Exam 3/Final Exam as a WHOLE
Which of the following substances is not associated with bacterial cell walls
Chitin
leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans, causes one of the most common sexually transmitted organisms in U.S. lymphogranuloma venereum strain
Chlamydia trachomatis
A quinolone that inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyrase
Ciprofloxacin
3 forms of disease: food, infant, and wound
Clostridium botulinum
Causes flaccid paralysis
Clostridium botulinum
Produces a potent heat labile neurotoxin
Clostridium botulinum
most potent toxin known
Clostridium botulinum
Hyperbaric oxygen is used to treat diseased tissues
Clostridium defficile
causes pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
Causes gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
Toxin causes spastic paralysis; associated with anaerobic wounds
Clostridium tetani
An organic cofactor for an enzyme is known as
Coenzyme
E. coli
Coliform, causes gastroenteritis, many different varieties causing different diseases, including UTI
Legionella pneumophila
Colonizes on charcoal extract agar. Lives in the water, causes legionnaires' disease, which then results in pneumonia.
Coltivirus
Colorado tick fever. Reovirus family
Gram negative cell immediately following decoloration
Colorless
arbovirus and examples
Coltivirus- causes colorado tick fever transmitted by arthropods ex. togaviridae and flaviviridae
Pasteurella multocida
Comes from animal bits/scratches, produces localized inflammation/swelling of lymph nodes.
Picornavirus (Rhinovirus)
Common cold Respiratory tract
Human Herpes Viruses I
Common in children, spread through contact. Cold sores, whitlow.
Glycine betaine, ectoine, sucrose, etc are all
Compatible solutes made by microbes to keep water flowing into the cell
Which of the following microscopes is capable of generating a 3D image of a specimen
Confocal, differential interference contrast, scanning electrons
Plasma
Contains antibodies
Treponema pallidum
Corkscrew motility. Syphilis Sexual contact. Obligate parasite
Whiskey Bourbon
Corn
DTap provides protection against disease by this organism
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Potent exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis; forms grey pseudomembrane that leads to asphyxiation
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Which of the following is not a factor which affects disinfectant activity
Cost of the agent
RBC is placed into a hypertonic solution
Crenation
Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza)
Croup (inflammation of respiratory tract..."seal bark" cough). Children most susceptible
Flaviviruses I
Dengue fever, transmitted by the aedes mosquito, second infection results in hemorrhagic dengue which is fatal.
Retroviruses (AIDS)
Destroys immune system. <20 CD4 count. Glycoproteins impede immune clearance of HIV
Patient fail to develop thymus (no T cells)
DiGeorge Syndrome
NAD and FAD are
Dinucleotides, essential in respiration, and hydrogen atom carriers (all of the above)
Paramyxovirus (pneumovirus)
Disease limited to respiratory tract. Dypsnea (hard breathing)
Bacillus Anthracis
Disease of herbivores, hat's why people in the wool industry got sick. TANNERS OR LEATHER WOOKERS GET WOOLSORES DISEASE.. Virulence due to 3 component toxin and protein capsule. 3 forms: Inhalation, GI, cutaneous *Bioterrorism
Whiskey vodka
Distillation of fermented grain or potatoes
Whiskey rum
Distillation of fermented molasses
Whiskey Brandy
Distillation of wine
Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
Do not affect electron flow, act by dissipating the proton gradient, are hydrophobic substances
rotavirus
Double-stranded RNA genome; the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis with about 600,000 deaths annually worldwide; infected children can pass 1014 virions per gram of stool; a new effective vaccine prevents 75% of cases
A positive MUG test indicates most specifically, the presence of ________.
E. coli
NOT one of the 3 organisms in AOAC use-dilution test
E. coli
a positive MUG test indicates the presence of...
E. coli
Consists of cytochromes and iron sulfur proteins
ECC
Hydrogen atom "juicing"; proton gradient is formed
ECC
Blood test to screen HIV
ELISA
Involves enzyme-conjugated antibodies
ELISA
Filovirus
Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic fevers. Bats. Virons attack macrophages and liver. Viral glycoproteins (allow blood leakage)
Developed smallpox immunization using cowpox agent
Edward Jenner
Use dilation test and Kelsey Sykes capacity test are methods designed for measuring
Efficiency of a disinfectant
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
Endocarditis (tongue piercing) Facultative oral commensals
Malachite green is associated with which of the following stain procedures
Endoscope stain
Group D strep
Enterococcus
Borellia recurrentis
Epidemic relapsing fever. Septicemia. Lice. Presence of spirochetes
HHV4
Epstein-Barr virus Virons. Invaded B cells
Togavirus
Equine encephalitis: already by mosquitoes and horses. Birds natural host. Infects brain Rubella: 3 day measles. Rash. Birth defects. Skin lesions Arbovirus (transmitted by arthropods...biting animal)
macrolide 50s
Erythromycin
All of the following are produced during aerobic respiration except
Ethyl alcohol
It has been determined that native human papillomavirus is resistant to inactivation by
Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, glutsraldehyde (all of the above)
Neiseria gonnherae
Gonorrhea. Male: rectal and pharyngeal infections. Female: asymptomatic or Salpingitis. Children: gonococcal ophthalmia (eye infection) Attachment pili. Pyogenic (lots of pus)
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea. Virulence factor is attachment pili. Painful urination in males, females asymptomatic. sexual contact transmission.
Leptospira interrogans
Humans are infected with this zoonotic pathogen through exposure to contaminated urine; it can cause kidney and liver dysfunction; it is a thin spirochete with one end hooked like a question mark.
Neisseria meningitidis: Virulence
Humans are the only natural carrier, causes infection when normal flora migrate into the blood/CSF. Capsule and endotoxin.
NAD and FAD are classified as
Hydrogen atom carriers
Most abundant antibody in secretions
IgA
Produced in greatest abundance each day by the body
IgA
No other function besides B cell receptor
IgD
Attaches to mast cells and basophils; involved in allergies
IgE
Can cross the placenta
IgG
Main serum antibody; has longest serum half life
IgG
Can fix complement
IgG and IgM
Exists most commonly as a pentamer
IgM
Produced at first response to antigen and can serve as B cell receptor
IgM
Has a J chain for joining more than one unit together
IgM and IgA
separate proteins in a gel, then add anti sera in a trough; precipitation arcs simultaneously identify multiple specific proteins in a serum
Immunoelectrophoresis
Methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, etc are all
Immunosuppressive drugs used to treat graft rejections
Immunologically privileged sites
Include cornea, testes, etc Can be grafted lack of blood vessels, dendritic cells, etc AKA all of the above
Adjuvants
Increase the antigenicity of a vaccine, often stimulate local inflammation, include substances like alum/saponin (all of the above)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infects lungs of cystic fibrosis. Fruity odor. Common infector of sever burns Biofilm (anti phagocytic)
Chlamydia trachomatis
Infects mucosal tissues, including the eyes and genitals. STD and ocular disease in children.
Listeria Monocytogenes
Ingestion of contaminated milk or meat. Pregnant or immuno-compromised people are susceptible. Presence of bacteria in the CSF is diagnosis.
Clostridium difficile
Intestinal microbiota, minor infections can cause explosive diarrhea, Fecal Transplants
Difference between ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation is
Ionizing: shorter wavelength, penetrates better, and is used to sterilize (all of the above)
Catalase
Is one of the fastest enzymes
Catalase
Is one of the fastest enzymes known, breaks down hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen gas and water, is found almost exclusively in bacteria capable of respiration (all of the above)
The reason visible light is relatively limited in its usefulness for microscopy is
It's wavelength is too long to enable high resolution of very small objects
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation
Itching
Father of Epidemiology
John Snow
Aseptic surgery (mists of phenol)
Joseph Lister
HHV8
KSHV (kaposi's sarcoma) - large DNA tumor virus
Human, animal and plant pathogens
Known bioterrorist agents are:
The 2 pathways that are capable of substrate-level phosphorylation
Kreb and glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA goes in; NADH, FADH2, and GTP come out
Kreb cycle
Carbon dioxide is a by product of which if the following
Kreb cycle and fermentation
Viridans Streptococci
Lack group specific carbs and cannot be grouped by the Lancefield system. Many produce a green discoloration when grown on blood media (α-hemol.) Normally inhabit the mouth, pharynx, GI tract, genital tract, and urinary tract. One of the causes of dental caries (dental plaque production). If they enter the blood, can cause meningitis and endocarditis
First person to see bacteria
Leeuwenhoek
Legionella pneumophilia
Legionnaires disease. Pneumonia Intercellular parasites. Pleomorphic bacterium. Drinkers/smokers for arthritis
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy (Hansen's disease); Tuberculoid leprosy milder than Leprotamous. T: high cell mediated, low antibody. Loss of sensation L: low cell mediated, high antibody. Gradual tissue destruction
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy. 2 forms: Tuberculoid (cell mediated, low antibody, loss of sensation to skin) and Lepromatous (low cell mediated, high antibody, tissue destruction). Cannot be cultivated in-vitro.
Leptospira interrogans
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease). Kidney failure Most widespread zoonic disease. Site of infection=liver and kidney
HHV1
Lesions Mouth. Casual contact of children
Ability to multiply at fridge temps; dangerous to pregnant women
Listeria monocytogens
Virulence is tied to its ability to escape phagosomes and polymerize cell actin
Listeria monocytogens
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Localized periodontitis (bone loss in teeth) Facultative oral commensals
borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease, tickborne, causes bulls eye rash, arthritis, and neuro symptoms.
Borellia burgdorferi
Lyme disease. Rheumatoid arthritis. Arthalgias/myalgias. Red "bull's eye" Tickborn (deer tick)
Pasteurella multocida
Lymph nodes/inflammation Animal bites/scratches
T cell receptors of T CYTOTOXIC cells looks for this protein
MHC 1
T cell receptors of t HELPER cells look for this protein
MHC 2
Cytotoxic T cell receptors bind with these in complex with foreign peptide fragments
MHC class 1
Super antigens like TSS cross link these
MHC class 2
Combines with endogenous antigenic fragments in the ER
MHC class I
Found on every nucleated cell of the body
MHC class I
Combines with exogenous antigenic fragments within endosomes
MHC class II
Found only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
MHC class II
Phagocyte which can be activated to be a more efficient killer
Macrophage
TISSUE cells which contain preformed inflammatory mediators
Mast cells
paramyxoviruses
Measles--> rubeola, prevented by MMR vaccine, Koplik's spots and SSPE Mumps--> infects the upper respiratory tract, parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result, prevented by MMR vaccine
Paramyxovirus (morbillivirus)
Measles: Koplik's spots (lesions) on mouth>>rest of body
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Melioidosis; highly variable symptoms, high mortality rate, infectious dose is very low.
