruses

causes zoonosis which include hemorrhagic fevers, named for where they occur like Lassa, Junin, Sabia, and Machupo, capsids contain ribosomes that give them a sandy appearance

leptospira interrogans

causes zoonotic disease leptospirosis, gains access to invisible cuts and abrasions in skin, through exposure to contaminated urine, causes kidney and liver disfunction, one end hooked like a question mark.

Composed of phospholipids and proteins

cell membrane

thought question: paralytic polio was once considered a disease of developed countries because...

children in developed countries are not exposed to the virus until they are older and maternal Ab has waned

One of 2 organelles explained in endosymbiotic theory

chloroplasts

causes botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene

clostridium species

Psychrophiles

cold loving

Adenoviridae

common cold. Mild diarrhea. Pinkeye Naked polyhedral capsid with spikes

the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which was first identified in the winter of 02-03, in China's Guangdong province

coronavirus

coronaviruses

coronavirus (common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome

causes diphtheria

corynebacterium

HHV5

cytomegalovirus. Birth defects. Owl's eye Cells become enlarged. Most common infection in humans

Poxviruses: Unique

ddDNA, largest viruses

Whiskey

distillation of malt brews

poxviruses

double stranded DNA virus, have complex capsids and envelopes, small pox includes variola major and minor (major is more severe). One of the first to be eradicated. Molluscum cantagiosum is another example.

rotaviruses

double stranded RNA genome, most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis,

Malt

dried germinated barley

thought question: as the HIV levels rise in a patient's blood, the # of CD4 T cells....

drops

Resting structure built for survival in harsh conditions

endospore

Very dehydrated, almost ametabolic, cell survival form

endospore

lancefield group D, can grow in harsh conditions, resistant to many commonly used antibioitics (VRE), causes 10% of nosocomial infections and bacteremias, endocarditis

enterococcus species

thought question: the type of . coli that produces a toxin similar to cholera toxin and causes most cases of traveler's diarrhea is?

enterotoxigenic (ETEC)

Important in resistance to large parasites

eosinophil

A PARASITE infection is most often indicated by an increase number of peripheral blood ___

eosinophils

Rickettsia Prowazekii

epidemic typhus, human are primary hosts, transmitted by body lice, mortality is 70% without treatment.

thought question: the major virulence factor of N. gonorrhoeae is?

epithelial cell attachment pili

Causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitts lymphoma

epstein barr virus (HHV-4)

most common cause of non-nosocomial UTIs, usually in women, cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome

escherichia coli

causes severe hemorrhagic fevers like ebola and marburg

filovirus

causes west nile encephalitis, dengue fever, and yellow fever, transmitted by MOSQUITOES

flavivirus

Requires an ultraviolet light source

fluorescent antibody test

Lyophilization

freeze drying

helicobacter pylori

gastritis and ulcers. stomach cancer cofactor. produces urease that produces ammonia and bicarbonate which allows it to survive.

E Coli

gastroenteritis. Pyelonephritis Most important coliform. Exotoxins (shiga-like). Most common cause of UTIs. Attachment pili. Uncooked meat/unpasteurized milk

Lipid A

gram negative only

Lipopolysaccharide

gram negative only

Burkholderia Pseudomallei

gram negative rod, etiologic agent of *melioidosis, can be confused with TB, plague, etc. Fatality rate high. Infectious dose low. *Generally diagnosed postmortem

Teichoic acids

gram positive only

lancefield typing

grouping catalase negative and coagulase negative bacteria based on carbohydrate composition of bacterial antigens found on cell walls. Used to organize various members of the family streptococcaceae.

A prophage is a bacteriophage that ________.

has undergone lysogeny

prophage is a bacteriophage that...

has undergone lysogeny

Causes gastritis and most peptic ulcers, produces a potent urease to neutralize stomach acid

helicobacter pylori

Blood typing

hemagglutination

genomic dna is partly single stranded and partly double, cant be come in cell culture, very infections

hepatitis B virus

Causes gingivostomatitis and recurrent cold sores

human herpesvirus 1

Neisseria Meningitidis

humans are the only natural carrier. Can be member of normal microbiota of upper respiratory tract. Life-threatening disease when in CSF or blood. *Causes disease in individuals living in crowded and stressful living conditions*. Gram negative cocci that infect CNS.

To which of the following substances would a typical cell membrane be least permeable?

hydrogen ion (H+)

Antigen recognition molecule of B cells

immunoglobulin

Enterococcus species

important cause for hospital acquired. Previous classified as group D streptococci. Reclassified as separate genus. Forms short chains and pairs and lacks a capsule, can grow at 45 degrees, basic environments.

thought question: papillomaviruses cause disease by?

inactivating tumor suppressor gene products

hepadnaviruses

includes the Hep B virus, enveloped DNA viruses with icosahedral capsids. Replicates through RNA intermediary..

Rotavirus

infantile gastroenteritis. Part of reovirus family. Only double stranded RNA

Orthomyxoviridae

influenza Attacks lungs. Induced by cytotoxins. Hemagluttin and neuramindadse

Anti tuberculosis drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis

isoniazid and ethambutol

arenaviruses

lassavirus(Hemorrhagic fever) -deltaviruse (Hep D

causes pneumonia or pontiac fever

legionella pneumophila

humans infected by exposure to contaminated urine, can cause kidney and liver dysfunction, thin spirochete with one end hooked like a question mark

leptospira interrogans

Complement fixation results in

leukocyte chemotaxis, opsonization, lysis of foreign (all of the above)

Photoautotrophs (energy source)

light

Chlamydia Trachomatis

limited host range, one strain infects mice, all others infect humans. Infect conjunctiva, lungs, UT, genital tract. 2 main types: STD and ocular disease called trachoma (particularly in children) Leading cause of non-traumatic blindness.

whey, coli

liquid waste from cheese produciton

able to escape the cell's phagosome and propel itself around the cytosol by polymerizing host cell actin, pregnant women susceptible to infection usually from cheeses

listeria monocytogenes

francisella tularensis

living in water as intracellular parasite of animals. Causes zoonotic disease tularemia aka rabbit fever, deerfly fever, and tick fever. One of the smallest and most infectious, not found below equator.

aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

localized aggressive -periodontitis

Actinomyces

lumpy jaw, gingivitis, plaque, swollen lumpy limbs Branching bacilli. Found in soil

Which of the following is not phagocytic

lymphocyte

A viral infection is most often indicated by an increase in the number of peripheral blood

lymphocytes

dried germinated barley

malt

a paramyxovirus that is very contagious and causes one of the 5 classical childhood diseases called rubeola, associated with Koplik's spots and SSPE; prevented by MMR vaccine

measles virus (morbillivirus)

Breaks up to form platelets

megakaryocyte

Adenoviruses

mid sized naked Icosahedral DNA virus with spikes at the vertices; causes respiratory disease epidemics on military bases, can also cause diarrhea and pinkeye

campylobacter jejuni

most common cause of Gastroenteritis. Poultry contamination is main source.

haemophilus influenzae

most strains have a polysaccharide capsule that resists phagocytosis. Type B is the most significant.

