exam 4 connect quizlet
What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?
neurons
somatic, autonomic
once information is sent to the motor pathways, the information can either be sent to the ___ nervous system or the ___ nervous system
walk upright
one characteristic that separates the hominids from other hominoids is the ability to __ __
To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.
organ system, tissue, organ, cell
Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?
osteocytes
In addition to its presence in desserts, the substance gelatin (derived from collagen) is included in some savory dishes. In the following recipe, which ingredient represents the richest source of collagen? Oxtail Soup water beef flank ox tail or bones mushrooms onions salt black ground pepper sesame oil
ox tail or bones
deuterstome
protostome or deuterostome? coelom forms from cells that pouch off the end of the archenteron
deuterostome
protostome or deuterostome? radial cleavage
protostome
protostome or deuterostome? determinate development
The symptoms of patients with ectodermal dysplasia may include a complete lack of sweat glands. This is analogous to which of the following problems with your home heating and cooling system?
reduced function of the air conditioning system
Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems?
reflection
Temp regulation comes back to normal after bariatric surgery
Hypothalamus has adapted
Which of the following types of muscles are striated?
skeletal and cardiac
false
t/f: birds do not produce amniotic eggs
true
t/f: birds possess reptilian scales on their feet and lower legs
true
t/f: bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphate salt
Which statement about homeostasis is NOT correct?
Positive feedback mechanisms are common.
Immune and lymphatic system
Produces antibodies
Axon
Receive signals from cell body and carry them away from the cell body
Dendrites
Receive signals from other cells Highly branched
Fibroblast
Secretes collagen
Dense connective tissue
Sheath around muscles Strong and flexible connections Fibroblast
Bone
Skeleton Rigid strength Osteocytes
Integumentary system
Skin and accessory structures
mantle
mollusks have a thick epidermal sheet or ___, which covers the dorsal side of the body
Which statement describes a home heating and cooling system that functions in a homeostatic way?
The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.
Temp regulation
Thermoreceptors sense core temp changes Temp-sensing cells synapse with neurons on the hypothalamus Blood vessels, muscles, and glands which are egs of effectors are stimulated to promote hear loss or best production A stable body temp is maintained through this process known as thermoregulation
Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common?
They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.
Endocrine system
Thyroid Portion of the pancreas that produces insulin
Erythrocytes
Transports oxygen
visceral mass
mollusks have centralized digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems within a ___ __
Thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature. What structure acts as the mammalian temperature sensor?
hypothalamus
When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together?
nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
Match each connective tissue cell type to its function.
1. adipose cell stores fat 2. fibroblast secretes collagen 3. macrophage defense against pathogens 4. chondrocyte builds cartilage 5. osteocyte builds bone 6. erythrocyte transports oxygen
Imagine that the tissues of your body each have their own commercials advertising an important function. Match the most appropriate slogan to each tissue type. "We've got the power to move you" "We deliver what you need where you need it" "We keep the good stuff in and the bad stuff out" "We get the message there right away"
1.muscle tissue 2. connective tissue 3.epithelial tissue 4.nerve tissue
Epithelial tissue often functions as an impermeable shield, protecting the body from the outside world. However, in some cases epithelia function to facilitate the directed transport of important substances. Match each set of substances with the transport epithelium that regulates their passage.
1.water, salt, urea 2. amino acids, glucose 3.oxygen, carbon dioxide
Adipose tissue ( bariatric surgery)
Acts as excellent insulator
Homeostasis
Acts to minimize deviation from the set point Negative feedback mechanisms are common Helps maintain temp, ph, blood sugar levels
After their rapid weight loss, many bariatric surgery patients report that they constantly feel cold. How can you explain this?
Adipose tissue acts as an excellent insulator.
After learning about homeostasis and dynamic constancy, your lab partner says, "I'll have to remember that idea when I weigh myself every day!" Why did she say that?
Although her weight may fluctuate, as long as it stays within a narrow range this does not represent true weight gain.
Ectodermal dysplasia lack of swear glands
Analogous to reduced function of the air conditioning system
Which neuronal feature is incorrectly matched with its characteristic?