N. meningitidis: Disease
Meningococcal meningitis causes death in 6 hours, also causes blood poisoning. 85% mortality if left untreated.
NEISERIA MENINGITIS
Meningococcal septicemia (blood poisoning). Hemorrhagic legions. Nausea Invade blood/cerebrospinal fluid. Found in dorms/barracks. Capsule and endotoxin
Causes "black hairy tongue"
Metronidazole
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin in the cell
Mitochondria
Which of the following is not a lymphocyte
Monocytes
The endospore stain and the gram stain have all of the following in common except
Mordant
Campylobacter jejuni
Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in US, poultry is common source, infection is self-limiting through diarrhea.
N. gonorrhoeae: Disease
Most common reportable disease, painful pus discharge in males but often asymptomatic in females, can be passed to the newborn.
Salmonella enterica
Most infections in humans result from consumption of food contaminated with animal feces; it is particularly common in poultry, eggs, and reptiles; it also causes diarrhea.
Paramyxovirus (rubolavirus)
Mumps: parotid glands inflame. Orchitis
Rickettsia typhi
Murine (endemic) typhus Rodents (rats/fleas)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Virulence
Mycolic acid in cell wall makes it difficult to phagocytize
Has no cell wall and an obligate requirement for cholesterol
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Cell would be least permeable to
Na+ (any charged particle)
Silage
Natural fermentation of corn, grass or grain stock
Lymphocyte that is part of innate immunity
Natural killer cell
causes life threatening disease in individuals experiencing crowded and stressful living conditions. More common in miliary barracks, prisons, college dorms.
Neisseria meningitidis
Streptomyces
No diseases; source of most of our antibiotics
Nocardia
Nocardiosis Maybe cause TB like pulmonary disease that can progress to form abscesses which may spread to the brain
Bacteroides fragilis
Normal flora of intestinal/upper respiratory, involved in gastrointestinal disease.
RBC is placed into an isotonic solution
Nothing happens
3 types of antigens that are used to serotype enteric bacteria
O (outer membrane) K (capsular) H (flagellar)
Antigen for Serotyping Enteric Bacteria
O (outer membrane),K (capsular), and H (flagellar)
the three types of antigens that are used to serotype enteric bacteria
O- outer membrane C- capsular antigens F- flagellar antigens
3 types of antigens used to serotype enteric bacteria
O-outer membrane K- capsular antigen H- flagellar
Clostridium Tetani
Obligate Anaerobe, endospore, forming, gram positive rod, Upiquitous in soil, dust and GI tract. Causes lock jaw, tetanus. Tetanus results when endospores germinate and produce toxins. Tetanus results in spasms and contractions and can cause death (no exhale). Inhibits glycine release (neurotransmitter)
Coxiella burnetii
Obligate intracellular parasite, extremely small, causes Q fever. Spread via animals, common in ranchers/veterinarians
S. Epidermidis
On the skin, Coagulase negative, usually mannitol negative; mostly opportunistic infections.
Retroviruses (general)
Oncogenic and AIDS polyhedral capsids with spiked envelopes. Reverse transcriptase
Chlamydophila psittaci
Ornithosis (disease of birds). Flu-like symptoms
Antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other in gel
Ouchterlony
Brucella Melitensis
Ovine brucellosis, MALTA FEVER.
Semicritical instruments
PAA based disinfectants
Papillomavirus
Papilloma (warts) Capsid with 72 star-shaped capsomers. One of most common STI's
retroviruses - parvoviruses
Parvoviruses- the only pathogen of humans with a single stranded DNA genome, causes erythema infectiosum or fifth disease in humans
Developed first rabis vaccine
Pasteur
Disproved spontaneous generation (swan flasks)
Pasteur
Magic bullet
Paul Ehrlich
Responsible for the highest percentage of drug allergies
Penicillin G
first antibiotic used in humans
Penicillin G
Polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides
Peptidoglycan
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis)
Prevotella intermedia
Periodontal infections (gingivitis>>periogingivitis...main indicator is bone loss). Gynecological and abdominal infections. Brain abscesses Spirochetes. Selenomonas species
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Periodontitis
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis, or whopping cough, mostly in children. Four stages, also produces four toxins.
Have a central role in conjugation
Pili
GN cells immediately following counterstain
Pink
Haemophilus influenze
Pink eye (conjunctivitis). Aegyptius. Meningitis in infants. Otitis media. Epiglotittis Polysaccharide capsule (resist phagocytosis)
Treponema carateum
Pinta (scarring/ disfigurement) Skin-to-skin contact
Which cells are NOT part of the mononuclear phagocytic system
Plasma cells
make and secrete antibodies
Plasma cells
Plant cell placed into a hypertonic solution
Plasmolysis
Picornavirus (enterovirus)
Poliovirus (polio), hep A virus (infectious hepatitis), coxsackieviruses, echovirus, hep E (enteric hep) Contaminated food. Pharynx and intestine
Haemophilus influenzae
Polysaccharide capsule prevents phagocytosis. Causes pink eye, ear infections.
3 types of M. TB
Primary TB - initial infection with M TB Secondary TB - active infection after a period of dormancy Disseminated TB - infection throughout the whole body
different stages of treponema pallidum pallidum
Primary: chancre (small lesions) secondary: rash (all over body) Latent Tertiary: gumma (huge legions)
Clostridum Perfringens
Produces 11 toxins that can cause irreversible damage. Causes food poisoning and gas gangrene.
All of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella are true except
Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin.
Which of the following microorganisms is known for, and classified by its variety of locomotive structures?
Protozoa
Which of the following microorganisms is noted for and classified by its variety of locomotive structures
Protozoa
thought question: the plant associated organism that is a major cause of nosocomial infections, especially in hospital burn wards is?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
GN cells following mordant
Purple
GP after all steps in gram stain
Purple
Gram positive cells immediately after the primary stain
Purple
Gram positive cells immediately following the counterstain
Purple
Gram-negative cells immediately following the primary stains
Purple
Gram-positive immediately following decolonization
Purple
Coxiella burnetii
Q fever Spore (can survive harsh environment). Obligate intracellular parasite
Inhibits BACTERIAL DNA gyrase
Quinolone
Borrelia recurrentis
RELAPSING FEVER, infected humans are only natural reservoirs.
Rhabdovirus
Rabies Bats. Hydrophobia (neurological complications)
Antigen quantitated by measuring diameter of precipitation ring
Radial immunodiffusion
A. aphrophilus
Rare endocarditis from tongue piercings.
aggregatibacter Aphrophilu
Rare type of endocarditis (tongue Piercing)
Disproved spontaneous generation (flies from meat); father of scientific method)
Redi
Nocardia
Related to actinomyces. Found in the soil, cause TB like pulmonary disease which can lead to abscesses in the brain.
The primary purpose of the kreb cycle is to
Remove H atoms from organic compounds and place them onto NAD and FAD
Empty magnification results from increasing magnification without increasing the
Resolution
Antiviral guanosine analog; used to treat RSV infections
Ribavirin
Arena virus
Ribosomes (Sandy appearance) Hemorrhagic fever: Lasss and Junin fevers. Internal bleeding Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: house mice. Abiphasic febrile illness>>meningitis and encephalitis Hep D: liver cancer. Requires Hep B to become virulent (satellite virus). Doesn't have glycoproteins needed to attach to liver cells and must steal them from Hep B
Used to treat TB
Rifampin
Petri dishes, agar, and staining originated in his lab
Robert Koch
Pioneered the cultivation of bacteria on solid media
Robert Koch
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Infected ticks
Rickettsia typhi
Rodents are reservoirs, fleas transmit the disease. Causes endemic/murine typhus.
HHV6/7
Roseola infantum (rash on body). Linked to MS might make person more susceptible to AIDS. Orphan virus
Whiskey Rye
Rye
4 well define shell species
S. boydii S. sonnei (most commonly in industrialized nations) S. flexneri (most common in developing countries) S dysenteriae (a more serious disease than the other species
Patient fails to develop T and B cells
SCID
Human Herpes Virus II
STD, 85% of genital herpes cases
Salmonella enterica
Salmonellosis Feces contaminated food
yogurt production
Scald milk to 80C, cool to 65C. Innoculate with streptococcus thermopiles and lactobacillis bulgaricus. Microbial succession, ST first, pH drops and it slows, LB then grows more, further lowering pH. Incubate between 42-44 C for 16-24 hours
All of the following microscopes are limited to useful magnifications except...
Scanning tunneling
Poxiviridae (smallpox)
Scarring face Varioles. First human disease to be eradicated
Orientia Tsutsugamushi
Scrub typhus, transmitted by infected chigger mites
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Synonymous with cystic fibrosis, very common outside the body and very drug resistant. Generally affects immunocompromised patients. Also causes blue-green pigment in burn victims.
Antigen recognition by T cells
T cell receptors
Cells which direct and regulate the acquire immune response
T cells
Which T cell population would you expect to provide help for B cells in the generation of an antibody response?
T follicular helper cells
Bartonella quintana
TRENCH FEVER(5-day fever)
Salmonella typhi
TYPHOID FEVER, chronic infection of gallbladder, orgs penetrate intestine into the blood
Salmonella typhi
TYPHOID FEVER, chronic infection of gallbladder, orgs penetrate intestine into the blood. Bacteremia. Peritonitis Feces contaminated food. M cells. Aptosis
Borax-spectrum drug that inhibits protein synthesis; binds with calcium
Tetracycline
drinking water have a count of 0 coliform bacteria per 100 ml.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that
An adjuvant increases
The immunogenicity of a vaccine
What is the reason there is no vaccine for the common cold
There are so many different viruses from multiple families that cause the common cold
togavirus
This causes Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis; it is transmitted by mosquitoes; it also causes rubella or the German measles.
human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
This causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer often seen in AIDS patients.
Borrelia burgdorferi
This causes Lyme disease; it is transmitted by Ixodes hard ticks; it causes a bull's-eye rash, neurological symptoms, and arthritis that can last for years.
Rickettsia rickettsii
This causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever; it is transmitted by Dermacentor hard ticks.
flavivirus
This causes West Nile encephalitis, dengue fever, and yellow fever; it is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Neisseria meningitidis
This causes a life-threatening disease in individuals experiencing crowded and stressful living conditions. It is much more common in military barracks, prisons, and college dormitories. The bacteria are gram-negative cocci that infect the central nervous system.
varicella-zoster virus (HHV-3)
This causes chicken pox and shingles.
Rickettsia prowazekii
This causes epidemic typhus; it is spread by human body louse; a recurrent, milder disease is called Brill-Zinsser disease.