Characterized by cytotoxic T cells which destroy the myelin sheath around nervous tissue

multiple sclerosis

a paramyxovirus that infects the upper respiratory tract, then causes a viremia which infects other areas of the body. Parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result, prevented by MMR virus

mumps virus (rubulavirus)

fruit solids and juices related to wine production

must

acid fast pathogen, one third of the world's population is infected,

mycobacterium tuberculosis

viroids

naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only

Lymphocytes which destroy aberrant cells nonspecifically

natural killer cell

You contract the mumps from a friend and recover

naturally acquired active

A baby receives protective antibody from breast milk

naturally acquired passive

thought question: what types of cells are infected with the rabies virus that leads to pathology?

nerve cells

Most common leukocyte in the blood

neutrophil

Phagocytic cells of acute inflammation

neutrophil

thought question: what type is honey considered?

nonperishable

pasteurella multocida

normal microbiota in oral and nasal cavities of animals. Spread via animal vites.

caliciviruses

norovirus or acute gastroenteritis

Burkholderia Mallei

not found in environment, GLANDERS IN HORSES, serious human infections.

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

not part of normal microbiota, cystic fibrosis patients, common infector of BURNS, blue green pigment and fruity odor.

Plant cell is placed into a hypotonic solution

nothing happens

Increases phagocytosis

opsonin

Chemoheterotroph (carbon source)

organic compounds

Chemoheterotroph (energy source)

organic compounds

hepadnaviruses

orthohepadnavirus (HEP B)

caues annual pandemics of influenza, categorized by types of H and N spies on the virion envelope

orthomyxovirus

thought question: the chemical process of making vinegar (acetic acid) from ethanol in wine would be?

oxidation

small dna virus that causes warts

papillomavirus

only pathogen of humans with a single stranded DNA genome, smallest dna virus, causes fifth disease in humans

parvovirus

Which of the following industrial products would be classified as a secondary metabolite

penicilin

Which of the following industrial products would be classified as a secondary metabolite

penicillin

Which of the following industrial products would be classified as a secondary metabolite?

penicillin

Rigid, strong part of bacterial cell wall

peptidoglycan

porphyromonas gingivalis

periodontal disease and atherosclerosis.

H2O2 + NADH + H-> 2H2O + NAD=

peroxidase

Have a central role in conjugation

pili

Serum

plasma without fibrinogen, is obtained by allowing blood to clot, contains antibodies (all of the above)

an enterovirus that caused epidemics of paralysis in children during the 1900s.

poliovirus

small dna viruses that cause tumors in humans, examples are BK and JC viruses. JC can causes a rare fatal disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

polyomavirus

Most bacterial capsules are composed of

polysaccharides

thought question: ethyl alcohol produced in the making of wine is an example of a?

primary metabolite

All of the following are associated with an electron microscope except

prism

polymarivirus

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Complement system was so named because

proteins involved complement the actions of antibodies

Passive immunity

provides immediate, short-term protection

possesses many virulence factors, responsible for about 10% of nosocomial infections, especially in burn wards, infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and produces a blue-green pigment

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Coliform

rapidly ferment lactose, are part of normal microbiota, may be opportunistic, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Found in soil and plants. Presence in water= impure water and poor sewage treatment

aggregatibacter aphrophilus

rare type of endocarditis (tongue piercing)

The production of monoclonal antibody

requires the use of myeloma cells, requires the construction of hybridomas, has revolutionized clinical diagnostic testing (all of the above)

a paromyxovirus that causes a severe respiratory disease in young kids and infants, leading cause of fatal respiratory disease in this age group

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

ssRNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA from its RNA genome, which is then integrated into the host genome, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV are examples

retrovirus

Bullet shaped virus that causes rabies

rhabdovirus

causes most common colds

rhinovirus

80s in eukaryotes, 70s in prokaryotes

ribosomes

Composed of RNA and protein, major role in protein synthesis

ribosomes

causes epidemic typhus, spread by louse

rickettsia prowazekii

causes rocky mountain spotted fever, transmitted by ticks

rickettsia rickettsii

Rickettsia Rickettsii

rocky mountain spotted fever, wood ticks.

rickettsia typhi

rodents are resevoirs, endemic or murine typhus, infected fleas spread, mortality less than 5%.

double stranded RNA genome, most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis

rotavirus

thought question: what structures become infected and painfully enlarged during mumps?

salivary glands

most infections in humans result from consumption of food contaminated with animal feces; particularly common in poultry, eggs, and reptiles. causes diarrhea.

salmonella enterica

thought question: which disease is transmitted by chiggers or red mites?

scrub typhus

Natural fermentation of corn, grass, or grain stocks

silage

natural fermentation of corn, grass, or grain stocks

silage

coxiella burnetii

small, aerobic. formation of a spore enables it to survive harsh conditions. Farm animals and pets are resevoirs for human disease. Causes Q-FEVER. (ranchers)

Propionibacterium acnes

small, gram-positive rods. Causes ACNE.

picornaviruses

smallest of animal viruses, cause diseases in: rhinovirus and enterovirus

Retroviruses

ssRNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA from its RNA genome, which is then integrated into the host genome; HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV are examples.

causes impetigo, boils, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome

staphylococcus aereus

Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation

stop electron flow

causes otitis media, pneumonia (85% of all cases), and meningitis

streptococcus pneumoniae

causes pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and necrotizing fasciitis

streptococcus pyogenes

Antimicrobial in mop water

substituted phenols

During the lag phase, organisms are:

synthesizing necessary enzymes without dividing much

Characterized by autoantibodies against nuclear material

systemic lupus erythematosus

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration

the nature of the terminal electron acceptor

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in:

the nature of the terminal electron acceptor

For a mesophile, the min temp of an organism is

the temp above which an org will not grow

Number of phosphates in ATP

three

causes encephalitis, transmitted by mosquitoes, also cause rubella or the german measles

togavirus

causes syphilis

treponema pallidum pallidum

thought question: the most common site of human herpesvirus 1 latency is the?

