exam 4 connect quizlet

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What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?

neurons

somatic, autonomic

once information is sent to the motor pathways, the information can either be sent to the ___ nervous system or the ___ nervous system

walk upright

one characteristic that separates the hominids from other hominoids is the ability to __ __

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.

organ system, tissue, organ, cell

Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?

osteocytes

In addition to its presence in desserts, the substance gelatin (derived from collagen) is included in some savory dishes. In the following recipe, which ingredient represents the richest source of collagen? Oxtail Soup water beef flank ox tail or bones mushrooms onions salt black ground pepper sesame oil

ox tail or bones

deuterstome

protostome or deuterostome? coelom forms from cells that pouch off the end of the archenteron

deuterostome

protostome or deuterostome? radial cleavage

protostome

protostome or deuterostome? determinate development

The symptoms of patients with ectodermal dysplasia may include a complete lack of sweat glands. This is analogous to which of the following problems with your home heating and cooling system?

reduced function of the air conditioning system

Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems?

reflection

Temp regulation comes back to normal after bariatric surgery

Hypothalamus has adapted

Which of the following types of muscles are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

false

t/f: birds do not produce amniotic eggs

true

t/f: birds possess reptilian scales on their feet and lower legs

true

t/f: bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphate salt

Which statement about homeostasis is NOT correct?

Positive feedback mechanisms are common.

Immune and lymphatic system

Produces antibodies

Axon

Receive signals from cell body and carry them away from the cell body

Dendrites

Receive signals from other cells Highly branched

Fibroblast

Secretes collagen

Dense connective tissue

Sheath around muscles Strong and flexible connections Fibroblast

Bone

Skeleton Rigid strength Osteocytes

Integumentary system

Skin and accessory structures

mantle

mollusks have a thick epidermal sheet or ___, which covers the dorsal side of the body

Which statement describes a home heating and cooling system that functions in a homeostatic way?

The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

Temp regulation

Thermoreceptors sense core temp changes Temp-sensing cells synapse with neurons on the hypothalamus Blood vessels, muscles, and glands which are egs of effectors are stimulated to promote hear loss or best production A stable body temp is maintained through this process known as thermoregulation

Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common?

They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.

Endocrine system

Thyroid Portion of the pancreas that produces insulin

Erythrocytes

Transports oxygen

visceral mass

mollusks have centralized digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems within a ___ __

Thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature. What structure acts as the mammalian temperature sensor?

hypothalamus

When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together?

nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Match each connective tissue cell type to its function.

1. adipose cell stores fat 2. fibroblast secretes collagen 3. macrophage defense against pathogens 4. chondrocyte builds cartilage 5. osteocyte builds bone 6. erythrocyte transports oxygen

Imagine that the tissues of your body each have their own commercials advertising an important function. Match the most appropriate slogan to each tissue type. "We've got the power to move you" "We deliver what you need where you need it" "We keep the good stuff in and the bad stuff out" "We get the message there right away"

1.muscle tissue 2. connective tissue 3.epithelial tissue 4.nerve tissue

Epithelial tissue often functions as an impermeable shield, protecting the body from the outside world. However, in some cases epithelia function to facilitate the directed transport of important substances. Match each set of substances with the transport epithelium that regulates their passage.

1.water, salt, urea 2. amino acids, glucose 3.oxygen, carbon dioxide

Adipose tissue ( bariatric surgery)

Acts as excellent insulator

Homeostasis

Acts to minimize deviation from the set point Negative feedback mechanisms are common Helps maintain temp, ph, blood sugar levels

After their rapid weight loss, many bariatric surgery patients report that they constantly feel cold. How can you explain this?

Adipose tissue acts as an excellent insulator.

After learning about homeostasis and dynamic constancy, your lab partner says, "I'll have to remember that idea when I weigh myself every day!" Why did she say that?

Although her weight may fluctuate, as long as it stays within a narrow range this does not represent true weight gain.

Ectodermal dysplasia lack of swear glands

Analogous to reduced function of the air conditioning system

Which neuronal feature is incorrectly matched with its characteristic?