Helicobacter pylori
This causes gastritis and most peptic ulcers; it produces a potent urease to neutralize stomach acid.
human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1)
This causes gingivostomatitis and recurrent cold sores.
Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
This causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma.
Borrelia recurrentis
This causes louse-borne relapsing fever; infected humans are the only natural reservoirs; it is marked by recurrent episodes of septicemia and fever due to antigenic variation.
rhinovirus
This causes most of the common colds; over 100 serotypes exist.
variola
This causes smallpox.
Yersinia pestis
This causes the plague or "black death." It has probably killed more humans than any other single infectious agent; it is transmitted by flea bites or infectious aerosols.
Treponema pallidum pallidum
This causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis; it is an obligate anaerobic spirochete pathogen of humans.
Francisella
This causes tularemia, rabbit fever, or tick fever; it is one of the smallest, but most infectious organisms known; it has a wide host range, but it is not found south of the equator.
Brucella melitensis
This causes undulant fever or Bang's disease or Malta fever; humans contract the disease from unpasteurized dairy products or contact with infected animal tissue; it also causes abortive diseases in animals.
Bordetella pertussis
This causes whooping cough; it produces four toxins that interfere with the ciliary escalator of the respiratory tract.
rhabdovirus
This is a bullet-shaped virus that causes rabies in animals and humans.
Vibrio cholera
This is a curved gram-negative rod that causes explosive diarrhea; the toxin activates adenylate cyclase causing fluid and electrolyte loss; pandemic strains are O1 El Tor and O139 Bengal.
adenovirus
This is a mid-sized, naked icosahedral DNA virus with spikes at the vertices; it causes respiratory disease epidemics on military bases; it can also cause diarrhea and pinkeye.
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
This is a paramyxovirus that causes a severe respiratory disease in young children and infants; it is the leading cause of fatal respiratory disease in this age group; 2,000 deaths occur each year.
mumps virus (rubulavirus)
This is a paramyxovirus that infects the upper respiratory tract, then causes a viremia which infects other areas of the body. Parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result; it can be prevented by MMR vaccine.
measles virus (morbillivirus)
This is a paramyxovirus that is very contagious and causes one of the five classical childhood diseases called rubeola; it is associated with Koplik's spots and SSPE; it can be prevented by the MMR vaccine.
polyomavirus
This is a small DNA virus that causes tumors in humans and animals; examples are BK and JC viruses. JC can cause a rare fatal disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
papillomavirus
This is a small DNA virus that causes warts; infection with some types can be prevented by the vaccine Gardasil.
Bartonella species
This is an aerobic capnophilic pathogen of humans only; it causes severe anemia, trench fever, and cat-scratch disease.
poliovirus
This is an enterovirus that caused epidemics of paralysis which were particularly frightening for parents from the 1930s through the 1950s. Famous victims of this disease were Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Itzhak Perlman.
retrovirus
This is an ssRNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA from its RNA genome, which is then integrated into the host genome; HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV are examples.
Campylobacter jejuni
This is likely the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States; it is a curved rod that is microaerophilic and capnophilic; it also causes a zoonotic disease most often from contaminated poultry.
coronavirus
This is the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which was first identified in the winter of 2002-2003 in China's Guangdong province.
Chlamydia trachomatis
This is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans; it is an energy parasite with a two-stage life cycle; it also causes one of the most common sexually transmitted organisms in the United States: lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) strain.
Escherichia coli
This is the most common cause of non-nosocomial urinary tract infections, usually in women; it is also the cause of the life-threatening disease known as hemolytic uremic syndrome.
parvovirus
This is the only pathogen of humans with a single-stranded DNA genome; it is the smallest DNA virus; it causes erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease, in humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
This possesses many virulence factors. It is responsible for about 10% of nosocomial infections, especially in burn wards; it also infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and produces pyocyanin, a blue-green pigment.
orthomyxovirus
This virus causes annual pandemics of influenza; it is categorized by the types of H and N spikes on the virion envelope (e.g., H1N3).
bunyavirus
This virus causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the Four Corners area of the United States in 1993.
filovirus
This virus causes severe hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg.
arenavirus
This virus causes zoonoses that include hemorrhagic fevers named for locales where they occur, like Lassa, Junin, Sabiá, and Machupo; capsids contain ribosomes that give it a sandy appearance.
rotavirus (reovirus)
This virus has a double-stranded RNA genome; it is also the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis with about 600,000 deaths annually worldwide; infected children can pass 1014 virions per gram of stool; a new, effective vaccine prevents 75% of cases.
hepatitis B virus
This virus's genomic DNA is partly single-stranded and partly double-stranded; it replicates through an RNA intermediary; it cannot be grown in cell culture; it is also very infectious.
Legionella pneumophila
This was unknown prior to 1976; it lives inside amoebae; humans are infected by inhaling aerosols produced by showers, vaporizers, air conditioning systems, and hot tubs; it causes a pneumonia or a flu-like illness called Pontiac fever.
Rubella
Togavirus, causes German (3 day) measles. Causes birth defects if pregnant mother is infected.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Trachoma (disease of eye). Genital elephantitis Elementary bodies (only infectious). Reticular bodies (only growing). Don't have peptidoglycan
hepatitis D virus
Transmission through body fluids, liver cancer, requires Hep B to become virulent (satellite virus)
Rickettsia prowazeki
Transmitted by body lice, causes epidemic typhus.
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Transmitted by chigger mites, causes scrub typhus.
Rickettsia rickettsii
Transmitted by wood ticks, causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
Bartonella quintana
Trench (5 day) fever, spread by body lice. Fever can return every five days.
Bartonella quintana
Trench fever (5-day fever). Pain in long bones. Spread by lice
thought question: which spirochete below has not been grown in vitro?
Treponema pallidum pallidum
Commonly combined with sulfanilamide; inhibits tetrahydrofolate synthesis?
Trimethoprim
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: disease
Tuberculosis: respiratory disease Declining in US, pandemic elsewhere Three types: primary is often asymptomatic, secondary is reactivation of primary infection, disseminated TB spread through lymph.
Francisella tularensis
Tularemia (deerfly/rabbit fever) Endotoxins, capsule, pili. Infected tick. Commonly misdiagnosed
A motile photosynthetic bacterium moving toward a light source would
Tumble less and have longer runs (B and D)
Polyomavirus
Tumors, leukoencepholopathy (brain cancer).
bartonella bacilliformis
Two forms of bartonellosis -oroya fever verruga peruana Invades RBC spread through sand flies
Bartonella Baciliformis
Two forms: Oroya feber (acute, fatal, ANEMIA) and Verruga peruana (non fatal skin disease)
Asthma
Type 1
Systems exposure to an allergen that results in anaphylactic shock
Type 1
rheumatoid arthritis
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to latex gloves
Type 4
Reaction to poison ivy
Type 4 hypersensitivity
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Type II
Drug induced anemia
Type II hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmers lung)
Type III hypersensitivity
Positive TB skin test
Type IV hypersensitivity
The only hypersensitivity NOT mediated by antibody
Type IV hypersensitivity
Bioterrorism
Used microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations 3 types: human, animal, plants
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor that is used to treat MRSA
Vancomycin
Human Herpes Virus III
Varicella-Zoster viruses, causes chicken pox and shingles in latency.
HHV3
Varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox-children). Herpes zooster (shingles-adults) Enters through respiratory/eyes
dental caries
Viridans streptococci
Whiskey Gin
Vodka with added flavoring from juniper berries
discovered streptomycin
Waksman
Flavivirus (arbovirus)
West Nile: spread by mosquitoes. Encephalitis Dengue fever: aedes mosquitoes. Tropical location. Breakbone fever and rash. Hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever: aedes mosquitoes. Massive hemorrhaging. Liver damage (jaundice) Zika virus: mosquitoes. Conjunctivitis. Pregnancy (microcephaly). Guillian-Barre Stndrome Hep C: chronic infection. Liver damage
Labeled antibody used to detect protein on a membrane
Western blot
Labeled antibody used to detect protein on membrane
Western blot
Bordetella pertussis
Whooping cough Adhesions and pertussis toxin (4 toxins)
3 domains based on rRNA sequences
Woese
Treponema pertenue
Yaws (skin lesions) Contact with bacteria
Flaviviruses II
Yellow Fever, which causes liver, kidney and heart damage and massive hemorrhaging.
Flaviviruses III
Zika Virus, pregnancy while infected causes microcephaly.
Vinegar production occurs through the oxidation of ethanol by
acetic acid bacteria Starting material: fruits, veggies, grains
Mycolic acids
acid fast only
The complement system provides all of the following useful functions except
activation of macrophages
Prevotella intermedia
acute necrotizing gingivitis
midsized naked icosahedral dna virus with spikes at the verticies, causes respiratory disease epidemics on military bases, can cause diarrhea and pink eye
adenovirus
legionella pneumophila
aerobic, pleomorphic bacterium. inhabitants of water. causes legionnaires disease, results in pneumonia. Inhaling aerosols transmission. Causes flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. Unknown prior to 1976.
Which of the following organisms are responsible for red tides involved in shellfish poisoning
algae
Known bioterrist agents are: a. human pathogens b. animal pathogens c. plant pathogens d. all of the above
all of the above
In a traditional sewage treatment facility, the treatment of primary sludge involves
anaerobic digestion and the production of methane
thought question: A sudden radical change in the H and/or N antigens of the influenza virus is termed ________.
antigenic shift
The main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics is
antiseptics can be used on tissue
viroids ______
are naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only
causes zoonoses that include hemorrhagic fevers named for locales where they occur, like Lassa, Junin, Sabia, and MAchupo, capsides contain ribosomes that give them a sandy appearance
arenavirus
You get the MMR vaccine and are immune to measles
artificially acquired active
Bordetella Pertussis
attaches to ciliated epithelial cells through 2 adhesions, produces 4 toxins that interfere with ciliary escalatory of the respiratory tract including: pertussis, adenylate cyclase, dermonecrotic, tracheal. Causes WHOOPING COUGH.