trigeminal nerve ganglion

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Virulence

tubercle formed, then ruptures spreading the virus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis 3 types: primary, secondary, disseminated. Reservoir is the human lung. Low infectious dose. Cord factor

Agroterrorism

use of microorganisms to terrorize human population by destroying food supply

causes smallpox

variola

explosive diarrhea

vibrio cholarae

produce the matrix of dental plaque and cause dental caries

viridans streptococci

Potable water

water that is safe to drink

liquid waste from cheese production

whey

sugary liquid from malted barley that is fermented in beer production

wort

causes the plague or black death, transmitted by flea bites

yersinia pestis

Mycobacterium Leprae

- causes leprosy - transmission is person to person contact or through a break in skin - not grown on culture - long incubation periods -endemic in tropical and subtropical - can only be cultivated in footballs of mice and bellies of armadillos BCG vaccine

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

- causes respiratory diseases via inhalation of respiratory droplets - consumption disease is the disease nickname - kills 3 people every minute - cell wall and cord factor are found in virulent strains - diagnosed by skin test and x-rays - BCG vaccine

thought question: West Nile virus and the yellow fever virus are similar in that they are both?

- flaviviruses - transmitted by Aedes mosquitos

thought question: Chlamydia trachomatis?

- is a major cause of blindness - is a major cause of STIs - is an obligate intracellular parasite

thought question: Haemophilus species can cause?

- meningitis - STI's - eye infections - respiratory tract infections

cutibacterium (propionibacterium) acnes

- most commonly involved in human infections, natural. flora to skin - causes acnes - opportunistic - treatment: antimicrobial drugs, If needed

Nocardia

- partially acid fast to acid fast soil bacilli -Virulence factors: ---release of cord factor, which protects it from phagocytosis ---catalase production which inactivates oxygen metabolites which would normally be toxic to bacteria - may cause TB like disease -pulmonary extension

thought question: All of the following contributed to the elimination of smallpox from the planet except one. Choose the exception.

- the availability of an inexpensive, stable, and effective vaccine - the lack of animal reservoirs - the lack of asymptomatic cases - (F) variola minor strains induced greater immunity

Viruses are classified by ________.

- their shape - their size - the presence or absence of an envelope - their type of nucleic acid

two types of M. Leprae

- tuberculoid leprosy high cell mediated response non progressive loss of sensation in skin lesions - lepromatous leprosy low cell mediate response produces gradual tissue destruction, loss of facial feature, digits, and other body structures

Rickettsia Prowazeki

-70% mortality rate, untreated -Causes epidemic typhus (aka: louse-borne typhus) -Diff. from other rickettsias b/c 1-human is primary host 2- bacteria fills host cells until it breaks & releases -Fever, depression, rash -Brill-Zinsser disease- recurrent disease

helicobacter pylori

-A neutrophile, it survives stomach acid by creating an "area of neutrality" by converting Urea → 2NH3 + CO2. -When it invades stomach it will thin the mucus which allows the stomach acid to create ulcers (holes) in stomach wall. -Causes gastritis -LOTS of virulence factors: protein inhibiting acid production of stomach cells, flagella to burrow thru mucous lining, adhesins, enzymes, urease,

Togaviruses

-Alphavirus(encephalitis --Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) --Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) --Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) --Rubivirus (rubella)

Life cycle of HIV and factors involved in infection and progression

-CD4 (helper T cells) count= <200mm -glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 impede the immune clearance of HIV bc antigenetic variability (gp120) and the ability to fuse with host cells (gp41) -HIV replication cycle is similar to other retroviruses

Legionella pneumophila

-Causes Legionnaires disease, which results in pneumonia -immunocompromised individuals more at risk. -intracellular parasites -Breathing in bacteria from aerosols of water sources -Control by reducing their #s

retroviruses

-Deltaretrovirus (leukemia)- HTLV-1 & HTLV-2 -Lentivirus (AIDS)

filoviruses

-Ebolavirus (Ebola hemorrhagic fever)aren -Marburg virus (Marburg hemorrhagic fever)

flavaviruses

-Flavivirus (yellow fever) -Hepacivirus (hepatitis C) -Chikungunya -Dengue and dengue Hemorrhagic fever -Encephalitis (Japanese, West Nile, St. Louis, Russian Spring-Summer)

Brucella Melitensis

-Infects animals and humans -causes STI's and abortive diseases in animals -causes brucellosis or malta fever ------mild disease ------characterized by a fluctuating fever ------infection spreads through infected animal parts or contaminated dairy products

bunyaviruses

-Orthobunyavirus (encephalitis) --La Crosse Encephalitis -Hantavirus (pneumonia) -Rift Valley Fever -Sand Fly fever -Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever

Silage production

-Pasture grass that has been pickled -used to preserve pasture...fermented once cut to preserve nutrients

Life cycle of HIV and factors involved in infection and progression

-Retrovirus -Originally called HTLV-3 -HIV attaches and enters cell by endocytosis, uncoats and synthesizes DNA, integrates and then synthesizes RNA, releases from cell and assembles and matures -Causes AIDS, replicates only in humans and destroys immune system Infects Helper T cells, found in body fluids -2 types: HIV-1 in US and Europe, HIV-2 in West Africa -Transmitted by sexual contact and IV drug use, can be transmitted across placenta and in breast milk

Rickettsia ricketssi

-Rocky Mountain spotted fever -transmitted by ticks

Salmonella Enterica

-Salmonellosis -organisms don't penetrate intestinal mucosa -Transmitted mostly from poultry products and reptile pets -usually self-limiting

diseases and unique characteristics of Hep D virus (delta virus)

-Satellite virus: requires HepB virus to become virulent -Coinfection with HepB can increase risk of permanent liver damage/cancer -Type of arenavirus -Transmission through bodily fluids via sexual activity and contaminated needles

Herpesviridae

-Simplexvirus--HHV-1 (fever blisters, cold sores, respiratory infections, encephalitis) -HHV-2 (genital infections) -HHV-3 varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) ---Varicella (chicken pox) ---Herpes zoster (shingles) -HHV-4 Lymphocryptovirus Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma) ---virions initially infect epithelial cells of the pharynx and -----parotid salivary glands ---Then it enters the bloodstream and invades B lymphocytes ---becomes latent in B cells and immortalize them by suppressing apoptosis ---Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis arise from the immune response -HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (birth defects) ---Most infections are asymptomatic ---cells become enlarged (owl's eye cell with inclusion bodies) -HHV-6: Roseolovirus (roseola), can cause mononucleosis like symptoms -HHV-8: associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (seen in AIDS patients) Virus is not found in cancer-free patients or in normal tissues of victims