Axon--carries signals from other cells to the cell body
Epithelial tissue
Barrier Secretes and absorbs Squamous, cuboidal and columnar Has a free surface and a basal lamina May be simple or stratified Lines kidney tubules, nasal passages, intestines Can specialize to form glands
Loose connective tissue
Between organs Energy storage Adipose cells
Muscular system
Biceps
Advised against
Bikram ( hot) yoga
Endotherms
Birds Mammals Sweating May be used to dissipate heat Sustained high energy activity is possible Food intake is greater
Urinary system
Bladder Kidneys
Skeletal system
Bone Cartilage
Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct?
Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.
A blocked gap junction leads to
High rate of cardiac arrest
Central nervous system
Brain Spinal cord Interprets input Integrates input
Osteocytes
Builds bone
Chondrocyte
Builds cartilage
Blood
Circulatory system Nutrient and has transport Erythrocytes
Peritoneal cavity
Coelomic space in the lower trunk cavity
Nervous tissue
Conducts electrical impulses Triggers rapid responses from neighboring cells Cells vary in length
Thoracic cavity
Contains both heart and lungs Bounded by the rib cage Lower boundary is the diaphragm
Nervous system
Contains ganglia, sense, organs
Cell body
Contains nucleus
Pericardial cavity
Contains only the heart
Pleural cavity
Contains only the lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, liver, bladder
Circulatory system
Contains the heart, vessels and blood
Digestive system
Contains the intestines Absorbs nutrients
deuterostome
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): human
protosome (spiralia)
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): planarian
deuterostome
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): sea star
protosome (spiralia)
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): bryozoan
protosome (ecdysozoa)
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): crustacean
protosome (spiralia)
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): earthworm
protosome (ecdysozoa)
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): onychophora
protosome (spiralia)
DEUTEROSTOME, PROTOSOME (SPIRALIA), OR PROTOSOME (ECDYSOZOA): snail
Macrophage
Defense against pathogens
A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond?
Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.
why are epithelial membranes not very thick?
Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.
Select the true statements about connective tissue.
Examples of connective tissue include fat and blood. Cells are generally spaced widely apart. Connective tissue functions to support and connect other structures.
Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin.
False
Reproductive system
Gonads
At the Society for Neuroscience meeting, among presentations on traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease, scientists also gather to discuss their research on obesity. Why are these researchers at a neuroscience meeting?
In addition to acting as the integrating center for body temperature, the hypothalamus also regulates appetite.
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle that is not striated and has cells that taper at their ends
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle that is striated and has highly interconnected cells
Select the true statements about Q10.
It usually measures between 2 and 3. It is a measure of temperature. It is a measure of the effect of temperature on a reaction.
Cartilage
Joints Reduce friction between bones Chondrocyte
Ectotherms
Low metabolic rate Temp regulation through behavior Temperature conforms to environment Insects Fish Reptiles
Respiratory system
Lungs Trachea
Muscle tissue
May be smooth or striated One type produces the heartbeat Surrounds and controls the emptying of hollow organs One type causes limb movement
Peripheral nervous system
Motor neurons Ganglia Communicates signals to muscles or glands Sensory neurons
Simple cuboidal
One layer of cube shaped cells Protect secrete and absorb Kidney
Simple columnar
One layer of elongated cells Protect secrete absorb Small Intestine
Pseudostratified columnar
One layer of elongated cells the secrete mucus and provide protection
Simple squamous
One layer of flat cells Allow diffusion Lungs
Richest source of collagen
Ox tail or bones
Dorsal body cavity
Skull, vertebral column
Negative feedback loop
Stimulus :caused deviation from set point Sensor : constantly monitors conditions, senses change from set point Integrating center: Compares conditions to a set point , allows perception of deviation from set point Effector: causes changed to compensate for deviation Response: system moves toward set point
Adipose cells
Stores fat
Connective tissue
Surrounds, anchors and supports Include bone, fat, blood Include cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer?
Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones
Why do some bread recipes suggest letting the dough rise in a warm place after kneading?
The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly.
