exam 4
Which of the following structures would send information on proprioception to structures within the brain
Dorsal column medial meniscal tractX
Which is the only meningeal layer in direct contact with the structures of the central nervous system
Dura materX
Which structure provides lateral stabilization of the spinal cord?
Dura materX Denticulate ligament
Which of the following would you expect to find within the parasympathetic nervous system
Effector muscarinic receptors, Acetylcholine, Post-ganglionic muscarinic receptors, Effector nicotinic receptors, Post-ganglionic nicotinic receptors, Norepinepherine
Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by hormones released from other organs?
EndocrineX
Cones are responsible for light/dark vision
False
Ligand gated channels will open in response to a change in voltage.
False
Which structure provides longitudinal stabilization of the spinal cord?
Filum terminaleX
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing motor information?
Frontal lobe
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?
GABA
Which of the following neurotransmitters would you expect to find active in the synapses activated during your study sessions devoted to learning the neurotransmitters?
GABAX
Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by changes in body fluid composition, such as ion concentration?
Humoral
Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
What structure allows the hypothalamus to connect to the posterior pituitary
Infundibulum
Which of the following is the antagonist of glucagon?
Insulin
_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose
Insulin ; beta ; pancreas ; Growth hormone ; somatotropic ; anterior pituitary ; decreasesX
What is the best description of depolarization?
The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming less negative respective to the extracellular fluid
What is the best description of hyperpolarization?
The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming more negative respective to the extracellular fluid
What event happens at the point labeled 2?
The neuron has received enough stimulation to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from a change in temperature?
Thermoreceptor
All indolamines are synthesized from what amino acid?
Tryptophan
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with general senses
Unipolar
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with olfaction
UnipolarX bipolar
Select all of the following which are structures of the central nervous system
Ventral horn, Dorsal horn, Lateral horn, Gray commissure, Ventral column, lateral and dorsal column
Which of the following structures would send motor information to glands?
Ventral hornX
From which of the following landmarks do spinal nerves travel within?
Vertebral foramenX
What event happens at the point labeled 3?
Voltage-gated SODIUM channels are opening in a positive feedback loop known as depolarization
Spinal nerves exit from which landmark of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen
The spinal cord passes through which landmark of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramenX
Which of the following are targets of PTH
Kidney tubules, Bones, intestine
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from vibration?
Mechanoreceptor
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with motor impulses
Multipolar
Which of the following structures can be classified as postsynaptic?
Neurons, Skeletal muscles, Glands
Which is incorrect for Flexion and Crossed Extensor Reflexes
Noxious/painful stimuli must be received from both limbs results in both excitatory and inhibitory signals on both sides of the spinal cord
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Occipital lobe
Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the thyroid gland?
Parafollicular cells
Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the parathyroid gland?
Parafollicular cellsX
Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around individual axons?
PerineuriumX
Which of the following describes the requirement that one hormone must be bound to a receptor on the cell for a second hormone to have an effect on the target cell?
Permissives
Which of the following structures would you expect to house neurons that control the rate and depth of breathing?
Pons
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for somatosensation?
Postcentral gyrus
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for initiating the movement of skeletal muscle?
Precentral gyrus
Which of the following structures would send information for voluntary motor movement used in skilled motions
Spinocerebellar tractX
Which of the following structures would send information on discriminative touch to the thalamus
Spinothalamic tractX
Which of the following is not true regarding the autonomic division?
Synapses with all muscle types and glands
The anterior pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus released into the hypophyseal portal system
TRUE
The preganglionic neuron begins in the central nervous system for all autonomic functions
TRUE
Water-soluble hormones are stored within secretory vesicles
TRUE
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
TSH
Which of the following is the organ for gustation?
Taste bud
Which of the following structures serves as a relay center for the majority of sensory information?
Thalamus
How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?
+15 mV
Place the sequence of events for neurotransmitter release in the correct order.
1. Action potential arrives at presynaptic axon terminal 2. Change in membrane potential opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels 3. Calcium enters axon terminal 4. Secretory vesicles to fuse at the active zone 5. Neurotransmitters released through exocytosis 6. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft 7. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of the postsynaptic cell
What does this graph represent
A single action potential
The limbic system is best characterized as:
Brain regions associated with learning, memory, and behavior
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for speech?
Broca's area
What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?
homunculus
Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?
increased stomach motility
What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?
internal carotid artery
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
oral ectoderm
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
progesteroneX
The end result of the RAAS is to ________.
reduce blood volume
Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?
reduced mental activity
Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?
retinal ganglion cells
Endocrine glands ________.
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?
sodium
The gonads produce what class of hormones?
steroid hormones
Receptors transduce ___________ into a _________ potential which can then cause an ___________ potential which travels through the ________ order neuron.
stimuli ; action ; graded ; firstX
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.
the activity of osteoclasts
Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?
third ventricle
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?
threshold
A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.
thyroid hormone
What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?
tractX
Cones are responsible for color vision
true
Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in motor pathways
true
Saltatory conduction requires myelin sheath gaps for transmission?
true
Sensory information travels in ascending tracts in the spinal cord
true
Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?
vestibulospinal tract
What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?
withdrawal reflex
Analogs are chemicals which:
Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and mimics the effectsX
Antagonists are chemicals which:
Blocks the receptor site
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by which structure?
Choroid plexus
Which of the following is the best description of a nerve
Collections of neuronal bodies within the central nervous systemX
Which of the following is the best description of a ganglia?
Collections of neuronal bodies within the peripheral nervous system
Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulation?
Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium
Which of the following describes a 2nd order neuron?
Sensory fibers ascending the spinal cord.
Which of the following describes a 3rd order neuron?
Sensory fibers carrying information to the appropriate sensory cortex.
Which of the following describes a 1st order neuron?
Sensory fibers running within the peripheral nervous system.
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine
Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?
acetylcholine
What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?
adrenal medulla
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?
antidiuretic hormone
Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?
autonomic
Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?
cerebellum
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.
decreased basal metabolic rate
Which of the following is the organ for vision?
eye
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing action potentials.
false
Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the presynaptic neuron
false
The dura mater surrounds the structures of the central nervous system and is anchored to bone throughout.
false
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
glucagon