Beer production

-Sugar from barley is converted to ethanol by yeast fermentation -pitching: addition of yeast culture -trub/dreg: yeast -sake: "rice wine/beer"; the starch in cooked rice is hydrolyzed to sugar by the fungus Aspergillus oryze, then the sugars are fermented by saccharomyces (alcohol content of 14%) -wort is liquid already strained -Hops: flour; flavor agent

Definition of arbovirus and major examples

-Transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks), usually result in mild, flu-like symptoms -Hemagglutination, ELISA, and agglutination assays used to diagnose - results in ---Japanese Encephalitis ---Dengue fever ---Yellow fever ---West Nile Virus ---Colorado tick fever

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

-Transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact -Endemic in poor parts of the world that lack adequate immunization -Diphtheria toxin is responsible for the signs and symptoms of diphtheria -Cutaneous diphtheria causes cell death and formation of a pseudomembrane on the skin

Burkholderia Pseudomallei

-agent of Melioidosis (whit mores disease) -found in soil and water -highly variable symptoms -high fatality rate -low infectious dose -wide host range -cdc agent

antinomyces

-anaerobic gram positive filamentous soil bacilli -opportunistic infections of respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, female genitals tracts -normal microbiota of human mucous membranes - infection caused when bacteria enters. breaks in membrane -abscesses connected by channels in mucous skin membrane -difficult to diagnose

Campylobacter jejuni

-animals serve as reservoirs -humans infected by consuming contaminated food (most commonly poultry), milk, water -most common cause of bacterial GASTROENTERITIS -bloody and frequent diarrhea, self-limiting -reduced by proper food handling and prep

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans

-associated with localized aggressive periodontitis

Papillomaviruses

-benign tumors -warts -cervical and penile cancers

Francisella tularensis

-bite of infected tick or animal -tularemia-- can spread through unbroken skin and mucous membranes so it is EXTREMELY infectious -also called rabbit fever, deer fly fever, and tick fever -CDC select agent -symptoms similar to other diseases, so it is easy to misdiagnose

yersinia pestis

-bubonic plague-characterized by high fever and swollen lymph nodes called buboes -pneumonic plague- rapid developing infection of the lungs

Characteristics of viruses

-can infect any cell -obligate intracellular -do not grow or respond to environment -cannot reproduce independently -no cytoplasmic membrane -miniscule -acellular -either DNA or RNA genome -Extracellular or intracellular states: -every single DNA virus except 1 are double stranded = parvo is single stranded -every single RNA virus except 1 are single stranded = reoviridae is double stranded -Measured in nanometers (nm)

Bartonella Henselae

-cat scratch fever, causes swells -through cat scratches or cat bites, lots of cases per year

Borrelia recurrentis

-causative agent of one type of relapsing fever (epidemic releasing fever) -transmitted to humans by crushing human body louse contents into skin or tick bites -treated with tetracyclines

Hepadnaviridae

-causes Hep B or HBC -jaundice -hepatic cancer -partial dsDNA/ssDNA -only DNA virus causing hepatitis -enveloped -replicates through RNA intermediary -cant be replicated in culture visions shed into saliva, seman, vag secretion

Borrelia burgdoferi

-causes Lyme Disease -tick borne (deer tick) -treated with penicillin or tetracycline -circular rashes around bite site -untreated patients exhibit ----expanding red "bull's eye" rash ----neuro symptoms ----arthritis

Trepmonema pallidum endemicum

-causes betel -formation of lesions around the lips and in the mouth

Leptospira Interrogans

-causes leptospirosis (weil's disease) -infection caused by exposure to infected urine of animals or contaminated water -most cases in summer -kidneys and liver are preferential sites of infection

Adenoviradae

-causes mastadenovirus (conjunctivitis or pink eye, respiratory infections) -Infection of intestinal tract=mild diarrhea -common on military bases -linear dsDNA, naked polyhedral capsid with spikes -common cold-spread via respiratory droplets

Rickettsia typi

-causes murine typhus -rodents are major reservoirs -frasmitted by infected fleas endemic in southern US low mortality rate

Clamydiophila psittaci

-causes ornithosis, bird teases that can be transmitted to humans -transmission occurs via inhalation of aerosols or contact with infected -hard to diagnose

Treponema pallidum pallidum

-causes syphilis -can only be grown on rabbit testicles -humans are the only natural source -- spread via sexual -----contact (sex workers, homosexual men, and users of illegal drugs) -Can cross the placenta (death or mental retardation and malformations)- Congenital syphilis

treponema carateum

-cuases pinta -skin disease that leaves scarring and disfigurement -skin to skin contact

Orienta tsutsugamushi

-endemic in east asia and australia -Diff: rRNA nucleotide sequences, thicker cell wall, minimal slime layer -Red mites/ chiggers -Transmit to rodents or humans -Feed on host only once. Spread from mite offspring to human -Causes scrub typhus- fever, headache, large lymph nodes, etc

picornaviruses

-enterovirus(polio) -rhinovirus (common cold) hepatovirus (Hep A)

parvoviridae

-erythema infectious (5ths disease) ---slapped face appearance ---sunlight aggravates it -only single ssDNA B19 primary parvovirus in humans -smallest of DNA viruses

Coxiella burnetii

-forms extremely small sports, obligate intracellular parasite that lives within phagolysosome -farm animals and pets are reservoirs -transmission by inhalation of infective bodies -causes Q fever, most common among ranchers, vets, and food handlers -CDC select agent

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

-gonorrhoeae is the most common reportable disease in US -virulence factor is attachment pili -males: induces inflammation pus, and painful urinations -females: 80% of cases are asymptomatic, may spread to Fallopian tubes and causes pelvic inflammatory disease -children: largest risk in newborns being infected as they pass through the birth canal and eye infection. If a child has It it is likely that they were abused -sexual contact, highest rate 20-24

Neisseria Meningitidis

-humans are the only natural carrier -member of normal microbiota in URT -respiratory droplets transmit the disease by close contact -meningococcal meningitis can result in death in 6 hours -virulent: capsule and endotoxin -13 capsular stereotypes -treatment with iv penicillin or cephalosporins, must be -treated early -85% mortality if not treated

orthomyxoviruses

-influenzavirus (flu, rarely coup)

Porphyromonas gingivalis

-invade gingival epithelial cells -implicated in periodontal disease -smoking is a risk factor

Rhabdoviruses

-lyssavirus (rabies) -Uses acytlcholine receptors, thats why it can get all mammals.