Responsible for motility in spirochetes
axial filaments
cutaneous form of this disease caused by this organism results in a black eschar lesion, a CDC select agent
bacillus anthracis
aerobic capnophilic pathogen of humans only, causes severe anemia, trench fever, and cat scratch disease.
bartonella species
Fatty acids are broken down, 2 carbons at a time
beta oxidation
Protein A on the surface of S aureus is a virulence factor because it
binds antibody by the Fc end
Primary lymphoid tissue
bone marrow and thymus; is where cells of acquired immunity develop
causes whooping cough, produces 4 toxins that intefere with the ciliary escalator of the respiratory tract
bordetella pertussis
causes lyme disease, transmitted by ticks, causes bulls eye rash
borrelia burgdorferi
causes louse-borne relapsing fever, humans are only natural reservoirs
borrelia recurrentis
Impetigo can be caused by
both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
In a traditional sewage treatment facility, the treatment of primary sludge involves ________.
both anaerobic digestion and the production of methane
causes undulant fever or Bang's disease or Malta fever; human contract disease from unpasteurized dairy products or contact with animal tissue
brucella melitensis
yersinia pestis
bubonic plague, diagnosed post-mortem, transmitted by flea bites or aerosols.
rhabdoviruses
bullet shaped virus that causes rabies
causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the four corners area of the U.S. in 1993
bunyavirus
most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis
campylobacter jejuni
Highly organized glycocalyx, firmly attached to the cell
capsule
Photoautotroph (carbon source)
carbon dioxide
S. Aureus
carried in 30-50% of healthy population (nose & perineum). Coagulase positive, by definition of species, usually mannitol positive; more virulent infections result when staphylococci breach the body's physical barriers. 3 Features: evade phagocytosis, enzymes and toxins allow it to increase pathogenicity. Causes food poisoning, colitis, TSS, Bacteremia, Endocarditis, Pneumonia.
2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2
catalase
retroviruses- coronaviruses
cause of SARS
filoviruses
cause severe hemorrhagic febers like ebola and marburg
retroviruses- caliciviruses
causes GI disease
orthomyxoviruses
causes annual pandemics of influenza, categorized by types of H and N spikes on virion envelope.
bunyaviruses
causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the four corners area of the U.S.
flaviviruses
causes west nile encephalitis, duggie fever, and yellow fever. Transmitted by mosquitoes.
Trepmonema pallidum pertenue
causes yas -ckin lesions that turn into draining glesions -spread by contacting bacteria from a draining lesion
arenaviruses
causes zoonosis which include hemorrhagic fevers, named for where they occur like Lassa, Junin, Sabia, and Machupo, capsids contain ribosomes that give them a sandy appearance
leptospira interrogans
causes zoonotic disease leptospirosis, gains access to invisible cuts and abrasions in skin, through exposure to contaminated urine, causes kidney and liver disfunction, one end hooked like a question mark.
Composed of phospholipids and proteins
cell membrane
thought question: paralytic polio was once considered a disease of developed countries because...
children in developed countries are not exposed to the virus until they are older and maternal Ab has waned
One of 2 organelles explained in endosymbiotic theory
chloroplasts
causes botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene
clostridium species
Psychrophiles
cold loving
Adenoviridae
common cold. Mild diarrhea. Pinkeye Naked polyhedral capsid with spikes
the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which was first identified in the winter of 02-03, in China's Guangdong province
coronavirus
coronaviruses
coronavirus (common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome
causes diphtheria
corynebacterium
HHV5
cytomegalovirus. Birth defects. Owl's eye Cells become enlarged. Most common infection in humans
Poxviruses: Unique
ddDNA, largest viruses
Whiskey
distillation of malt brews
poxviruses
double stranded DNA virus, have complex capsids and envelopes, small pox includes variola major and minor (major is more severe). One of the first to be eradicated. Molluscum cantagiosum is another example.
rotaviruses
double stranded RNA genome, most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis,
Malt
dried germinated barley
thought question: as the HIV levels rise in a patient's blood, the # of CD4 T cells....
drops
Resting structure built for survival in harsh conditions
endospore
Very dehydrated, almost ametabolic, cell survival form
endospore
lancefield group D, can grow in harsh conditions, resistant to many commonly used antibioitics (VRE), causes 10% of nosocomial infections and bacteremias, endocarditis
enterococcus species
thought question: the type of . coli that produces a toxin similar to cholera toxin and causes most cases of traveler's diarrhea is?
enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
Important in resistance to large parasites
eosinophil
A PARASITE infection is most often indicated by an increase number of peripheral blood ___
eosinophils
Rickettsia Prowazekii
epidemic typhus, human are primary hosts, transmitted by body lice, mortality is 70% without treatment.
thought question: the major virulence factor of N. gonorrhoeae is?
epithelial cell attachment pili
Causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitts lymphoma
epstein barr virus (HHV-4)
most common cause of non-nosocomial UTIs, usually in women, cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome
escherichia coli
causes severe hemorrhagic fevers like ebola and marburg
filovirus
causes west nile encephalitis, dengue fever, and yellow fever, transmitted by MOSQUITOES
flavivirus
Requires an ultraviolet light source
fluorescent antibody test
Lyophilization
freeze drying
helicobacter pylori
gastritis and ulcers. stomach cancer cofactor. produces urease that produces ammonia and bicarbonate which allows it to survive.
E Coli
gastroenteritis. Pyelonephritis Most important coliform. Exotoxins (shiga-like). Most common cause of UTIs. Attachment pili. Uncooked meat/unpasteurized milk
Lipid A
gram negative only
Lipopolysaccharide
gram negative only
Burkholderia Pseudomallei
gram negative rod, etiologic agent of *melioidosis, can be confused with TB, plague, etc. Fatality rate high. Infectious dose low. *Generally diagnosed postmortem
Teichoic acids
gram positive only
lancefield typing
grouping catalase negative and coagulase negative bacteria based on carbohydrate composition of bacterial antigens found on cell walls. Used to organize various members of the family streptococcaceae.
A prophage is a bacteriophage that ________.
has undergone lysogeny
prophage is a bacteriophage that...
has undergone lysogeny
Causes gastritis and most peptic ulcers, produces a potent urease to neutralize stomach acid
helicobacter pylori
Blood typing
hemagglutination
genomic dna is partly single stranded and partly double, cant be come in cell culture, very infections
hepatitis B virus
Causes gingivostomatitis and recurrent cold sores
human herpesvirus 1
Neisseria Meningitidis
humans are the only natural carrier. Can be member of normal microbiota of upper respiratory tract. Life-threatening disease when in CSF or blood. *Causes disease in individuals living in crowded and stressful living conditions*. Gram negative cocci that infect CNS.
To which of the following substances would a typical cell membrane be least permeable?
hydrogen ion (H+)
Antigen recognition molecule of B cells
immunoglobulin
Enterococcus species
important cause for hospital acquired. Previous classified as group D streptococci. Reclassified as separate genus. Forms short chains and pairs and lacks a capsule, can grow at 45 degrees, basic environments.
thought question: papillomaviruses cause disease by?
inactivating tumor suppressor gene products
hepadnaviruses
includes the Hep B virus, enveloped DNA viruses with icosahedral capsids. Replicates through RNA intermediary..
Rotavirus
infantile gastroenteritis. Part of reovirus family. Only double stranded RNA
Orthomyxoviridae
influenza Attacks lungs. Induced by cytotoxins. Hemagluttin and neuramindadse
Anti tuberculosis drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis
isoniazid and ethambutol
arenaviruses
lassavirus(Hemorrhagic fever) -deltaviruse (Hep D
causes pneumonia or pontiac fever
legionella pneumophila
humans infected by exposure to contaminated urine, can cause kidney and liver dysfunction, thin spirochete with one end hooked like a question mark
leptospira interrogans
Complement fixation results in
leukocyte chemotaxis, opsonization, lysis of foreign (all of the above)
Photoautotrophs (energy source)
light
Chlamydia Trachomatis
limited host range, one strain infects mice, all others infect humans. Infect conjunctiva, lungs, UT, genital tract. 2 main types: STD and ocular disease called trachoma (particularly in children) Leading cause of non-traumatic blindness.
whey, coli
liquid waste from cheese produciton
able to escape the cell's phagosome and propel itself around the cytosol by polymerizing host cell actin, pregnant women susceptible to infection usually from cheeses
listeria monocytogenes
francisella tularensis
living in water as intracellular parasite of animals. Causes zoonotic disease tularemia aka rabbit fever, deerfly fever, and tick fever. One of the smallest and most infectious, not found below equator.
aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
localized aggressive -periodontitis
Actinomyces
lumpy jaw, gingivitis, plaque, swollen lumpy limbs Branching bacilli. Found in soil
Which of the following is not phagocytic
lymphocyte
A viral infection is most often indicated by an increase in the number of peripheral blood
lymphocytes
dried germinated barley
malt
a paramyxovirus that is very contagious and causes one of the 5 classical childhood diseases called rubeola, associated with Koplik's spots and SSPE; prevented by MMR vaccine
measles virus (morbillivirus)
Breaks up to form platelets
megakaryocyte
Adenoviruses
mid sized naked Icosahedral DNA virus with spikes at the vertices; causes respiratory disease epidemics on military bases, can also cause diarrhea and pinkeye
campylobacter jejuni
most common cause of Gastroenteritis. Poultry contamination is main source.
haemophilus influenzae
most strains have a polysaccharide capsule that resists phagocytosis. Type B is the most significant.
Characterized by cytotoxic T cells which destroy the myelin sheath around nervous tissue
multiple sclerosis
a paramyxovirus that infects the upper respiratory tract, then causes a viremia which infects other areas of the body. Parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result, prevented by MMR virus
mumps virus (rubulavirus)
fruit solids and juices related to wine production
must
acid fast pathogen, one third of the world's population is infected,
mycobacterium tuberculosis
viroids
naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only
Lymphocytes which destroy aberrant cells nonspecifically
natural killer cell
You contract the mumps from a friend and recover
naturally acquired active
A baby receives protective antibody from breast milk
naturally acquired passive
thought question: what types of cells are infected with the rabies virus that leads to pathology?
nerve cells
Most common leukocyte in the blood
neutrophil
Phagocytic cells of acute inflammation
neutrophil
thought question: what type is honey considered?
nonperishable
pasteurella multocida
normal microbiota in oral and nasal cavities of animals. Spread via animal vites.
caliciviruses
norovirus or acute gastroenteritis
Burkholderia Mallei
not found in environment, GLANDERS IN HORSES, serious human infections.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
not part of normal microbiota, cystic fibrosis patients, common infector of BURNS, blue green pigment and fruity odor.
Plant cell is placed into a hypotonic solution
nothing happens
Increases phagocytosis
opsonin
Chemoheterotroph (carbon source)
organic compounds
Chemoheterotroph (energy source)
organic compounds
hepadnaviruses
orthohepadnavirus (HEP B)
caues annual pandemics of influenza, categorized by types of H and N spies on the virion envelope
orthomyxovirus
thought question: the chemical process of making vinegar (acetic acid) from ethanol in wine would be?
oxidation
small dna virus that causes warts
papillomavirus
only pathogen of humans with a single stranded DNA genome, smallest dna virus, causes fifth disease in humans
parvovirus
Which of the following industrial products would be classified as a secondary metabolite
penicilin
Which of the following industrial products would be classified as a secondary metabolite
penicillin
Which of the following industrial products would be classified as a secondary metabolite?
penicillin
Rigid, strong part of bacterial cell wall
peptidoglycan
porphyromonas gingivalis
periodontal disease and atherosclerosis.