Axon--carries signals from other cells to the cell body

Epithelial tissue

Barrier Secretes and absorbs Squamous, cuboidal and columnar Has a free surface and a basal lamina May be simple or stratified Lines kidney tubules, nasal passages, intestines Can specialize to form glands

Loose connective tissue

Between organs Energy storage Adipose cells

Muscular system

Biceps

Advised against

Bikram ( hot) yoga

Endotherms

Birds Mammals Sweating May be used to dissipate heat Sustained high energy activity is possible Food intake is greater

Urinary system

Bladder Kidneys

Skeletal system

Bone Cartilage

Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct?

Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

A blocked gap junction leads to

High rate of cardiac arrest

Central nervous system

Brain Spinal cord Interprets input Integrates input

Osteocytes

Builds bone

Chondrocyte

Builds cartilage

Blood

Circulatory system Nutrient and has transport Erythrocytes

Peritoneal cavity

Coelomic space in the lower trunk cavity

Nervous tissue

Conducts electrical impulses Triggers rapid responses from neighboring cells Cells vary in length

Thoracic cavity

Contains both heart and lungs Bounded by the rib cage Lower boundary is the diaphragm

Nervous system

Contains ganglia, sense, organs

Cell body

Contains nucleus

Pericardial cavity

Contains only the heart

Pleural cavity

Contains only the lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, liver, bladder

Circulatory system

Contains the heart, vessels and blood

Digestive system

Contains the intestines Absorbs nutrients

deuterostome

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): human

protosome (spiralia)

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): planarian

deuterostome

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): sea star

protosome (spiralia)

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): bryozoan

protosome (ecdysozoa)

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): crustacean

protosome (spiralia)

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): earthworm

protosome (ecdysozoa)

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): onychophora

protosome (spiralia)

DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): snail

Macrophage

Defense against pathogens

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond?

Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

why are epithelial membranes not very thick?

Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

Select the true statements about connective tissue.

Examples of connective tissue include fat and blood. Cells are generally spaced widely apart. Connective tissue functions to support and connect other structures.

Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin.

False

Reproductive system

Gonads

At the Society for Neuroscience meeting, among presentations on traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease, scientists also gather to discuss their research on obesity. Why are these researchers at a neuroscience meeting?

In addition to acting as the integrating center for body temperature, the hypothalamus also regulates appetite.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle that is not striated and has cells that taper at their ends

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle that is striated and has highly interconnected cells

Select the true statements about Q10.

It usually measures between 2 and 3. It is a measure of temperature. It is a measure of the effect of temperature on a reaction.

Cartilage

Joints Reduce friction between bones Chondrocyte

Ectotherms

Low metabolic rate Temp regulation through behavior Temperature conforms to environment Insects Fish Reptiles

Respiratory system

Lungs Trachea

Muscle tissue

May be smooth or striated One type produces the heartbeat Surrounds and controls the emptying of hollow organs One type causes limb movement

Peripheral nervous system

Motor neurons Ganglia Communicates signals to muscles or glands Sensory neurons

Simple cuboidal

One layer of cube shaped cells Protect secrete and absorb Kidney

Simple columnar

One layer of elongated cells Protect secrete absorb Small Intestine

Pseudostratified columnar

One layer of elongated cells the secrete mucus and provide protection

Simple squamous

One layer of flat cells Allow diffusion Lungs

Richest source of collagen

Ox tail or bones

Dorsal body cavity

Skull, vertebral column

Negative feedback loop

Stimulus :caused deviation from set point Sensor : constantly monitors conditions, senses change from set point Integrating center: Compares conditions to a set point , allows perception of deviation from set point Effector: causes changed to compensate for deviation Response: system moves toward set point

Adipose cells

Stores fat

Connective tissue

Surrounds, anchors and supports Include bone, fat, blood Include cells scattered in an extracellular matrix

Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer?

Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones

Why do some bread recipes suggest letting the dough rise in a warm place after kneading?