E. Coli

-most common and important of coliform -most common cause of non nosocomial urinary tract infection -gastroenteritis is the most common disease associated with E. coli commonly associated with underwood ground beef or unpasteurized milk

Pasteurella multocida

-normal flora for dogs and cats mouths -humans infected by animal bites/scratches -inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes at the site of infection -antibacterial drugs to treat

Bacteroides Fragilis

-normal microbiota in intestinal tract and upper respiratory tract -involved in 85% of gastrointestinal disease - can be in abdominal infections, genital infections, and skin would infections

Prevotella intermedia

-normal microbiota of urniary, genital and upper respiratory tracts -involve in sinus, ear, and periodontal infections -Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG or NUG)

burkholderia Mallei

-not found in environment - may have evolved from pseudomallei -cdc agent -etiologic agent of glanders in horses

Clamydia trachomatis

-one strain that infects mice, all other strains infect humans -causes two diseases: ---STI ------Disease: lymphogranuloma venereum ------one of the most common ------three stages: --------initial: lesion at infection site, heals rapidly --------second stage: buboes develop --------third stage: (not all cases) genital sores, genital elephantiasis --------asymptomatic in women, symptomatic in men proctitis ---ocular disease: TRACHOMA ------normally occur in children ------endemic in crowded/poor

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and meningitidis

-only gram-negative genus that regularly causes disease in humans -both pyogenic and sensitive to environmental factors

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

-opportunistic in immunocompromised -can colonize almost every organ -infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients -commonly infects sever burns and produces a blue green pigment -resistant to lots of drugs -hot tub-itis -creates fruity smell

poxviruses

-orthopoxvirus(smallpox,cowpox) -mulluscipoxvirus (mulluscum contagiosum)

Haemophilus influenzae

-polysaccharide capsule that resist phagocytosis -H. influenzae type B most significant ---causes meningitis in infants ----otitis media (ear infection) and epiglottitis -Hiv vaccine has reduced infections

Bordetella Pertussis

-producese 4 toxins ---pertusis toxin (whooping cough) ---adenylate cyclase toxin ---dermonecrotic toxin ---tracheal cytotoxin - mostly present in children -inhale in aerosols and multiplied in epithelial cells

paramyxovirus

-respirovirus (colds, respiratory infections) -pneumovirus (respiratory syncytial disease, rarely coup or common cold) -Morbillivirus (measles) -Rubulavirus (mumps)

Rotaviruses

-rotaavirus (diarrhea -coltivirus (colorado tick fever)

Pickling

-starting material: cumbers, peppers, beets -representative culture microorganism: various lactic acid bacteria

Making of kimchi and sauerkraut

-starting material:cabbage -microorganism: various lactic acid bacteria

Baronella quintana

-trench fever -spread person to person by human body live -fever can return after 5 days

Salmonella Typhi

-typhoid fever -from human waste -organisms penetrate intestine into blood -chronic infection of gallbladder -treat with septra or ampicillin -humans only host -some patients, bacteria ulcerate and perforate the intestinal wall causing peritonitis -passes through M cell and multiplies in macrophages in lymph nodes and other sites

Papilloma

-warts, HPV, benign tumors and cancer -genital warts is the most common -MOST COMMON STI or STD -removal by surgery, freezing, salicylic acid -cancers treated with radiation and chemo -vacination with gardisil

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that drinking water have a count of ________ coliform bacteria per 100 ml.

0

The number of CO2 molecules released from glycolysis

0

the U.S. Environmental protection agency (EPA) requires that drinking water have a count of ___ coliform bacteria per 100 ml

0

How many organisms are in first dilution tube

1 x 10^7

General characteristics of coliforms

1) Gram negative rods 2) Non-spore forming bacteria 3) Aerobes or facultative anaerobes 4) Can FERMENT LACTOSE 5) colonize intestinal tract

General Characteristics of Viruses

1) obligatory intracellular parasites 2) filterable: can pass through bacterial filters 3) contain DNA OR RNA 4) contain a protein coat 5) some may be enclosed by an envelope 6) most are tissue specific 7) can't reproduce/metabolic

Human Herpes Viruses

1- Gingivostomatatis and recurrent cold sores 2- genital herpes 3- chicken pox and shingles 4- mono (epstein barr) 5- CMV or cytomegalovirus 6- roseola 7-skip 8- kaposi's sarcoma, cancer in AIDS patients

Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes

Acne GP. Most common infection in teens

prevotella intermedia

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Antiviral used to treat HERPES

Acyclovir

Water activity of a substance is lowered by

Adding salt, sugar, removing water= all of the above

Substance like saponin which increase antigenicity of vaccine

Adjuvants

The exception to the rule the higher the concentration, the better the disinfectant will kill is

Alcohols

Discovered penicillin

Alexander Fleming

An object measures 200um. This is equivalent to

All of the above

Immersion oil is needed with immersion lenses because

All of the above

Most kidney transplants performed in the US are

Allografts

For a mesophile the optimum temperature of an organism is

Always closer to the maximum than its minimum

Proteins are polymers of

Amino acids

Semi-synthetic penicillins

Amoxicillin

Polyene antifungals

Amphotericin B

In a traditional sewage treatment facility, the treatment of sludge usually involves

Anaerobic digestion and the production of methane

Which of the following is not a suggested vaccine for everyone

Anthrax vaccine

The main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics is

Antiseptics will kill spores

Definition of Arbovirus and major examples

Any virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods Ex. Bunyavirus, Flavirus (West Nile, Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, Zika Virus), Togavirus (Encephalitis)

Booster immunizations

Are more important with killed and subunit vaccines than with live attenuated vaccines, result in increased levels of immunity, result in increased levels of immunity, result in longer persistence of immunity (all of the above)

Interferons

Are produced by virus-infected cells

Interferons

Are produced by virus-infected cells, signal adjacent cells to produce antiviral proteins to protect themselves from infection, and can be alpha, beta, or gamma (all of the above)

First proposed the concept of spontaneous generation

Aristotle

Arbovirus

Arthropod born, includes flaviviruses.

you receive a y-globulin shot before traveling to mongolia

Artificially acquired passive

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Attaches specifically to receptors located at the bases of cilia on epithelial cells lining the respiratory tracts of humans. Causes primary atypical pneumonia, or walking pneumonia

Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Virulence

Attachment pili

rhabdoviruse

A bullet-shaped virus that causes rabies in animals and humans.