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle that is striated and has cells with multiple nuclei displaced towards their edges
You are hungry and impatient, so you decide to use the oven to speed up the action of the papain enzyme. Which is the best approach?
Warm the oven to 350, then turn it off and put the bowl inside after it has cooled somewhat.
In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation?
When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from its dendrites.
muscle cell
___ ___ features: actin and myosin proteins are abundant and are arranged in a specific pattern, these cells have multiple nuclei present, some types are under voluntary control
choanocytes
___ are flagellated cells that line internal cavities and are responsible for pumping water and small particles into the sponge
increase, reduce
a bottom-dwelling catfish species is rapidly evolving after the introduction of a fast-moving predator species. What would you expect to result from its adaptations? ___ propulsion and ___ drag
tissue
a group of specialized cells of a specific type that grow and function as a unit is known as a/an ___
organ
a structure composed of layers of cells of various types arranged in a specific pattern is a/an ___
acoelomate
a worm that is solid from the gut epithelium to the outermost epithelium would be considered
cell
a/an ___ may become specialized and may aggregate with others
b, c, f
all species of animal have general features in common. Check all of the features that would apply to animals. a) animal cells possess a cell wall and are quite rigid b) most animals have the capacity for active movement c) animal zygotes undergo mitotic divisions called cleavage d) not all animals are multicellular e) all animals produce diploid spores f) all animals are heterotrophs
more
although there was far ___ oxygen available to gills in air than in water, the delicate structure of gills couldnt be supported in the terrestrial environment (by ancestral amphibians)
A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was
an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP.
Mechanisms that help generate heat and those that allow release of heat are an example of ____________________. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the __________________ of body temperature.
antagonist effectors; stability
sea star, crab, acoel flatworm, jellyfish, sponge
arrange these animals in terms of their relatedness to humans. the most closely related organisms first and the most distantly related organisms last. sea star, sponge, acoel flatworm, jellyfish
1) sensory pathways 2) somatic nervous system and muscles 3) brain 4) hypothalamus
as a house-warming gift, you receive a robot vacuum cleaner with four unique features: 1)a gadget to detect stair edges and other obstacles 2) a motor to move it around the house, 3) a controller to allow you to program its responses, and 4) a "hunger" sensor to send it back to its charger when its battery is low. your friends tease you for treating it like a pet. in your defense, you point out that it is surprisingly lifelike. what animal features are the robot's features analogous to?
body size
because of their large ___ ___, ancestral amphibians likely faced challenges supporting themselves out of the aquatic environment
If you were the doctor of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia, what activity would you most strongly recommend against?
bikram (hot) yoga
gills
bivalves lack a radula. how do they eat? ___ filter water and extract organic matter
Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix?
blood
Although especially useful to the giraffe, the rete mirabile is similar to a countercurrent heat exchange system in other related, less evolved, mammals. Thus a mechanism for _________________ homeostasis is likely to have evolved from a mechanism previously used for __________________ homeostasis.
blood pressure; temperature
different rates
bones in the legs, arms, spine, and pelvis grow at __ __
sensory pathways
both sensory neurons that register internal and external stimuli deliver information to the ___ __ which then sends the info to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
CNS (central nervous system)
brain and spinal cord
Integrating Center
brain receives and compares stretch information
Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?
cell body
A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, trachea and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem?
chondrocytes
Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues?
chondrocytes
protostome
protostome or deuterostome? blastopore becomes mouth
Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue?
chondroitin
The giraffe, as the tallest living land animal, has several adaptations for its height. To prevent blood from pooling in the head when it bends down to drink, the jugular veins of a giraffe have multiple one-way valves. Furthermore, a web of arteries and veins in the neck called the rete mirabile ("wonderful net") slows the flow of blood into the brain. These specializations of the ______________________ act as mechanisms to maintain ______________________.
circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis
You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first?
collagen
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
consist of sensory pathways (sensory neurons) and motor pathways (somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system)
crocodylia
crocodiles, alligators; advanced reptiles with 4-chambered heart and socketed teeth
What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs?