The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle that is striated and has cells with multiple nuclei displaced towards their edges

You are hungry and impatient, so you decide to use the oven to speed up the action of the papain enzyme. Which is the best approach?

Warm the oven to 350, then turn it off and put the bowl inside after it has cooled somewhat.

In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation?

When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from its dendrites.

muscle cell

___ ___ features: actin and myosin proteins are abundant and are arranged in a specific pattern, these cells have multiple nuclei present, some types are under voluntary control

choanocytes

___ are flagellated cells that line internal cavities and are responsible for pumping water and small particles into the sponge

increase, reduce

a bottom-dwelling catfish species is rapidly evolving after the introduction of a fast-moving predator species. What would you expect to result from its adaptations? ___ propulsion and ___ drag

tissue

a group of specialized cells of a specific type that grow and function as a unit is known as a/an ___

organ

a structure composed of layers of cells of various types arranged in a specific pattern is a/an ___

acoelomate

a worm that is solid from the gut epithelium to the outermost epithelium would be considered

cell

a/an ___ may become specialized and may aggregate with others

b, c, f

all species of animal have general features in common. Check all of the features that would apply to animals. a) animal cells possess a cell wall and are quite rigid b) most animals have the capacity for active movement c) animal zygotes undergo mitotic divisions called cleavage d) not all animals are multicellular e) all animals produce diploid spores f) all animals are heterotrophs

more

although there was far ___ oxygen available to gills in air than in water, the delicate structure of gills couldnt be supported in the terrestrial environment (by ancestral amphibians)

A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was

an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP.

Mechanisms that help generate heat and those that allow release of heat are an example of ____________________. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the __________________ of body temperature.

antagonist effectors; stability

sea star, crab, acoel flatworm, jellyfish, sponge

arrange these animals in terms of their relatedness to humans. the most closely related organisms first and the most distantly related organisms last. sea star, sponge, acoel flatworm, jellyfish

1) sensory pathways 2) somatic nervous system and muscles 3) brain 4) hypothalamus

as a house-warming gift, you receive a robot vacuum cleaner with four unique features: 1)a gadget to detect stair edges and other obstacles 2) a motor to move it around the house, 3) a controller to allow you to program its responses, and 4) a "hunger" sensor to send it back to its charger when its battery is low. your friends tease you for treating it like a pet. in your defense, you point out that it is surprisingly lifelike. what animal features are the robot's features analogous to?

body size

because of their large ___ ___, ancestral amphibians likely faced challenges supporting themselves out of the aquatic environment

If you were the doctor of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia, what activity would you most strongly recommend against?

bikram (hot) yoga

gills

bivalves lack a radula. how do they eat? ___ filter water and extract organic matter

Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix?

blood

Although especially useful to the giraffe, the rete mirabile is similar to a countercurrent heat exchange system in other related, less evolved, mammals. Thus a mechanism for _________________ homeostasis is likely to have evolved from a mechanism previously used for __________________ homeostasis.

blood pressure; temperature

different rates

bones in the legs, arms, spine, and pelvis grow at __ __

sensory pathways

both sensory neurons that register internal and external stimuli deliver information to the ___ __ which then sends the info to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)

CNS (central nervous system)

brain and spinal cord

Integrating Center

brain receives and compares stretch information

Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?

cell body

A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, trachea and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem?

chondrocytes

Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues?

chondrocytes

protostome

protostome or deuterostome? blastopore becomes mouth

Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue?

chondroitin

The giraffe, as the tallest living land animal, has several adaptations for its height. To prevent blood from pooling in the head when it bends down to drink, the jugular veins of a giraffe have multiple one-way valves. Furthermore, a web of arteries and veins in the neck called the rete mirabile ("wonderful net") slows the flow of blood into the brain. These specializations of the ______________________ act as mechanisms to maintain ______________________.

circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis

You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first?

collagen

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

consist of sensory pathways (sensory neurons) and motor pathways (somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system)

crocodylia

crocodiles, alligators; advanced reptiles with 4-chambered heart and socketed teeth

What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs?