Mumps virus (rubalavirus

A paramyxovirus that infects the upper respiratory tract, then causes a viremia which infects other areas of the body. Parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result; prevented by MMR vaccine.

Measles Virus (morbillivirus)

A paramyxovirus that is very contagious and causes one of the 5 classical childhood diseases called rubeola; associated with Koplik's spots and SSPE; prevented by the MMR vaccine

Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)

A paromyxovirus that causes a severe respiratory disease in young children and infants; it is the leading cause of fatal respiratory disease in this age group; 2,000 deaths each year.

Viruses are classified by: a. type of nucleic acid b. presence of envelope c. shape d. size e. all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Viruses are: a. acellular b. obligate intracellular parasites c. ametabolic outside of cell d. cause most diseases that plague world e. all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Treat HIV

AZT

Cell of acquired immunity; matures in the bone marrow in mammals

B cell

Have surface antibody

B cell

Viroids: a. are pure protein with no nucleic acid b. are naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only c. are similar to viruses except they lack nucleic acid d. cause scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease e. A, C, and D above

B. Are naked circular pieces of RNA that only cause diseases in plants

A prophage is a bacteriophage that a. can infect multiple species of bacteria b. has undergone lysogeny c. has encapsidated bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA

B. has undergone lysogeny

Which one is not listed as recommended for child immunizations

BCG (for TB)

Shigella

Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) Penetrates intestine through M cells (escapes phagosomes/polymerizes actin). 5Fs (finger, food, feces, formites, flies). Aptosis

Causes wool-sorter's disease (life threatening pneumonia)?

Bacillus anthracis

Cutaneous form causes black Escher skin lesions

Bacillus anthracis

Diseases are gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and inhalational

Bacillus anthracis

Topical ointment (kills group A strep)

Bacitracin

Anderson Sampler

Bacterial filtration efficiency

Whiskey scotch

Barley

Bartonella baciliformis

Bartonellosis (fever, anemia). Oroya (Carrion's fever). Peruvian warts Invades RBCs

Most stains that stain bacteria well are classified as

Basic (positively charged chromophores)

Blood cells which contain preformed inflammatory mediators

Basophils

Which of the following ingredients is characteristic of a complex medium?

Beef extract

Treponema endemicum

Betel (lesions) Contaminated utensils

Rickettsia prowazeki

Brill-zinsser disease Lice

Brucella melitensis

Brucellosis. STD. Abortive diseases Contaminated dairy. Voscerotropism for reproductive organs

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic Plague: swollen lymph nodes called buboes Pneumonic plague: infection in lungs Spread by fleas infected from rats.

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic/Black Plague. Pneumonic plague. Septicemic plague From fleas

Mycobacterium ulcerans

Buruli ulcer Skin disease. Most serious emerging pathogen. Produces polyketide (lipid) toxin that destroys tissue. Skin falls off creating ulcer

The archaea are categorized as which type of microbe

C

Bartonella Henselae

CAT SCRATCH FEVER

Fungi

Can be yeasts, molds, and are eukaryotic (all of the above)

In an anaerobic jar, which 2 gasses are produced by Gas-Pak

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Characteristics of Viruses

Carry nucleic acid material but are not capable of their own metabolic activities.

Bartonella henselae

Cat scratch fever

Bartonella henselae

Cat scratch fever.

Shigella species

Cause of bacillary dysentery, penetrate intestine through M cells. 5 Fs: food, fingers, feces, fomites, flies

Mycobacterium Ulcerans

Causes BERULI ULCER. Slow moving water. Produces mycolactone that destroys subcutaneous tissue.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Causes TB, virulent straints contain the cell wall component, cord factor that is needed to cause disease. 3 types: primary (initial), secondary (comes back), disseminated (infection spreads through body).

Cutibacterium (propionibacterium) acnes

Causes acne when bacteria infect follicles

orthomyxovirus

Causes annual pandemics of influenza; categorized by the types of H and N spikes on the virion envelope (Ex: H1N3).

Clostridum Botulinum

Causes botulism, incubation is short. Caused by digesting toxins in low-acid foods (ex. honey) Three types: food borne, infant, and wound. *Inhibits acetylcholine release, causes flaccid paralysis

Brucella melitensis

Causes brucellosis (fever of many names) often from infected milk.

togaviruses

Causes eastern western and venezuelan equine encephalitis, transmitted by mosquitoes, causes rubella or the german measles.

Burkholderia mallei

Causes glanders in horses, also causes severe illness in humans. Not found in the environment.

bunyavirus

Causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the Four Corners area of the United States in 1993.

Chlamydophila psittaci

Causes ornithosis, a disease of birds, that can be transmitted to humans. Flu symptoms. Animal handlers at risk.

Salmonella enterica

Causes salmonellosis, eggs and poultry common sources

Filovirus

Causes severe hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg.

Helicobacter pylori

Causes stomach/duodenal ulcers, also causes stomach cancer. Produces a potent urease that limits the acidity of the stomach.

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

Causes strep throat. Group A generally cause disease in the following situations: 1) Normal microbiota are depleted 2)Large inoculum enable the streptococci to establish themselves before antibodies are formed against them 3) Specific immunity is impaired

treponema species

Causes syphilis, bejel, yaws, pinta.

Francisella tularensis

Causes tularemia from infected tick or small animal (especially rabbits)

Salmonella typhi

Causes typhoid fever, fecal-oral transmission, pathogenesis in digestive tract

Arenavirus

Causes zoonoses that include hemorrhagic fevers named for locales where they occur, like Lassa, Junin, Sabiá, and Machupo; capsids contain ribosomes that give them a sandy appearance.