H2O2 + NADH + H-> 2H2O + NAD=
peroxidase
Have a central role in conjugation
pili
Serum
plasma without fibrinogen, is obtained by allowing blood to clot, contains antibodies (all of the above)
an enterovirus that caused epidemics of paralysis in children during the 1900s.
poliovirus
small dna viruses that cause tumors in humans, examples are BK and JC viruses. JC can causes a rare fatal disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
polyomavirus
Most bacterial capsules are composed of
polysaccharides
thought question: ethyl alcohol produced in the making of wine is an example of a?
primary metabolite
All of the following are associated with an electron microscope except
prism
polymarivirus
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Complement system was so named because
proteins involved complement the actions of antibodies
Passive immunity
provides immediate, short-term protection
possesses many virulence factors, responsible for about 10% of nosocomial infections, especially in burn wards, infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and produces a blue-green pigment
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Coliform
rapidly ferment lactose, are part of normal microbiota, may be opportunistic, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Found in soil and plants. Presence in water= impure water and poor sewage treatment
aggregatibacter aphrophilus
rare type of endocarditis (tongue piercing)
The production of monoclonal antibody
requires the use of myeloma cells, requires the construction of hybridomas, has revolutionized clinical diagnostic testing (all of the above)
a paromyxovirus that causes a severe respiratory disease in young kids and infants, leading cause of fatal respiratory disease in this age group
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
ssRNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA from its RNA genome, which is then integrated into the host genome, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV are examples
retrovirus
Bullet shaped virus that causes rabies
rhabdovirus
causes most common colds
rhinovirus
80s in eukaryotes, 70s in prokaryotes
ribosomes
Composed of RNA and protein, major role in protein synthesis
ribosomes
causes epidemic typhus, spread by louse
rickettsia prowazekii
causes rocky mountain spotted fever, transmitted by ticks
rickettsia rickettsii
Rickettsia Rickettsii
rocky mountain spotted fever, wood ticks.
rickettsia typhi
rodents are resevoirs, endemic or murine typhus, infected fleas spread, mortality less than 5%.
double stranded RNA genome, most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis
rotavirus
thought question: what structures become infected and painfully enlarged during mumps?
salivary glands
most infections in humans result from consumption of food contaminated with animal feces; particularly common in poultry, eggs, and reptiles. causes diarrhea.
salmonella enterica
thought question: which disease is transmitted by chiggers or red mites?
scrub typhus
Natural fermentation of corn, grass, or grain stocks
silage
natural fermentation of corn, grass, or grain stocks
silage
coxiella burnetii
small, aerobic. formation of a spore enables it to survive harsh conditions. Farm animals and pets are resevoirs for human disease. Causes Q-FEVER. (ranchers)
Propionibacterium acnes
small, gram-positive rods. Causes ACNE.
picornaviruses
smallest of animal viruses, cause diseases in: rhinovirus and enterovirus
Retroviruses
ssRNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA from its RNA genome, which is then integrated into the host genome; HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV are examples.
causes impetigo, boils, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome
staphylococcus aereus
Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
stop electron flow
causes otitis media, pneumonia (85% of all cases), and meningitis
streptococcus pneumoniae
causes pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and necrotizing fasciitis
streptococcus pyogenes
Antimicrobial in mop water
substituted phenols
During the lag phase, organisms are:
synthesizing necessary enzymes without dividing much
Characterized by autoantibodies against nuclear material
systemic lupus erythematosus
Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration
the nature of the terminal electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in:
the nature of the terminal electron acceptor
For a mesophile, the min temp of an organism is
the temp above which an org will not grow
Number of phosphates in ATP
three
causes encephalitis, transmitted by mosquitoes, also cause rubella or the german measles
togavirus
causes syphilis
treponema pallidum pallidum
thought question: the most common site of human herpesvirus 1 latency is the?
trigeminal nerve ganglion
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Virulence
tubercle formed, then ruptures spreading the virus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculosis 3 types: primary, secondary, disseminated. Reservoir is the human lung. Low infectious dose. Cord factor
Agroterrorism
use of microorganisms to terrorize human population by destroying food supply
causes smallpox
variola
explosive diarrhea
vibrio cholarae
produce the matrix of dental plaque and cause dental caries
viridans streptococci
Potable water
water that is safe to drink
liquid waste from cheese production
whey
sugary liquid from malted barley that is fermented in beer production
wort
causes the plague or black death, transmitted by flea bites
yersinia pestis
Mycobacterium Leprae
- causes leprosy - transmission is person to person contact or through a break in skin - not grown on culture - long incubation periods -endemic in tropical and subtropical - can only be cultivated in footballs of mice and bellies of armadillos BCG vaccine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- causes respiratory diseases via inhalation of respiratory droplets - consumption disease is the disease nickname - kills 3 people every minute - cell wall and cord factor are found in virulent strains - diagnosed by skin test and x-rays - BCG vaccine
thought question: West Nile virus and the yellow fever virus are similar in that they are both?
- flaviviruses - transmitted by Aedes mosquitos
thought question: Chlamydia trachomatis?
- is a major cause of blindness - is a major cause of STIs - is an obligate intracellular parasite
thought question: Haemophilus species can cause?
- meningitis - STI's - eye infections - respiratory tract infections
cutibacterium (propionibacterium) acnes
- most commonly involved in human infections, natural. flora to skin - causes acnes - opportunistic - treatment: antimicrobial drugs, If needed
Nocardia
- partially acid fast to acid fast soil bacilli -Virulence factors: ---release of cord factor, which protects it from phagocytosis ---catalase production which inactivates oxygen metabolites which would normally be toxic to bacteria - may cause TB like disease -pulmonary extension
thought question: All of the following contributed to the elimination of smallpox from the planet except one. Choose the exception.
- the availability of an inexpensive, stable, and effective vaccine - the lack of animal reservoirs - the lack of asymptomatic cases - (F) variola minor strains induced greater immunity
Viruses are classified by ________.
- their shape - their size - the presence or absence of an envelope - their type of nucleic acid
two types of M. Leprae
- tuberculoid leprosy high cell mediated response non progressive loss of sensation in skin lesions - lepromatous leprosy low cell mediate response produces gradual tissue destruction, loss of facial feature, digits, and other body structures
Rickettsia Prowazeki
-70% mortality rate, untreated -Causes epidemic typhus (aka: louse-borne typhus) -Diff. from other rickettsias b/c 1-human is primary host 2- bacteria fills host cells until it breaks & releases -Fever, depression, rash -Brill-Zinsser disease- recurrent disease
helicobacter pylori
-A neutrophile, it survives stomach acid by creating an "area of neutrality" by converting Urea → 2NH3 + CO2. -When it invades stomach it will thin the mucus which allows the stomach acid to create ulcers (holes) in stomach wall. -Causes gastritis -LOTS of virulence factors: protein inhibiting acid production of stomach cells, flagella to burrow thru mucous lining, adhesins, enzymes, urease,
Togaviruses
-Alphavirus(encephalitis --Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) --Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) --Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) --Rubivirus (rubella)
Life cycle of HIV and factors involved in infection and progression
-CD4 (helper T cells) count= <200mm -glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 impede the immune clearance of HIV bc antigenetic variability (gp120) and the ability to fuse with host cells (gp41) -HIV replication cycle is similar to other retroviruses
Legionella pneumophila
-Causes Legionnaires disease, which results in pneumonia -immunocompromised individuals more at risk. -intracellular parasites -Breathing in bacteria from aerosols of water sources -Control by reducing their #s
retroviruses
-Deltaretrovirus (leukemia)- HTLV-1 & HTLV-2 -Lentivirus (AIDS)
filoviruses
-Ebolavirus (Ebola hemorrhagic fever)aren -Marburg virus (Marburg hemorrhagic fever)
flavaviruses
-Flavivirus (yellow fever) -Hepacivirus (hepatitis C) -Chikungunya -Dengue and dengue Hemorrhagic fever -Encephalitis (Japanese, West Nile, St. Louis, Russian Spring-Summer)
Brucella Melitensis
-Infects animals and humans -causes STI's and abortive diseases in animals -causes brucellosis or malta fever ------mild disease ------characterized by a fluctuating fever ------infection spreads through infected animal parts or contaminated dairy products
bunyaviruses
-Orthobunyavirus (encephalitis) --La Crosse Encephalitis -Hantavirus (pneumonia) -Rift Valley Fever -Sand Fly fever -Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever
Silage production
-Pasture grass that has been pickled -used to preserve pasture...fermented once cut to preserve nutrients
Life cycle of HIV and factors involved in infection and progression
-Retrovirus -Originally called HTLV-3 -HIV attaches and enters cell by endocytosis, uncoats and synthesizes DNA, integrates and then synthesizes RNA, releases from cell and assembles and matures -Causes AIDS, replicates only in humans and destroys immune system Infects Helper T cells, found in body fluids -2 types: HIV-1 in US and Europe, HIV-2 in West Africa -Transmitted by sexual contact and IV drug use, can be transmitted across placenta and in breast milk
Rickettsia ricketssi
-Rocky Mountain spotted fever -transmitted by ticks
Salmonella Enterica
-Salmonellosis -organisms don't penetrate intestinal mucosa -Transmitted mostly from poultry products and reptile pets -usually self-limiting
diseases and unique characteristics of Hep D virus (delta virus)
-Satellite virus: requires HepB virus to become virulent -Coinfection with HepB can increase risk of permanent liver damage/cancer -Type of arenavirus -Transmission through bodily fluids via sexual activity and contaminated needles
Herpesviridae