dense irregular connective tissue

electromagnetic receptors

detect heat and light energy

chemoreceptors

detect the levels of specific chemical signals

organ system

different structures working together to perform a common function are recognized as a/an __

egg deposition

early amphibians could not venture too far away from water because ___ ___ was restricted to moist environments

placentals

embryos nourished by a "long-lived" placenta, includes humans.

marsupials

embryos use "short-lived" placentas and many species live in australia and south america

Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells?

excess mucus production

The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

exocrine

Antagonistic effectors are defined as two positive feedback mechanisms that work in the same direction to maintain homeostasis.

false

Neuroglia conduct electrical impulses, passing messages to neurons

false

Stimulus

fetus is pushed against uterine opening

Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time?

hibernation

A year or two after the surgery, temperature regulation often returns to normal. What part of the body has adapted to their new physiology?

hypothalamus

Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant?

hypothalamus

sympathetic, parasympathetic

if information from motor pathways is sent to the autonomic nervous system, it can be sent to either the ____ nervous system (fight or flight) or ___ nervous system (rest and repose)

molting, segmentation

in the current animal classification system ___ is thought to have originated once, and ___ is thought to have evolved multiple times

Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature?

increasing metabolic rate

What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit?

intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

vertebrate eye

invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? blind spot

vertebrate eye

invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? color vision

invertebrate eyespot

invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? just detects the direction of light

invertebrate eyespot

invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? photoreceptors clustered in small spot

vertebrate eye

invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? sensory neurons attach in front of retina

invertebrate eyespot

invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? simple visual system

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle that is not striated and has cells that taper at their ends

cardiac muscle

involuntary muscle that is striated and has highly interconnected cells

opposite

joint movement as a result of antagonistic pairing is accomplished by __ action of the paired muscles

The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue?

ligaments

Squamata (sauria)

lizards; limbs set at right angles to body

monotremes

mammals that lay shelled eggs and possess a cloaca

radula

many mollusks feed using a rasping, tonguelike structure called the ____

Select the true statements about epithelial tissues.

may serve as a covering for structures may serve as a barrier can specialize to form glands classified according to cell shape classified according to the number of layers of cells that are present

connective

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: adipose cell

epithelial

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: arterial endothelium

muscle

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: biceps

connective

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: earlobe

connective

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: knee meniscus

epithelial

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: ovarian ducts

muscle

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: quadriceps

muscle

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: rectus abdominus

epithelial

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: alveoli of the lungs

nervous

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: auditory neuron

nervous

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: pain receptor

nervous

muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: prefrontal cortex

combination joint

name correct joint: mammalian jaw, allows different movements to occur together

ball-and-socket joint

name correct joint: hip, allows movement in all directions

hinge joint

name correct joint: simplest type of joint, knee, allows movement in only one plane

gliding joint

name correct joint: stabilizes vertebral column, permits sliding of one surface on another, characteristic of lateral vertebral joints

endoskeleton

name correct skeleton type: characteristic of echinoderms, characteristic of vertebrates, made from calcium compounds, made of living tissue, may be made of cartilage

hydrostatic skeleton

name correct skeleton type: characteristic of soft-bodied creatures, includes a fluid-filled central cavity

exoskeleton

name correct skeleton type: may be made of chitin, characteristic of arthropods, must be shed for growth to occur, breathing occurs through openings in this skeleton

If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball, which tissue responds first?

nerve tissue

Effector

pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus

Some individuals suffering from extended hypothermia engage in "paradoxical undressing", in which they remove their clothes despite a dangerously low body temperature. One hypothesis to explain this is that their blood vessels dilate from fatigue, creating a false sensation of warmth. Not only does blood vessel dilation release body heat, but removing clothing makes the situation worse. How would you categorize this unfortunate effect?