dense irregular connective tissue
electromagnetic receptors
detect heat and light energy
chemoreceptors
detect the levels of specific chemical signals
organ system
different structures working together to perform a common function are recognized as a/an __
egg deposition
early amphibians could not venture too far away from water because ___ ___ was restricted to moist environments
placentals
embryos nourished by a "long-lived" placenta, includes humans.
marsupials
embryos use "short-lived" placentas and many species live in australia and south america
Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells?
excess mucus production
The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.
exocrine
Antagonistic effectors are defined as two positive feedback mechanisms that work in the same direction to maintain homeostasis.
false
Neuroglia conduct electrical impulses, passing messages to neurons
false
Stimulus
fetus is pushed against uterine opening
Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time?
hibernation
A year or two after the surgery, temperature regulation often returns to normal. What part of the body has adapted to their new physiology?
hypothalamus
Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant?
hypothalamus
sympathetic, parasympathetic
if information from motor pathways is sent to the autonomic nervous system, it can be sent to either the ____ nervous system (fight or flight) or ___ nervous system (rest and repose)
molting, segmentation
in the current animal classification system ___ is thought to have originated once, and ___ is thought to have evolved multiple times
Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature?
increasing metabolic rate
What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit?
intercalated disks rich in gap junctions
vertebrate eye
invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? blind spot
vertebrate eye
invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? color vision
invertebrate eyespot
invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? just detects the direction of light
invertebrate eyespot
invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? photoreceptors clustered in small spot
vertebrate eye
invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? sensory neurons attach in front of retina
invertebrate eyespot
invertebrate eyespot or vertebrate eye? simple visual system
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle that is not striated and has cells that taper at their ends
cardiac muscle
involuntary muscle that is striated and has highly interconnected cells
opposite
joint movement as a result of antagonistic pairing is accomplished by __ action of the paired muscles
The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue?
ligaments
Squamata (sauria)
lizards; limbs set at right angles to body
monotremes
mammals that lay shelled eggs and possess a cloaca
radula
many mollusks feed using a rasping, tonguelike structure called the ____
Select the true statements about epithelial tissues.
may serve as a covering for structures may serve as a barrier can specialize to form glands classified according to cell shape classified according to the number of layers of cells that are present
connective
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: adipose cell
epithelial
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: arterial endothelium
muscle
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: biceps
connective
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: earlobe
connective
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: knee meniscus
epithelial
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: ovarian ducts
muscle
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: quadriceps
muscle
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: rectus abdominus
epithelial
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: alveoli of the lungs
nervous
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: auditory neuron
nervous
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: pain receptor
nervous
muscle, connective, nervous, or epithelial: prefrontal cortex
combination joint
name correct joint: mammalian jaw, allows different movements to occur together
ball-and-socket joint
name correct joint: hip, allows movement in all directions
hinge joint
name correct joint: simplest type of joint, knee, allows movement in only one plane
gliding joint
name correct joint: stabilizes vertebral column, permits sliding of one surface on another, characteristic of lateral vertebral joints
endoskeleton
name correct skeleton type: characteristic of echinoderms, characteristic of vertebrates, made from calcium compounds, made of living tissue, may be made of cartilage
hydrostatic skeleton
name correct skeleton type: characteristic of soft-bodied creatures, includes a fluid-filled central cavity
exoskeleton
name correct skeleton type: may be made of chitin, characteristic of arthropods, must be shed for growth to occur, breathing occurs through openings in this skeleton
If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball, which tissue responds first?
nerve tissue
Effector
pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus
Some individuals suffering from extended hypothermia engage in "paradoxical undressing", in which they remove their clothes despite a dangerously low body temperature. One hypothesis to explain this is that their blood vessels dilate from fatigue, creating a false sensation of warmth. Not only does blood vessel dilation release body heat, but removing clothing makes the situation worse. How would you categorize this unfortunate effect?