The main permeability barrier of the cell

Cell membrane

Cell of the genus mycoplasma lack which of the following

Cell wall

Which of the following would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell

Centrioles

Which fungal genus produces more useful antibiotics than any other

Cephalosporgium

Beta-lactam with 2 sites

Cephalosporin

Most common antibiotic

Cephalosporin

Hepadnaviridae

Hepatitis B (inflammation of liver). Jaundice. Internal bleeding. Liver cancer Icosahedral capsid. Reverse transcriptase

Capnophiles grow best in

Higher concentration of CO2

Retroviruses (oncogenic-cancer causing)

Human T lymphocyte virus 1 (leukemia). HTLV2 (neurologic and chronic pulmonary infection) HTLV3-4 (orphan virus)

causes kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer seen in AIDS patients

Human herpesvirus 8

GP coccus that is the most common organism on human skin

Staph epidermidis

Tolerates high salt, catalase positive

Staph epidermitis

Responsible for scalded skin syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

Sensitive to chemical optochin; large polysaccharide capsule main virulence

Step pneumoniae

Positive for CAMP test; causes neonatal infections

Strep agalactiae

Produces a secretory IgA protease; large anti phagocytic capsule

Strep pneumoniae

Involved in pharyngitis and glomerulonephritis; protein M

Strep pyogenenes

Responsible for rheumatic fever

Strep pyogenenes

Lane field typing is done with

Streptococcus

otitis media

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Scarlet fever

Streptococcus pyogenes

necrotizing fasciitis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which genus of BACTERIA produce more useful antibiotics

Streptomyces

Aminoglycoside; must be injected

Streptomycin

The molecule upon which is an enzyme acts is known as its

Substrate

Wort

Sugary liquid from malted barley that is fermented in beer production

Combined with trimethoprim to act synergistically

Sulfanilamide

O2 + O2 + 4H-> 2H2O2=

Superoxidase

BFE refers to

Surgical mask filtration testing

RBC placed into a hypotonic solution

Swell then burst (lysis)

Assume that a bacterial cell has established a próton gradiente. When this gradiente is used to power the transport of lactose into the cell, the process is

Symport

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Symptoms are highly variable and can be confused with many other diseases Lives in soil. Highly fatal rate. Low infectious dose

thought question: for which type of viral genome does the virus not require any other enzymes to be infectious?

+RNA

the type of viral genome that can function directly as mRNA once in a cell is

+SSRNA

The type of viral genome that can function directly as mRNA once in a cell is ________.

+ssRNA

The type of viral genome that can function directly as mRNA, once in a cell is: a. ssDNA b. +ssRNA c. -ssRNA d. dsRNA

+ssRNA

thought question: which of the following is not an example of bioremediation?

- (F) using microbes to make cheese - using microbes to degrade pesticides contaminating underground water - using microbes to degrade a crude oil spill - using microbes to degrade PCB contamination of soil

thought question: which of the following statements about syphilis spirochete is not true?

- (T) Its boring motility allows it to penetrate tissues. Its boring motility allows it to penetrate tissues - (F) It is transmitted commonly by biting insects. - (T) It can cross the placenta and cause birth defects in a developing fetus. - (T) It lives in humans only, and is rapidly destroyed by environmental factors such as heat, drying, and oxygen in the air. It is transmitted commonly by biting insects.

thought question: which of the following characteristics does not apply to Legonella?

- (T) aerobic pleomorphic rods - (T) universal inhabitants of water - (T) intracellular parasites that cause pneumonia - (F) the major means of transmission is fecal/ora

thought question: which of the following is not true about viroids?

- (T) they possess no capsid proteins - (T) they code for no genes - (F) they cause disease in plants and animals - (T) they are composed of RNA only

thought question: what factors would predispose you to infection with N. meningitidis?

- 10-20 years old - poor nutrition - stressful living conditions - living in college dorms

- thought question: the pathogen which has a definite association with periodontal disease is?

- Porphyromonas gingivalis - Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

thought question: what makes the rat flea an especially efficient vector for the plague?

- Y. pestis multiplies in the flea - Y. pestis forms a biofilm that inhibits blood from entering the gut of the flea - the flea bites repeatedly trying to obtain a blood meal

Coliform

- a rod shaped gram negative non spore forming and motile or non motile bacteria which can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35-37 degrees Celsius -they are commonly used indicators of sanitary quality of foods and water

thought question: the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is?

- an indirect measure of the amount of organic wastes in water - a measure of the amount of O2 required by aerobic bacteria to fully metabolize organic wastes in water

Known bioterrorist agents are ________.

- animal pathogens - plant pathogens - human pathogens

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

- attaches to epithelial cells, lining the respiratory tract - causes primary atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia) - difficult to diagnose because it is small and grows slow (mycoplasmas are the smallest free living microbes) - no cell wall

Streptomyces

- branching gram positive soil bacilli - antibiotics (no diseases, but is the source of most of our antibiotics

characteristics of viruses

- cause most diseases - acellular, small - no organelles - obligate intracellular parasites - ametabolic outside of cell - have extra and intracellular states

Viruses ________.

- cause most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world - are obligate intracellular parasites - are ametabolic outside of a cell - are acellular

Enterobacteriaceae Shigella

- causes bacillary sysentary -pentrate intestine through m cells, spread by food, feces, fomites, flies, fingers -escapes phagosome and polymerizes actin to invade adjacent cells -treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement

Mycobacterium Ulcerans

- causes buruli ulcer - produces polypeptide (lipid) toxin, mycolactone (powerful immunosuppressive agents), destroys tissues. top skin sloughs off producing unsure that can cover the entire chest - no drug therapy only skin grafts

life cycle of HIV and factors

1. attachment 2. entry 3. synthesis 4. assembly 5. release

Cheese production process

1. curd formation 2. curd cutting/drainage 3. salting 4. pressing 5. aging Renin accelerates curdling

wine production

1. must preparation 2. fermentation 3. aging 4. racking -enology: science of wine production -types of wine: dry/sweet fortified (sherry or port) and sparkling (champagne) -white wine can be made much faster

10 organisms with a generation time of 30 min...how many organisms?

1.05 x 10^7

Forty organisms with a generation time of 20 min are allowed to multiply for 6 hours. How many organisms are present

1.05 x 10^7

Which would least likely be found on a typical light microscope

1000x

The number of ATP equivalents produced from one turn of the kreb cycle, starting with acetyl-CoA

12

One organism develops into 1.07 x 10^9 organisms in 6 hours. What is the generation time?

12 min

A fatty acid containing 16 carbons is metabolized for energy by an aerobic bacterium. What is the net total number of ATP equivalents that this fatty acid is worth?

129

Fatty acid containing 18 carbons; what is total net number of ATP equivalents

146

Net ATP by a lactic acid bacterium (they can only perform this fermentation)

2

Number of fatty acids in a phospholipid

2

The number of lactic acid molecules produced during fermentation

2

The number of ethanol molecules produced during fermentation

2 ethanols

A pop in reduced from 10^9 to 10^4. D-value??

2 min

Number in original culture?

2 x 10^7

100 organisms develop into 1.6 million organisms in 4 hours, 40 min. What is the generation time?