-Simplexvirus--HHV-1 (fever blisters, cold sores, respiratory infections, encephalitis) -HHV-2 (genital infections) -HHV-3 varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) ---Varicella (chicken pox) ---Herpes zoster (shingles) -HHV-4 Lymphocryptovirus Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma) ---virions initially infect epithelial cells of the pharynx and -----parotid salivary glands ---Then it enters the bloodstream and invades B lymphocytes ---becomes latent in B cells and immortalize them by suppressing apoptosis ---Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis arise from the immune response -HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (birth defects) ---Most infections are asymptomatic ---cells become enlarged (owl's eye cell with inclusion bodies) -HHV-6: Roseolovirus (roseola), can cause mononucleosis like symptoms -HHV-8: associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (seen in AIDS patients) Virus is not found in cancer-free patients or in normal tissues of victims
Beer production
-Sugar from barley is converted to ethanol by yeast fermentation -pitching: addition of yeast culture -trub/dreg: yeast -sake: "rice wine/beer"; the starch in cooked rice is hydrolyzed to sugar by the fungus Aspergillus oryze, then the sugars are fermented by saccharomyces (alcohol content of 14%) -wort is liquid already strained -Hops: flour; flavor agent
Definition of arbovirus and major examples
-Transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks), usually result in mild, flu-like symptoms -Hemagglutination, ELISA, and agglutination assays used to diagnose - results in ---Japanese Encephalitis ---Dengue fever ---Yellow fever ---West Nile Virus ---Colorado tick fever
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-Transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact -Endemic in poor parts of the world that lack adequate immunization -Diphtheria toxin is responsible for the signs and symptoms of diphtheria -Cutaneous diphtheria causes cell death and formation of a pseudomembrane on the skin
Burkholderia Pseudomallei
-agent of Melioidosis (whit mores disease) -found in soil and water -highly variable symptoms -high fatality rate -low infectious dose -wide host range -cdc agent
antinomyces
-anaerobic gram positive filamentous soil bacilli -opportunistic infections of respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, female genitals tracts -normal microbiota of human mucous membranes - infection caused when bacteria enters. breaks in membrane -abscesses connected by channels in mucous skin membrane -difficult to diagnose
Campylobacter jejuni
-animals serve as reservoirs -humans infected by consuming contaminated food (most commonly poultry), milk, water -most common cause of bacterial GASTROENTERITIS -bloody and frequent diarrhea, self-limiting -reduced by proper food handling and prep
Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans
-associated with localized aggressive periodontitis
Papillomaviruses
-benign tumors -warts -cervical and penile cancers
Francisella tularensis
-bite of infected tick or animal -tularemia-- can spread through unbroken skin and mucous membranes so it is EXTREMELY infectious -also called rabbit fever, deer fly fever, and tick fever -CDC select agent -symptoms similar to other diseases, so it is easy to misdiagnose
yersinia pestis
-bubonic plague-characterized by high fever and swollen lymph nodes called buboes -pneumonic plague- rapid developing infection of the lungs
Characteristics of viruses
-can infect any cell -obligate intracellular -do not grow or respond to environment -cannot reproduce independently -no cytoplasmic membrane -miniscule -acellular -either DNA or RNA genome -Extracellular or intracellular states: -every single DNA virus except 1 are double stranded = parvo is single stranded -every single RNA virus except 1 are single stranded = reoviridae is double stranded -Measured in nanometers (nm)
Bartonella Henselae
-cat scratch fever, causes swells -through cat scratches or cat bites, lots of cases per year
Borrelia recurrentis
-causative agent of one type of relapsing fever (epidemic releasing fever) -transmitted to humans by crushing human body louse contents into skin or tick bites -treated with tetracyclines
Hepadnaviridae
-causes Hep B or HBC -jaundice -hepatic cancer -partial dsDNA/ssDNA -only DNA virus causing hepatitis -enveloped -replicates through RNA intermediary -cant be replicated in culture visions shed into saliva, seman, vag secretion
Borrelia burgdoferi
-causes Lyme Disease -tick borne (deer tick) -treated with penicillin or tetracycline -circular rashes around bite site -untreated patients exhibit ----expanding red "bull's eye" rash ----neuro symptoms ----arthritis
Trepmonema pallidum endemicum
-causes betel -formation of lesions around the lips and in the mouth
Leptospira Interrogans
-causes leptospirosis (weil's disease) -infection caused by exposure to infected urine of animals or contaminated water -most cases in summer -kidneys and liver are preferential sites of infection
Adenoviradae
-causes mastadenovirus (conjunctivitis or pink eye, respiratory infections) -Infection of intestinal tract=mild diarrhea -common on military bases -linear dsDNA, naked polyhedral capsid with spikes -common cold-spread via respiratory droplets
Rickettsia typi
-causes murine typhus -rodents are major reservoirs -frasmitted by infected fleas endemic in southern US low mortality rate
Clamydiophila psittaci
-causes ornithosis, bird teases that can be transmitted to humans -transmission occurs via inhalation of aerosols or contact with infected -hard to diagnose
Treponema pallidum pallidum
-causes syphilis -can only be grown on rabbit testicles -humans are the only natural source -- spread via sexual -----contact (sex workers, homosexual men, and users of illegal drugs) -Can cross the placenta (death or mental retardation and malformations)- Congenital syphilis
treponema carateum
-cuases pinta -skin disease that leaves scarring and disfigurement -skin to skin contact
Orienta tsutsugamushi
-endemic in east asia and australia -Diff: rRNA nucleotide sequences, thicker cell wall, minimal slime layer -Red mites/ chiggers -Transmit to rodents or humans -Feed on host only once. Spread from mite offspring to human -Causes scrub typhus- fever, headache, large lymph nodes, etc
picornaviruses
-enterovirus(polio) -rhinovirus (common cold) hepatovirus (Hep A)
parvoviridae
-erythema infectious (5ths disease) ---slapped face appearance ---sunlight aggravates it -only single ssDNA B19 primary parvovirus in humans -smallest of DNA viruses
Coxiella burnetii
-forms extremely small sports, obligate intracellular parasite that lives within phagolysosome -farm animals and pets are reservoirs -transmission by inhalation of infective bodies -causes Q fever, most common among ranchers, vets, and food handlers -CDC select agent
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
-gonorrhoeae is the most common reportable disease in US -virulence factor is attachment pili -males: induces inflammation pus, and painful urinations -females: 80% of cases are asymptomatic, may spread to Fallopian tubes and causes pelvic inflammatory disease -children: largest risk in newborns being infected as they pass through the birth canal and eye infection. If a child has It it is likely that they were abused -sexual contact, highest rate 20-24
Neisseria Meningitidis
-humans are the only natural carrier -member of normal microbiota in URT -respiratory droplets transmit the disease by close contact -meningococcal meningitis can result in death in 6 hours -virulent: capsule and endotoxin -13 capsular stereotypes -treatment with iv penicillin or cephalosporins, must be -treated early -85% mortality if not treated
orthomyxoviruses
-influenzavirus (flu, rarely coup)
Porphyromonas gingivalis
-invade gingival epithelial cells -implicated in periodontal disease -smoking is a risk factor
Rhabdoviruses
-lyssavirus (rabies) -Uses acytlcholine receptors, thats why it can get all mammals.
E. Coli
-most common and important of coliform -most common cause of non nosocomial urinary tract infection -gastroenteritis is the most common disease associated with E. coli commonly associated with underwood ground beef or unpasteurized milk
Pasteurella multocida
-normal flora for dogs and cats mouths -humans infected by animal bites/scratches -inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes at the site of infection -antibacterial drugs to treat
Bacteroides Fragilis
-normal microbiota in intestinal tract and upper respiratory tract -involved in 85% of gastrointestinal disease - can be in abdominal infections, genital infections, and skin would infections
Prevotella intermedia
-normal microbiota of urniary, genital and upper respiratory tracts -involve in sinus, ear, and periodontal infections -Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG or NUG)
burkholderia Mallei
-not found in environment - may have evolved from pseudomallei -cdc agent -etiologic agent of glanders in horses
Clamydia trachomatis
-one strain that infects mice, all other strains infect humans -causes two diseases: ---STI ------Disease: lymphogranuloma venereum ------one of the most common ------three stages: --------initial: lesion at infection site, heals rapidly --------second stage: buboes develop --------third stage: (not all cases) genital sores, genital elephantiasis --------asymptomatic in women, symptomatic in men proctitis ---ocular disease: TRACHOMA ------normally occur in children ------endemic in crowded/poor
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and meningitidis
-only gram-negative genus that regularly causes disease in humans -both pyogenic and sensitive to environmental factors
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
-opportunistic in immunocompromised -can colonize almost every organ -infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients -commonly infects sever burns and produces a blue green pigment -resistant to lots of drugs -hot tub-itis -creates fruity smell
poxviruses
-orthopoxvirus(smallpox,cowpox) -mulluscipoxvirus (mulluscum contagiosum)
Haemophilus influenzae
-polysaccharide capsule that resist phagocytosis -H. influenzae type B most significant ---causes meningitis in infants ----otitis media (ear infection) and epiglottitis -Hiv vaccine has reduced infections
Bordetella Pertussis
-producese 4 toxins ---pertusis toxin (whooping cough) ---adenylate cyclase toxin ---dermonecrotic toxin ---tracheal cytotoxin - mostly present in children -inhale in aerosols and multiplied in epithelial cells
paramyxovirus
-respirovirus (colds, respiratory infections) -pneumovirus (respiratory syncytial disease, rarely coup or common cold) -Morbillivirus (measles) -Rubulavirus (mumps)
Rotaviruses
-rotaavirus (diarrhea -coltivirus (colorado tick fever)
Pickling
-starting material: cumbers, peppers, beets -representative culture microorganism: various lactic acid bacteria
Making of kimchi and sauerkraut
-starting material:cabbage -microorganism: various lactic acid bacteria
Baronella quintana
-trench fever -spread person to person by human body live -fever can return after 5 days
Salmonella Typhi
-typhoid fever -from human waste -organisms penetrate intestine into blood -chronic infection of gallbladder -treat with septra or ampicillin -humans only host -some patients, bacteria ulcerate and perforate the intestinal wall causing peritonitis -passes through M cell and multiplies in macrophages in lymph nodes and other sites
Papilloma
-warts, HPV, benign tumors and cancer -genital warts is the most common -MOST COMMON STI or STD -removal by surgery, freezing, salicylic acid -cancers treated with radiation and chemo -vacination with gardisil
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that drinking water have a count of ________ coliform bacteria per 100 ml.