positive feedback
deuterostome
protostome or deuterostome? blastopore becomes anus
protostome
protostome or deuterostome? coelom forms from mesodermal cells that move apart from one another to create an expanding cavity within the mass of the cells
deuterostome
protostome or deuterostome? indeterminate development
protostome
protostome or deuterostome? spiral cleavage
cones
rods or cones? apx. 3 million in each human retina
rods
rods or cones? black and white vision
cones
rods or cones? color vision
rods
rods or cones? dim illumination
rods
rods or cones? long outer segment
rods
rods or cones? mostly absent from the fovea
cones
rods or cones? mostly located in the fovea
cones
rods or cones? photopsins
cones
rods or cones? red, blue, and green absorption
rods
rods or cones? rhodopsin
cones
rods or cones? short outer segment
rods
rods or cones?apx 100 million in each human retina
cones
rods or cones?high visual acuity
exteroreceptors
sense stimuli arising from the external environment
interoreceptors
sense stimuli arising from within the body
mechanoreceptors
sense touch and hearing by detecting physical pressure
Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions?
sensor
motor pathways
sensory pathways receive information from their sensory neurons and send it to the Brain and Spinal cord (CNS) The information is then sent to the ___ ___
Which of these animals has the highest metabolic rate per unit body mass?
shrew
Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels?
simple squamous epithelium
A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?
skeletal muscle
Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract?
skeletal muscles
When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen?
skin, tendons, and cartilage
squamata (serpentes)
snakes; no legs
somatic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? always excites motor neurons
somatic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? always single innervation of effector
autonomic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? can excite or inhibit motor neurons
autonomic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and exocrine glands
somatic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? innervates skeletal muscle
autonomic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? typically dual innervation of effector
autonomic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? utilizes norepinephrine
somatic
somatic or autonomic nervous system? utilizes only acetylcholine
differentiate
sponge cells are unique because throughout their development they can ___
multicellular
sponges are truly ___ organisms
true
t/f: bone growth requires removal of parts of the bone as well as addition to the bone
true
t/f: cartilage contains fibers of the protein collagen
false
t/f: compared to chitin bone is much less dynamic and more brittle
false
t/f: feathers are made of chitin
true
t/f: feathers are modified reptilian scales
true
t/f: many bones in the bird skeleton are fused, making them more rigid than a reptile skeleton
in adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues?
supportive
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? causes sweating
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? constricts bronchioles
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? constricts pupils
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? copious salivary secretion
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? decreases heart rate
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? dilates bronchioles
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? dilates pupils
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? increases heart rate
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? inhibits gastric secretion
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? slight salivary secretion
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic? stimulates gastric activity
true
t/f a muscle may be attached at one end to one bone, and to a different bone at the other end
false
t/f: a key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossicles made out of calcium carbonate
true
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. ADULT BODY SYMMETRY is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
false
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. BIOGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
false
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. FEEDING BEHAVIOR is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
true
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. GENE SEQUENCES is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
true
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. THE EMBRYOLOGICAL FORMATION OF BODY CAVITIES is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
true
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. THE NUMBER OF TISSUE LAYERS is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
false
t/f: systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. ULTIMATE ADULT BODY SIZE is a criteria that they would use to classify animals under specific phyla
false
t/f: the insertion of a muscle remains stationary
true
t/f: the movement of one muscle can be counteracted by the movement of another muscle
false
t/f: the origin of a muscle undergoes a great range of movement
true
t/f: vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinary powers of locomotion
If the boys progressed into full-blown hypothermia, this would be a failure of which regulatory system?
temperature homeostasis
muscular foot
the __ __ has been adapted for a number of different functions across the phylum including locomotion, attachment, feeding, and digging
nephridium
the ___is the principal structure used by mollusks to maintain osmotic balance
a, b, d, f
the arthropods are the most successful group of animals; several key features explain their success. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum a) growth takes place through ecdysis b) a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin c) closed circulatory system d) jointed appendages e) a rigid exoskeleton made of keratin f) segments specialized into functional tagmata
desiccation
the biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to an aquatic one is?