positive feedback

deuterostome

protostome or deuterostome? blastopore becomes anus

protostome

protostome or deuterostome? coelom forms from mesodermal cells that move apart from one another to create an expanding cavity within the mass of the cells

deuterostome

protostome or deuterostome? indeterminate development

protostome

protostome or deuterostome? spiral cleavage

cones

rods or cones? apx. 3 million in each human retina

rods

rods or cones? black and white vision

cones

rods or cones? color vision

rods

rods or cones? dim illumination

rods

rods or cones? long outer segment

rods

rods or cones? mostly absent from the fovea

cones

rods or cones? mostly located in the fovea

cones

rods or cones? photopsins

cones

rods or cones? red, blue, and green absorption

rods

rods or cones? rhodopsin

cones

rods or cones? short outer segment

rods

rods or cones?apx 100 million in each human retina

cones

rods or cones?high visual acuity

exteroreceptors

sense stimuli arising from the external environment

interoreceptors

sense stimuli arising from within the body

mechanoreceptors

sense touch and hearing by detecting physical pressure

Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions?

sensor

motor pathways

sensory pathways receive information from their sensory neurons and send it to the Brain and Spinal cord (CNS) The information is then sent to the ___ ___

Which of these animals has the highest metabolic rate per unit body mass?

shrew

Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels?

simple squamous epithelium

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?

skeletal muscle

Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract?

skeletal muscles

When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen?

skin, tendons, and cartilage

squamata (serpentes)

snakes; no legs

somatic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? always excites motor neurons

somatic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? always single innervation of effector

autonomic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? can excite or inhibit motor neurons

autonomic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and exocrine glands

somatic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? innervates skeletal muscle

autonomic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? typically dual innervation of effector

autonomic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? utilizes norepinephrine

somatic

somatic or autonomic nervous system? utilizes only acetylcholine

differentiate

sponge cells are unique because throughout their development they can ___

multicellular

sponges are truly ___ organisms

true

t/f: bone growth requires removal of parts of the bone as well as addition to the bone

true

t/f: cartilage contains fibers of the protein collagen

false

t/f: compared to chitin bone is much less dynamic and more brittle

false

t/f: feathers are made of chitin

true

t/f: feathers are modified reptilian scales

true

t/f: many bones in the bird skeleton are fused, making them more rigid than a reptile skeleton

in adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues?

supportive

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? causes sweating

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? constricts bronchioles

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? constricts pupils

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? copious salivary secretion

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? decreases heart rate

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? dilates bronchioles

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? dilates pupils

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? increases heart rate

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? inhibits gastric secretion

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? slight salivary secretion

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic? stimulates gastric activity

true

t/f a muscle may be attached at one end to one bone, and to a different bone at the other end

false

t/f: a key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossicles made out of calcium carbonate

true

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. ADULT BODY SYMMETRY is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

false

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. BIOGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

false

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. FEEDING BEHAVIOR is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

true

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. GENE SEQUENCES is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

true

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. THE EMBRYOLOGICAL FORMATION OF BODY CAVITIES is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

true

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. THE NUMBER OF TISSUE LAYERS is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

false

t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. ULTIMATE ADULT BODY SIZE is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla

false

t/f: the insertion of a muscle remains stationary

true

t/f: the movement of one muscle can be counteracted by the movement of another muscle

false

t/f: the origin of a muscle undergoes a great range of movement

true

t/f: vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinary powers of locomotion

If the boys progressed into full-blown hypothermia, this would be a failure of which regulatory system?

temperature homeostasis

muscular foot

the __ __ has been adapted for a number of different functions across the phylum including locomotion, attachment, feeding, and digging

nephridium

the ___is the principal structure used by mollusks to maintain osmotic balance

a, b, d, f

the arthropods are the most successful group of animals; several key features explain their success. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum a) growth takes place through ecdysis b) a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin c) closed circulatory system d) jointed appendages e) a rigid exoskeleton made of keratin f) segments specialized into functional tagmata

desiccation

the biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to an aquatic one is?