0
The number of CO2 molecules released from glycolysis
0
the U.S. Environmental protection agency (EPA) requires that drinking water have a count of ___ coliform bacteria per 100 ml
0
How many organisms are in first dilution tube
1 x 10^7
General characteristics of coliforms
1) Gram negative rods 2) Non-spore forming bacteria 3) Aerobes or facultative anaerobes 4) Can FERMENT LACTOSE 5) colonize intestinal tract
General Characteristics of Viruses
1) obligatory intracellular parasites 2) filterable: can pass through bacterial filters 3) contain DNA OR RNA 4) contain a protein coat 5) some may be enclosed by an envelope 6) most are tissue specific 7) can't reproduce/metabolic
Human Herpes Viruses
1- Gingivostomatatis and recurrent cold sores 2- genital herpes 3- chicken pox and shingles 4- mono (epstein barr) 5- CMV or cytomegalovirus 6- roseola 7-skip 8- kaposi's sarcoma, cancer in AIDS patients
Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes
Acne GP. Most common infection in teens
prevotella intermedia
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Antiviral used to treat HERPES
Acyclovir
Water activity of a substance is lowered by
Adding salt, sugar, removing water= all of the above
Substance like saponin which increase antigenicity of vaccine
Adjuvants
The exception to the rule the higher the concentration, the better the disinfectant will kill is
Alcohols
Discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
An object measures 200um. This is equivalent to
All of the above
Immersion oil is needed with immersion lenses because
All of the above
Most kidney transplants performed in the US are
Allografts
For a mesophile the optimum temperature of an organism is
Always closer to the maximum than its minimum
Proteins are polymers of
Amino acids
Semi-synthetic penicillins
Amoxicillin
Polyene antifungals
Amphotericin B
In a traditional sewage treatment facility, the treatment of sludge usually involves
Anaerobic digestion and the production of methane
Which of the following is not a suggested vaccine for everyone
Anthrax vaccine
The main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics is
Antiseptics will kill spores
Definition of Arbovirus and major examples
Any virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods Ex. Bunyavirus, Flavirus (West Nile, Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, Zika Virus), Togavirus (Encephalitis)
Booster immunizations
Are more important with killed and subunit vaccines than with live attenuated vaccines, result in increased levels of immunity, result in increased levels of immunity, result in longer persistence of immunity (all of the above)
Interferons
Are produced by virus-infected cells
Interferons
Are produced by virus-infected cells, signal adjacent cells to produce antiviral proteins to protect themselves from infection, and can be alpha, beta, or gamma (all of the above)
First proposed the concept of spontaneous generation
Aristotle
Arbovirus
Arthropod born, includes flaviviruses.
you receive a y-globulin shot before traveling to mongolia
Artificially acquired passive
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Attaches specifically to receptors located at the bases of cilia on epithelial cells lining the respiratory tracts of humans. Causes primary atypical pneumonia, or walking pneumonia
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Virulence
Attachment pili
rhabdoviruse
A bullet-shaped virus that causes rabies in animals and humans.
Mumps virus (rubalavirus
A paramyxovirus that infects the upper respiratory tract, then causes a viremia which infects other areas of the body. Parotitis, orchitis, or deafness can result; prevented by MMR vaccine.
Measles Virus (morbillivirus)
A paramyxovirus that is very contagious and causes one of the 5 classical childhood diseases called rubeola; associated with Koplik's spots and SSPE; prevented by the MMR vaccine
Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)
A paromyxovirus that causes a severe respiratory disease in young children and infants; it is the leading cause of fatal respiratory disease in this age group; 2,000 deaths each year.
Viruses are classified by: a. type of nucleic acid b. presence of envelope c. shape d. size e. all of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Viruses are: a. acellular b. obligate intracellular parasites c. ametabolic outside of cell d. cause most diseases that plague world e. all of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Treat HIV
AZT
Cell of acquired immunity; matures in the bone marrow in mammals
B cell
Have surface antibody
B cell
Viroids: a. are pure protein with no nucleic acid b. are naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only c. are similar to viruses except they lack nucleic acid d. cause scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease e. A, C, and D above
B. Are naked circular pieces of RNA that only cause diseases in plants
A prophage is a bacteriophage that a. can infect multiple species of bacteria b. has undergone lysogeny c. has encapsidated bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA
B. has undergone lysogeny
Which one is not listed as recommended for child immunizations
BCG (for TB)
Shigella
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) Penetrates intestine through M cells (escapes phagosomes/polymerizes actin). 5Fs (finger, food, feces, formites, flies). Aptosis
Causes wool-sorter's disease (life threatening pneumonia)?
Bacillus anthracis
Cutaneous form causes black Escher skin lesions
Bacillus anthracis
Diseases are gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and inhalational
Bacillus anthracis
Topical ointment (kills group A strep)
Bacitracin
Anderson Sampler
Bacterial filtration efficiency
Whiskey scotch
Barley
Bartonella baciliformis
Bartonellosis (fever, anemia). Oroya (Carrion's fever). Peruvian warts Invades RBCs
Most stains that stain bacteria well are classified as
Basic (positively charged chromophores)
Blood cells which contain preformed inflammatory mediators
Basophils
Which of the following ingredients is characteristic of a complex medium?
Beef extract
Treponema endemicum
Betel (lesions) Contaminated utensils
Rickettsia prowazeki
Brill-zinsser disease Lice
Brucella melitensis
Brucellosis. STD. Abortive diseases Contaminated dairy. Voscerotropism for reproductive organs
Yersinia pestis
Bubonic Plague: swollen lymph nodes called buboes Pneumonic plague: infection in lungs Spread by fleas infected from rats.
Yersinia pestis
Bubonic/Black Plague. Pneumonic plague. Septicemic plague From fleas
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Buruli ulcer Skin disease. Most serious emerging pathogen. Produces polyketide (lipid) toxin that destroys tissue. Skin falls off creating ulcer
The archaea are categorized as which type of microbe
C
Bartonella Henselae
CAT SCRATCH FEVER
Fungi
Can be yeasts, molds, and are eukaryotic (all of the above)
In an anaerobic jar, which 2 gasses are produced by Gas-Pak
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Characteristics of Viruses
Carry nucleic acid material but are not capable of their own metabolic activities.
Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch fever
Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch fever.
Shigella species
Cause of bacillary dysentery, penetrate intestine through M cells. 5 Fs: food, fingers, feces, fomites, flies
Mycobacterium Ulcerans
Causes BERULI ULCER. Slow moving water. Produces mycolactone that destroys subcutaneous tissue.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes TB, virulent straints contain the cell wall component, cord factor that is needed to cause disease. 3 types: primary (initial), secondary (comes back), disseminated (infection spreads through body).
Cutibacterium (propionibacterium) acnes
Causes acne when bacteria infect follicles
orthomyxovirus
Causes annual pandemics of influenza; categorized by the types of H and N spikes on the virion envelope (Ex: H1N3).
Clostridum Botulinum
Causes botulism, incubation is short. Caused by digesting toxins in low-acid foods (ex. honey) Three types: food borne, infant, and wound. *Inhibits acetylcholine release, causes flaccid paralysis
Brucella melitensis
Causes brucellosis (fever of many names) often from infected milk.
togaviruses
Causes eastern western and venezuelan equine encephalitis, transmitted by mosquitoes, causes rubella or the german measles.
Burkholderia mallei
Causes glanders in horses, also causes severe illness in humans. Not found in the environment.
bunyavirus
Causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which was first recognized during an epidemic in the Four Corners area of the United States in 1993.
Chlamydophila psittaci
Causes ornithosis, a disease of birds, that can be transmitted to humans. Flu symptoms. Animal handlers at risk.
Salmonella enterica
Causes salmonellosis, eggs and poultry common sources
Filovirus
Causes severe hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg.
Helicobacter pylori
Causes stomach/duodenal ulcers, also causes stomach cancer. Produces a potent urease that limits the acidity of the stomach.
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
Causes strep throat. Group A generally cause disease in the following situations: 1) Normal microbiota are depleted 2)Large inoculum enable the streptococci to establish themselves before antibodies are formed against them 3) Specific immunity is impaired
treponema species
Causes syphilis, bejel, yaws, pinta.
Francisella tularensis
Causes tularemia from infected tick or small animal (especially rabbits)
Salmonella typhi
Causes typhoid fever, fecal-oral transmission, pathogenesis in digestive tract
Arenavirus
Causes zoonoses that include hemorrhagic fevers named for locales where they occur, like Lassa, Junin, Sabiá, and Machupo; capsids contain ribosomes that give them a sandy appearance.
The main permeability barrier of the cell
Cell membrane
Cell of the genus mycoplasma lack which of the following
Cell wall
Which of the following would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell
Centrioles
Which fungal genus produces more useful antibiotics than any other
Cephalosporgium
Beta-lactam with 2 sites
Cephalosporin
Most common antibiotic
Cephalosporin
Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B (inflammation of liver). Jaundice. Internal bleeding. Liver cancer Icosahedral capsid. Reverse transcriptase
Capnophiles grow best in
Higher concentration of CO2
Retroviruses (oncogenic-cancer causing)
Human T lymphocyte virus 1 (leukemia). HTLV2 (neurologic and chronic pulmonary infection) HTLV3-4 (orphan virus)
causes kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer seen in AIDS patients
Human herpesvirus 8
GP coccus that is the most common organism on human skin
Staph epidermidis
Tolerates high salt, catalase positive
Staph epidermitis
Responsible for scalded skin syndrome
Staphylococcus aureus
Sensitive to chemical optochin; large polysaccharide capsule main virulence
Step pneumoniae
Positive for CAMP test; causes neonatal infections
Strep agalactiae
Produces a secretory IgA protease; large anti phagocytic capsule
Strep pneumoniae
Involved in pharyngitis and glomerulonephritis; protein M
Strep pyogenenes
Responsible for rheumatic fever
Strep pyogenenes
Lane field typing is done with
Streptococcus
otitis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Scarlet fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
necrotizing fasciitis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which genus of BACTERIA produce more useful antibiotics
Streptomyces
Aminoglycoside; must be injected
Streptomycin
The molecule upon which is an enzyme acts is known as its
Substrate
Wort
Sugary liquid from malted barley that is fermented in beer production
Combined with trimethoprim to act synergistically
Sulfanilamide
O2 + O2 + 4H-> 2H2O2=
Superoxidase
BFE refers to
Surgical mask filtration testing
RBC placed into a hypotonic solution
Swell then burst (lysis)
Assume that a bacterial cell has established a próton gradiente. When this gradiente is used to power the transport of lactose into the cell, the process is
Symport
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Symptoms are highly variable and can be confused with many other diseases Lives in soil. Highly fatal rate. Low infectious dose
thought question: for which type of viral genome does the virus not require any other enzymes to be infectious?
+RNA
the type of viral genome that can function directly as mRNA once in a cell is
+SSRNA
The type of viral genome that can function directly as mRNA once in a cell is ________.
+ssRNA
The type of viral genome that can function directly as mRNA, once in a cell is: a. ssDNA b. +ssRNA c. -ssRNA d. dsRNA
+ssRNA
thought question: which of the following is not an example of bioremediation?
- (F) using microbes to make cheese - using microbes to degrade pesticides contaminating underground water - using microbes to degrade a crude oil spill - using microbes to degrade PCB contamination of soil
thought question: which of the following statements about syphilis spirochete is not true?
- (T) Its boring motility allows it to penetrate tissues. Its boring motility allows it to penetrate tissues - (F) It is transmitted commonly by biting insects. - (T) It can cross the placenta and cause birth defects in a developing fetus. - (T) It lives in humans only, and is rapidly destroyed by environmental factors such as heat, drying, and oxygen in the air. It is transmitted commonly by biting insects.
thought question: which of the following characteristics does not apply to Legonella?
