exam 4

Which of the following structures would send information on proprioception to structures within the brain

Dorsal column medial meniscal tractX

Which is the only meningeal layer in direct contact with the structures of the central nervous system

Dura materX

Which structure provides lateral stabilization of the spinal cord?

Dura materX Denticulate ligament

Which of the following would you expect to find within the parasympathetic nervous system

Effector muscarinic receptors, Acetylcholine, Post-ganglionic muscarinic receptors, Effector nicotinic receptors, Post-ganglionic nicotinic receptors, Norepinepherine

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by hormones released from other organs?

EndocrineX

Cones are responsible for light/dark vision

False

Ligand gated channels will open in response to a change in voltage.

False

Which structure provides longitudinal stabilization of the spinal cord?

Filum terminaleX

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing motor information?

Frontal lobe

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

GABA

Which of the following neurotransmitters would you expect to find active in the synapses activated during your study sessions devoted to learning the neurotransmitters?

GABAX

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by changes in body fluid composition, such as ion concentration?

Humoral

Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

What structure allows the hypothalamus to connect to the posterior pituitary

Infundibulum

Which of the following is the antagonist of glucagon?

Insulin

_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose

Insulin ; beta ; pancreas ; Growth hormone ; somatotropic ; anterior pituitary ; decreasesX

What is the best description of depolarization?

The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming less negative respective to the extracellular fluid

What is the best description of hyperpolarization?

The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming more negative respective to the extracellular fluid

What event happens at the point labeled 2?

The neuron has received enough stimulation to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from a change in temperature?

Thermoreceptor

All indolamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

Tryptophan

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with general senses

Unipolar

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with olfaction

UnipolarX bipolar

Select all of the following which are structures of the central nervous system

Ventral horn, Dorsal horn, Lateral horn, Gray commissure, Ventral column, lateral and dorsal column

Which of the following structures would send motor information to glands?

Ventral hornX

From which of the following landmarks do spinal nerves travel within?

Vertebral foramenX

What event happens at the point labeled 3?

Voltage-gated SODIUM channels are opening in a positive feedback loop known as depolarization

Spinal nerves exit from which landmark of the vertebral column?

Intervertebral foramen

The spinal cord passes through which landmark of the vertebral column?

Intervertebral foramenX

Which of the following are targets of PTH

Kidney tubules, Bones, intestine

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from vibration?

Mechanoreceptor

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with motor impulses

Multipolar

Which of the following structures can be classified as postsynaptic?

Neurons, Skeletal muscles, Glands

Which is incorrect for Flexion and Crossed Extensor Reflexes

Noxious/painful stimuli must be received from both limbs results in both excitatory and inhibitory signals on both sides of the spinal cord

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Occipital lobe

Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the thyroid gland?

Parafollicular cells

Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the parathyroid gland?

Parafollicular cellsX

Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around individual axons?

PerineuriumX

Which of the following describes the requirement that one hormone must be bound to a receptor on the cell for a second hormone to have an effect on the target cell?

Permissives

Which of the following structures would you expect to house neurons that control the rate and depth of breathing?

Pons

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for somatosensation?

Postcentral gyrus

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for initiating the movement of skeletal muscle?

Precentral gyrus

Which of the following structures would send information for voluntary motor movement used in skilled motions

Spinocerebellar tractX

Which of the following structures would send information on discriminative touch to the thalamus

Spinothalamic tractX

Which of the following is not true regarding the autonomic division?

Synapses with all muscle types and glands

The anterior pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus released into the hypophyseal portal system

TRUE

The preganglionic neuron begins in the central nervous system for all autonomic functions

TRUE

Water-soluble hormones are stored within secretory vesicles

TRUE

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

Which of the following is the organ for gustation?

Taste bud

Which of the following structures serves as a relay center for the majority of sensory information?

Thalamus

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?

+15 mV

Place the sequence of events for neurotransmitter release in the correct order.

1. Action potential arrives at presynaptic axon terminal 2. Change in membrane potential opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels 3. Calcium enters axon terminal 4. Secretory vesicles to fuse at the active zone 5. Neurotransmitters released through exocytosis 6. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft 7. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of the postsynaptic cell

What does this graph represent

A single action potential

The limbic system is best characterized as:

Brain regions associated with learning, memory, and behavior

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for speech?

Broca's area

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

homunculus

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

increased stomach motility

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

internal carotid artery

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?

oral ectoderm

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

progesteroneX

The end result of the RAAS is to ________.

reduce blood volume

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?

reduced mental activity

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

Endocrine glands ________.

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?

sodium

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

steroid hormones

Receptors transduce ___________ into a _________ potential which can then cause an ___________ potential which travels through the ________ order neuron.

stimuli ; action ; graded ; firstX

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?

threshold

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

thyroid hormone

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

tractX

Cones are responsible for color vision

true

Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in motor pathways

true

Saltatory conduction requires myelin sheath gaps for transmission?

true

Sensory information travels in ascending tracts in the spinal cord

true

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

withdrawal reflex

Analogs are chemicals which:

Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and mimics the effectsX

Antagonists are chemicals which:

Blocks the receptor site

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by which structure?

Choroid plexus

Which of the following is the best description of a nerve

Collections of neuronal bodies within the central nervous systemX

Which of the following is the best description of a ganglia?

Collections of neuronal bodies within the peripheral nervous system

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulation?

Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium

Which of the following describes a 2nd order neuron?

Sensory fibers ascending the spinal cord.

Which of the following describes a 3rd order neuron?

Sensory fibers carrying information to the appropriate sensory cortex.

Which of the following describes a 1st order neuron?

Sensory fibers running within the peripheral nervous system.

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

acetylcholine

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

antidiuretic hormone

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?

autonomic

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

cerebellum

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

decreased basal metabolic rate

Which of the following is the organ for vision?

eye

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing action potentials.

false

Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the presynaptic neuron

false

The dura mater surrounds the structures of the central nervous system and is anchored to bone throughout.

false

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

glucagon