a, b, d, f
the chordates share several features that have played a significant role in the evolution of the phylum. check all that apply: a) a postanal tail during embryonic development b) pharyngeal pouches during embryonic development c) an endoskeleton d) a notochord on the dorsal side of the gut in the early embryo f) deuterostomic development of the embryo g) a hollow nerve cord
circulatory system
the costs of locomotion on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to modifications of the heart and ____ ___ (in amphibians)
no (spongy bone is the normal structure of the epiphyses)
the doctor is explaing your x-rays to you. "here you have compact bone, but over here you have spongy bone." should you be alarmed?
epithelium
the exterior of a sponge is composed of flattened cells that form an outer ___
a, b, d, f
the hominoids share several characteristics, which distinguish them from other arthropoids check all that are included: a) they exhibit adaptable behavior, more so than any other group of animals b) they possess a larger brain size than the other anthropoid groups c) the hominoids evolved first in africa d) comparing DNA sequences, humans are closely related to chimpanzees e) the "apes" are a monophyletic group f) homonoids are bipedal, while apes are knuckle walkers
amoeboid
the inner layer of a sponge, the mesohyl, contains several types of ___ cells, which secrete materials to form a skeleton-like structure for support
a, c, d, f
the mammals share several characteristics, which distinguish them from all other classes of vertebrates. check all that apply a) embryonic development often assisted by a placenta b) an anapsid skull c) hair used for insulation, camouflage or as sensory structures d) endothermic metabolism e) fused collarbones f) mammary glands
An evil mastermind has created three new poisons. One interferes with gap junction function, another stimulates sebaceous glands, and a third inhibits goblet cell function. Recently, an unusually high rate of cardiac arrest has plagued the emergency rooms of local hospitals. Which poison is most likely to be responsible?
the poison that blocks gap junctions
After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ______________, but I'll bet we're saving on _____________________."
the water cooler; air conditioning
rhynchocephalia
tuataras; sole survivors of a once successful group that largely disappeared before dinosaurs
chelonia
turtles, tortoises, sea turtles; armored reptiles with shell of bony plates
To tenderize a tough cut of meat, you soak it in a bowl of papaya juice, which includes the enzyme papain. If a pound of meat needs to soak for one hour at your home in Brazil (27°C), how long will it take to become tender in your chilly Boston apartment (16°C)? (Use the rule of thumb of Q10 = 2 to make your prediction.)
two hours
Select the true statements about an epithelial membrane.
usually one or only a few cell layers thick cover all body surfaces allow some substances through and act as a barrier to other substances
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle that is striated and has cells with multiple nuclei displaced towards their edges
c, d, e, g, i
what changes will the sympathetic nervous system of a rabbit initiate when the rabbit is being chased by a coyote? a) constrict bronchioles in lungs b) constrict pupils c) decrease motility in intestine d) dilate bronchioles in lungs e) dilate pupils f) increase motility in intestine g) secrete adrenaline h) slow down heartbeat i) speed up heartbeat
stress, higher
what is the benefit of weight bearing exercises in women for osteoporosis? The weight-bearing exercises __ bones and will encourage __ bone density
order anura
what order has these key characteristics: adults compact, tailless body; rear limbs specialized for jumping
order caudata
what order has these key characteristics: slender body; limbs set out at right angles to body
order apoda
what order has these key characteristics: snakelike body, no limbs; little or no tail
order apoda
what order would caecilians be apart of?
order anura
what order would frogs and toads be apart of?
order caudata
what order would salamanders and newts be apart of?
chemoreceptor
what type of receptor is used to perceive taste and smell?
mechanoreceptor
what type of receptor is used to perceive touch, hearing, and balance?
electromagnetic receptor
what type of receptor is used to perceive vision?
anterior cephalization
which feature would only be found in the bilateria? sexual reproduction, extracellular digestion, nerves and sensory system, or anterior cephalization
e
which is not a feature of muscle cells? A) actin and myosin proteins are abundant B) actin and myosin are arranged in a specific pattern. C) multiple nuclei may be present. D) some types are under voluntary control E) Individual cells are suspended in a matrix.
increase, increase
you are a medical doctor and have a patient in his/her 50s. The patient is concerned about osteoporosis. what would you suggest as a preventative treatment? ___ physical active ___ dietary supplements