20 min

Number of ATP equivalents in one NADH molecule from the Krebs cycle

3

Number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule

3

Number of fatty acids in a common fat

3

The number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule

3

Net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation only, in most eukaryotic cells

32

Net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation only, in an aerobic bacterium

34

The total net number of ATP equivalents produced by an aerobic bacterium

38

Net ATP (aerobic bacterium) from substrate level phosphorylation only

4

Number of mitochondrial protons required to produce 1 cytoplasmic ATP in a eukaryotic cell

4

Paramyxovirus (general)

4 genera that infect humans: morbillivirus, paramyxovirus, rubulavirus, pneumovirus Giant multinucleate syncytia

Antimicrobial handwash

4% chlorhexidine

An object measures .5um. This is equivalent to

500 nm

Paroviridae

5th disease (erythema infection). "Slapped face" rash Only single stranded DNA. Smallest virus. Sun aggravates

Net ATP equivalents from the intermediate step only (don't include Acetyl-CoA)

6

Esherichia Coli

6 different varieties, responsible for UTIs, diarrhea, kidney malfunction, most common cause of non-nosocomial urinary tract infections, cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Countertop or other small surface disinfection

70-80% ethyl alcohol

Bacteroides Fragilis

85% of all GI disease, normal microbiota of intestinal tract and upper respiratory.

Bacteroides fragilis

85% of gastrointestinal diseases. Abdominal, genital, and wound infections

Coliform characteristics

Ferment Lactose, found in the intestinal tracts of humans,

Ethyl alcohol and CO2 are produced

Fermentation

Lactic acid produced

Fermentation

Which of the following pathways produces NAD from NADH

Fermentation and electron transport chain

Numerous, short bristle like projections important in bio films

Fimbirae

Short, numerous, nonmotile projections used for adherence

Fimbriae

Microglial cells, Mesangial cells, and Kupffer cells are all types of

Fixed macrophages

Made of tubulin in eukaryotes

Flagella

Placement can be monotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous

Flagella

Chlamydophila psittaci

Flu-like symptoms, spread by birds.

Shigella

Form of enterobacteriaceae, causes bacillary dysentery. Spread through food, feces, fomites, flies and fingers.

Actinomyces

Found in soil and dental plaque, causes abscesses in the jaw or large bumpy growths on the skin.

Leptospira interrogans

Found in wild animals, causes leptospirosis which infects the kidneys and liver.

causes tularemia, rabbit fever, tick fever. Not found below the equator. Most infectious organisms known.

Francisella

Must

Fruit solids and juices related to wine production

Which of the following microorganisms is classified by the type of spores produced

Fungi

Heat-labile plastics

Gamma irradiation

Helicobacter pylori

Gastritis. Duodenal ulcers. Adenocarcinoma (stomach cancer) Potent urease (produces ammonia and bicarbonate)

Coronavirus

Gastroenteritis. 2nd most common cause of colds Corona-like halos

Calicovirus

Gastrointestinal disease. Diarrhea l. Extreme nausea/vomiting Larger than picornavirus

HHV2

Genital Lesions

Which disinfectant is most resistant to inactivation by organic material

Glutaraldehyde

Means "sugar cup"; most often composed of polysaccharide

Glycocalyx

Glucose goes in; pyruvate, ATP, and NADH come out

Glycolysis

The synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is a bridge step between which 2 pathways

Glycolysis and kreb cycle

Developed the first differential stain for bacteria

Gram

Will appear blue after an acid-fast stain

Gram positive and gram negative

Peptidoglycan

Gram positive, gram negative, and acid fast

Over 90% of the cell wall is peptidoglycan

Gram-positive bacteria only

Strep Agalactiae Group B

Gram-positive cocci that divide to form chains. Distinguished from group A streptococcus by its buttery colonies and smaller zone of beta-hemolysis on blood agar plates, its resistance to bacitracin, and positive CAMP test. Normally colonizes the lower gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary tracts. Associated with neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia

Streptococcus Pneumonia

Gram-positive cocci that most commonly forms pairs but may also form chains. Forms unpigmented, alpha-hemolytic colonies when grown on blood agar (anaerobic incubation produces beta-hemolytic colonies). Causes 60-70% of all bacterial pneumonias. Normally colonizes the mouth and pharynx but can cause disease if they travel to the lungs

Cytotoxic T cells contain which 2 key proteins that constitute the kiss of death

Granzymes and perforin

Autoantibodies overstimulate the thyroid gland

Graves' disease

During log phase, bacteria are __________. A. dividing at the fastest possible rate B. preparing to divide C. dying exponentially D. dying and dividing in equal numbers

Growing and dividing at an optimal rate

Campylobacter jejuni

Guillian-Barre's Syndrome. Bloody, frequent diarrhea Most common cause of gastroenteritis. Contaminated food/water. Obligate microaerophile

causes chickenpox and shingles

HHV 3, Varicella-Zoster virus

thought question: infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma are both caused by?

HHV-4

Bunyaviridae

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (severe pneumonia) Biting arthropods. Hantavirus is exception (not arthropods)...deer/mouse feces

Orientia tsutsugamushi

Headache, fever, muscle pain Chigger mites

The chief cell which regulates immune response is

Helper T cells

Nutrient agar prevents the growth of GP organisms is

Selective and complex

Blood agar to which antibiotics inhibitory to gram-negative bacteria have been added is:

Selective, differential, complex

Pioneered asepsis by handwashing

Semmelweis

Burkholderia mallei

Serious human infections Found in glanders of horses. CDC agent

papillomaviruses

Small DNA virus that causes warts, infection with some types can be prevented with vaccine gardasil.

Polyomaviruses

Small DNA viruses that cause tumors in humans and animals; include BK and JC viruses. JC can cause rare fatal disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Poxviruses: Disease

Smallpox, molluscum contagiosum (waxy nodules)

Poxiviridae (general)

Smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum. Produces lesions. Monkeypox Complex capsids/envelopes. Largest virus.

Poxiviridae (molluscum contagiosum)

Smooth, waxy nodules. Weak immune response Sexually transmitted

Fundamental difference between agglutination and precipitation test is

Solubility of the antigen

Treponema

Spirochete, causes syphilis, bejel (mouth lesions), Pinta (skin scarring), Yaws (draining lesions that spread by draining fluid).

Borrelia recurrentis

Spirochetes, Transmitted by human body louse, causes epidemic relapsing fever.

Borrelia burgdorferi

Spread by tick, causes lyme disease (circular rash and flu)

Bartonella baciliformis

Spread via sand flies, causes peruvian warts or severe anemia/fever. Symptoms due to a destruction of RBC.

Food poisoning; entertoxin is heat stable

Staph aureus

Phage typing is used

Staph aureus

Results in T cell cytokine overdose

Staph aureus

TSS

Staph aureus