- (T) aerobic pleomorphic rods - (T) universal inhabitants of water - (T) intracellular parasites that cause pneumonia - (F) the major means of transmission is fecal/ora
thought question: which of the following is not true about viroids?
- (T) they possess no capsid proteins - (T) they code for no genes - (F) they cause disease in plants and animals - (T) they are composed of RNA only
thought question: what factors would predispose you to infection with N. meningitidis?
- 10-20 years old - poor nutrition - stressful living conditions - living in college dorms
- thought question: the pathogen which has a definite association with periodontal disease is?
- Porphyromonas gingivalis - Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
thought question: what makes the rat flea an especially efficient vector for the plague?
- Y. pestis multiplies in the flea - Y. pestis forms a biofilm that inhibits blood from entering the gut of the flea - the flea bites repeatedly trying to obtain a blood meal
Coliform
- a rod shaped gram negative non spore forming and motile or non motile bacteria which can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35-37 degrees Celsius -they are commonly used indicators of sanitary quality of foods and water
thought question: the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is?
- an indirect measure of the amount of organic wastes in water - a measure of the amount of O2 required by aerobic bacteria to fully metabolize organic wastes in water
Known bioterrorist agents are ________.
- animal pathogens - plant pathogens - human pathogens
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- attaches to epithelial cells, lining the respiratory tract - causes primary atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia) - difficult to diagnose because it is small and grows slow (mycoplasmas are the smallest free living microbes) - no cell wall
Streptomyces
- branching gram positive soil bacilli - antibiotics (no diseases, but is the source of most of our antibiotics
characteristics of viruses
- cause most diseases - acellular, small - no organelles - obligate intracellular parasites - ametabolic outside of cell - have extra and intracellular states
Viruses ________.
- cause most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world - are obligate intracellular parasites - are ametabolic outside of a cell - are acellular
Enterobacteriaceae Shigella
- causes bacillary sysentary -pentrate intestine through m cells, spread by food, feces, fomites, flies, fingers -escapes phagosome and polymerizes actin to invade adjacent cells -treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement
Mycobacterium Ulcerans
- causes buruli ulcer - produces polypeptide (lipid) toxin, mycolactone (powerful immunosuppressive agents), destroys tissues. top skin sloughs off producing unsure that can cover the entire chest - no drug therapy only skin grafts
life cycle of HIV and factors
1. attachment 2. entry 3. synthesis 4. assembly 5. release
Cheese production process
1. curd formation 2. curd cutting/drainage 3. salting 4. pressing 5. aging Renin accelerates curdling
wine production
1. must preparation 2. fermentation 3. aging 4. racking -enology: science of wine production -types of wine: dry/sweet fortified (sherry or port) and sparkling (champagne) -white wine can be made much faster
10 organisms with a generation time of 30 min...how many organisms?
1.05 x 10^7
Forty organisms with a generation time of 20 min are allowed to multiply for 6 hours. How many organisms are present
1.05 x 10^7
Which would least likely be found on a typical light microscope
1000x
The number of ATP equivalents produced from one turn of the kreb cycle, starting with acetyl-CoA
12
One organism develops into 1.07 x 10^9 organisms in 6 hours. What is the generation time?
12 min
A fatty acid containing 16 carbons is metabolized for energy by an aerobic bacterium. What is the net total number of ATP equivalents that this fatty acid is worth?
129
Fatty acid containing 18 carbons; what is total net number of ATP equivalents
146
Net ATP by a lactic acid bacterium (they can only perform this fermentation)
2
Number of fatty acids in a phospholipid
2
The number of lactic acid molecules produced during fermentation
2
The number of ethanol molecules produced during fermentation
2 ethanols
A pop in reduced from 10^9 to 10^4. D-value??
2 min
Number in original culture?
2 x 10^7
100 organisms develop into 1.6 million organisms in 4 hours, 40 min. What is the generation time?
20 min
Number of ATP equivalents in one NADH molecule from the Krebs cycle
3
Number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule
3
Number of fatty acids in a common fat
3
The number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule
3
Net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation only, in most eukaryotic cells
32
Net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation only, in an aerobic bacterium
34
The total net number of ATP equivalents produced by an aerobic bacterium
38
Net ATP (aerobic bacterium) from substrate level phosphorylation only
4
Number of mitochondrial protons required to produce 1 cytoplasmic ATP in a eukaryotic cell
4
Paramyxovirus (general)
4 genera that infect humans: morbillivirus, paramyxovirus, rubulavirus, pneumovirus Giant multinucleate syncytia
Antimicrobial handwash
4% chlorhexidine
An object measures .5um. This is equivalent to
500 nm
Paroviridae
5th disease (erythema infection). "Slapped face" rash Only single stranded DNA. Smallest virus. Sun aggravates
Net ATP equivalents from the intermediate step only (don't include Acetyl-CoA)
6
Esherichia Coli
6 different varieties, responsible for UTIs, diarrhea, kidney malfunction, most common cause of non-nosocomial urinary tract infections, cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Countertop or other small surface disinfection
70-80% ethyl alcohol
Bacteroides Fragilis
85% of all GI disease, normal microbiota of intestinal tract and upper respiratory.
Bacteroides fragilis
85% of gastrointestinal diseases. Abdominal, genital, and wound infections
Coliform characteristics
Ferment Lactose, found in the intestinal tracts of humans,
Ethyl alcohol and CO2 are produced
Fermentation
Lactic acid produced
Fermentation
Which of the following pathways produces NAD from NADH
Fermentation and electron transport chain
Numerous, short bristle like projections important in bio films
Fimbirae
Short, numerous, nonmotile projections used for adherence
Fimbriae
Microglial cells, Mesangial cells, and Kupffer cells are all types of
Fixed macrophages
Made of tubulin in eukaryotes
Flagella
Placement can be monotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous
Flagella
Chlamydophila psittaci
Flu-like symptoms, spread by birds.
Shigella
Form of enterobacteriaceae, causes bacillary dysentery. Spread through food, feces, fomites, flies and fingers.
Actinomyces
Found in soil and dental plaque, causes abscesses in the jaw or large bumpy growths on the skin.
Leptospira interrogans
Found in wild animals, causes leptospirosis which infects the kidneys and liver.
causes tularemia, rabbit fever, tick fever. Not found below the equator. Most infectious organisms known.
Francisella
Must
Fruit solids and juices related to wine production
Which of the following microorganisms is classified by the type of spores produced
Fungi
Heat-labile plastics
Gamma irradiation
Helicobacter pylori
Gastritis. Duodenal ulcers. Adenocarcinoma (stomach cancer) Potent urease (produces ammonia and bicarbonate)
Coronavirus
Gastroenteritis. 2nd most common cause of colds Corona-like halos
Calicovirus
Gastrointestinal disease. Diarrhea l. Extreme nausea/vomiting Larger than picornavirus
HHV2
Genital Lesions
Which disinfectant is most resistant to inactivation by organic material
Glutaraldehyde
Means "sugar cup"; most often composed of polysaccharide
Glycocalyx
Glucose goes in; pyruvate, ATP, and NADH come out
Glycolysis
The synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is a bridge step between which 2 pathways
Glycolysis and kreb cycle
Developed the first differential stain for bacteria
Gram
Will appear blue after an acid-fast stain
Gram positive and gram negative
Peptidoglycan
Gram positive, gram negative, and acid fast
Over 90% of the cell wall is peptidoglycan
Gram-positive bacteria only
Strep Agalactiae Group B
Gram-positive cocci that divide to form chains. Distinguished from group A streptococcus by its buttery colonies and smaller zone of beta-hemolysis on blood agar plates, its resistance to bacitracin, and positive CAMP test. Normally colonizes the lower gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary tracts. Associated with neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia
Streptococcus Pneumonia
Gram-positive cocci that most commonly forms pairs but may also form chains. Forms unpigmented, alpha-hemolytic colonies when grown on blood agar (anaerobic incubation produces beta-hemolytic colonies). Causes 60-70% of all bacterial pneumonias. Normally colonizes the mouth and pharynx but can cause disease if they travel to the lungs
Cytotoxic T cells contain which 2 key proteins that constitute the kiss of death
Granzymes and perforin
Autoantibodies overstimulate the thyroid gland
Graves' disease
During log phase, bacteria are __________. A. dividing at the fastest possible rate B. preparing to divide C. dying exponentially D. dying and dividing in equal numbers
Growing and dividing at an optimal rate
Campylobacter jejuni
Guillian-Barre's Syndrome. Bloody, frequent diarrhea Most common cause of gastroenteritis. Contaminated food/water. Obligate microaerophile
causes chickenpox and shingles
HHV 3, Varicella-Zoster virus
thought question: infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma are both caused by?
HHV-4
Bunyaviridae
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (severe pneumonia) Biting arthropods. Hantavirus is exception (not arthropods)...deer/mouse feces
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Headache, fever, muscle pain Chigger mites
The chief cell which regulates immune response is
Helper T cells
Nutrient agar prevents the growth of GP organisms is
Selective and complex
Blood agar to which antibiotics inhibitory to gram-negative bacteria have been added is:
Selective, differential, complex
Pioneered asepsis by handwashing
Semmelweis
Burkholderia mallei
Serious human infections Found in glanders of horses. CDC agent
papillomaviruses
Small DNA virus that causes warts, infection with some types can be prevented with vaccine gardasil.
Polyomaviruses
Small DNA viruses that cause tumors in humans and animals; include BK and JC viruses. JC can cause rare fatal disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Poxviruses: Disease
Smallpox, molluscum contagiosum (waxy nodules)
Poxiviridae (general)
Smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum. Produces lesions. Monkeypox Complex capsids/envelopes. Largest virus.
Poxiviridae (molluscum contagiosum)
Smooth, waxy nodules. Weak immune response Sexually transmitted
Fundamental difference between agglutination and precipitation test is
Solubility of the antigen
Treponema
Spirochete, causes syphilis, bejel (mouth lesions), Pinta (skin scarring), Yaws (draining lesions that spread by draining fluid).
Borrelia recurrentis
Spirochetes, Transmitted by human body louse, causes epidemic relapsing fever.
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spread by tick, causes lyme disease (circular rash and flu)
Bartonella baciliformis
Spread via sand flies, causes peruvian warts or severe anemia/fever. Symptoms due to a destruction of RBC.
Food poisoning; entertoxin is heat stable
Staph aureus
Phage typing is used
Staph aureus
Results in T cell cytokine overdose
Staph aureus
TSS
Staph aureus