a, b, d, f

the chordates share several features that have played a significant role in the evolution of the phylum. check all that apply: a) a postanal tail during embryonic development b) pharyngeal pouches during embryonic development c) an endoskeleton d) a notochord on the dorsal side of the gut in the early embryo f) deuterostomic development of the embryo g) a hollow nerve cord

circulatory system

the costs of locomotion on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to modifications of the heart and ____ ___ (in amphibians)

no (spongy bone is the normal structure of the epiphyses)

the doctor is explaing your x-rays to you. "here you have compact bone, but over here you have spongy bone." should you be alarmed?

epithelium

the exterior of a sponge is composed of flattened cells that form an outer ___

a, b, d, f

the hominoids share several characteristics, which distinguish them from other arthropoids check all that are included: a) they exhibit adaptable behavior, more so than any other group of animals b) they possess a larger brain size than the other anthropoid groups c) the hominoids evolved first in africa d) comparing DNA sequences, humans are closely related to chimpanzees e) the "apes" are a monophyletic group f) homonoids are bipedal, while apes are knuckle walkers

amoeboid

the inner layer of a sponge, the mesohyl, contains several types of ___ cells, which secrete materials to form a skeleton-like structure for support

a, c, d, f

the mammals share several characteristics, which distinguish them from all other classes of vertebrates. check all that apply a) embryonic development often assisted by a placenta b) an anapsid skull c) hair used for insulation, camouflage or as sensory structures d) endothermic metabolism e) fused collarbones f) mammary glands

An evil mastermind has created three new poisons. One interferes with gap junction function, another stimulates sebaceous glands, and a third inhibits goblet cell function. Recently, an unusually high rate of cardiac arrest has plagued the emergency rooms of local hospitals. Which poison is most likely to be responsible?

the poison that blocks gap junctions

After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ______________, but I'll bet we're saving on _____________________."

the water cooler; air conditioning

rhynchocephalia

tuataras; sole survivors of a once successful group that largely disappeared before dinosaurs

chelonia

turtles, tortoises, sea turtles; armored reptiles with shell of bony plates

To tenderize a tough cut of meat, you soak it in a bowl of papaya juice, which includes the enzyme papain. If a pound of meat needs to soak for one hour at your home in Brazil (27°C), how long will it take to become tender in your chilly Boston apartment (16°C)? (Use the rule of thumb of Q10 = 2 to make your prediction.)

two hours

Select the true statements about an epithelial membrane.

usually one or only a few cell layers thick cover all body surfaces allow some substances through and act as a barrier to other substances

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle that is striated and has cells with multiple nuclei displaced towards their edges

c, d, e, g, i

what changes will the sympathetic nervous system of a rabbit initiate when the rabbit is being chased by a coyote? a) constrict bronchioles in lungs b) constrict pupils c) decrease motility in intestine d) dilate bronchioles in lungs e) dilate pupils f) increase motility in intestine g) secrete adrenaline h) slow down heartbeat i) speed up heartbeat

stress, higher

what is the benefit of weight bearing exercises in women for osteoporosis? The weight-bearing exercises __ bones and will encourage __ bone density

order anura

what order has these key characteristics: adults compact, tailless body; rear limbs specialized for jumping

order caudata

what order has these key characteristics: slender body; limbs set out at right angles to body

order apoda

what order has these key characteristics: snakelike body, no limbs; little or no tail

order apoda

what order would caecilians be apart of?

order anura

what order would frogs and toads be apart of?

order caudata

what order would salamanders and newts be apart of?

chemoreceptor

what type of receptor is used to perceive taste and smell?

mechanoreceptor

what type of receptor is used to perceive touch, hearing, and balance?

electromagnetic receptor

what type of receptor is used to perceive vision?

anterior cephalization

which feature would only be found in the bilateria? sexual reproduction, extracellular digestion, nerves and sensory system, or anterior cephalization

e

which is not a feature of muscle cells? A) actin and myosin proteins are abundant B) actin and myosin are arranged in a specific pattern. C) multiple nuclei may be present. D) some types are under voluntary control E) Individual cells are suspended in a matrix.

increase, increase

you are a medical doctor and have a patient in his/her 50s. The patient is concerned about osteoporosis. what would you suggest as a preventative treatment? ___ physical active ___ dietary supplements


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