Exam 5

Which naturally-occurring plant hormone has a major role in the phototropic response of plants? A.auxin B.gibberell C.abscisic acid D.ethylene E.2, 4-D

A.auxin

The masseter muscles originate on your cheekbones and insert into the posterior corners of the mandible (the lower jaw bone) underneath your ears. Will contraction of the masseter muscles open or close your jaw? A.close B.open

A.close

Pure water without applied pressure has a water potential that is equal to A. Infinity B. 0.0 MPa C. 1.6 MPa D. -2.0 MPa E. Atmospheric pressure.

B. 0.0 MPa

Which of the following must occur in order to maintain a high pressure potential within guard cells? A. Potassium ions must be actively transported out B. Energy must be constantly expended C. Water must exit guard cells by osmosis D. Stomata must take up more oxygen and less carbon dioxide E. The rate of transpiration must increase.

B. Energy must be constantly expended

Cavitation can occur when what happens? A. Root pressyre pushes water up the xylem B. Starch grains block the sieve tubes C. Gas bubbles expand inside a tracheid or vessel member D. Stomata get stuck closed E. Clouds bock sunlight shining on the leaves

C. Gas bubbles expand inside a tracheid or vessel member

The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long! A. dendrite B. soma C. axon D.node of Ranvier

C. axon

Plants maintain higher levels of phytochrome at their growing tips where phytochrome plays important roles in growth responses to light. Phytochrome levels are also high in areas of the plant that are "greening". What does this suggest about the role of phytochrome in these "greening" zones? A.Phytochrome is absorbing green wavelengths of light. B.In these areas, phytochrome is the first step in the electron transport chain of photosynthesis. C.Phytochrome is facilitating the transcription and translation of photosynthesis related proteins. D.Phytochrome is facilitating the migration of chlorophyll pigments from other areas of the plant.

C.Phytochrome is facilitating the transcription and translation of photosynthesis related proteins.

If the skin formed as a simple epithelium during development, what result would you expect? A.This is the normal situation. B.The skin would have increased transfer and improved water and gas homeostasis. C.This would make the skin very fragile and impair its protective function. D. This would mildly decrease its protective function.

C.This would make the skin very fragile and impair its protective function.

In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues? A.epithelial B.connective C.supportive D.muscle E.nerve

C.supportive

Myofibril contractile subunits, the sarcomeres, are bounded on each end by a disc of protein called the A. H band. B. I band. C. A band. D. Z line. E. M line.

D. Z line.

The most important ion in controlling the movement of water into and out of the guard cells is: A. Sodium B. Hydrogen C. Carbon D. Nitrogen E. Potassium

E. Potassium

Shown below is an electron micrograph of part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber. Which of the labeled regions will NOT shorten when the muscle contracts? A. A band B.H band C. I band D.Sarcomere

A. A band

Water molecules can "stick" to certain surfaces by: A. Adhesion B. Cohesion C. Root pressure D. Water pressure E. Pneumatophores.

A. Adhesion

Which of the following actions occurs in many plants when CO2 concentrations are high? A. Guard cells lose turgor, and the stomata close B. Water evaporates at a higher rate than usual C. CAM photosynthesis fixes CO2 at night D. Oxygen is used by plants for photosynthesis E. Calcium ions are transported faster through the phloem

A. Guard cells lose turgor, and the stomata close

Water may be lost in the form of liquid from the surface of leaves through a process known as: A. Guttation B. Cohesion C. Phloem loading D. Mesophyll adhesion E. Aeration.

A. Guttation

You just got a good look at the Loch Ness Monster! It's tail was waving from side to side. What can you conclude? A. It is likely a type of fish. B. It is likely a type of sea lion. C. It is likely a type of whale. D. Cannot draw any conclusion.

A. It is likely a type of fish.

Water is able to cross plant plasma membranes by a combination of: A. Osmosis and Aquaporins B. Evaporation and Diffusion C. Root Pressure and Turgidity D. Diffusion and Phloem E. Transpiration and Casparian Strips

A. Osmosis and Aquaporins

The sliding filament model for muscle contraction can be studied using an isolated skeletal muscle that is fixed at each end, while a machine records the tension that is generated when the muscle is stimulated to contract. In one particular muscle tested, the length of the thick filaments was 1.6 μm and the length of the thin filaments that project in from each Z line towards the center of the sarcomere was 1.0 μm. A summary of the results comparing sarcomere length to the degree of tension produced during contraction is shown below. What most likely explains the difference between segment II and segment III of the graph? A. There is an increasing overlap of the free ends of the thin filaments in segment III but not in segment II. B. The muscle cells used up all the ATP by the end of segment II. C.The distance between the Z lines is constant in segment II but rapidly increasing in segment III. D. Fewer myosin cross-bridges are forming in segment II than in segment III. E. The length of the thick filaments is decreasing in segment III but not in segment II. F The length of the thin filaments is decreasing in segment III but not in segment II.

A. There is an increasing overlap of the free ends of the thin filaments in segment III but not in segment II.

In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation? A. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites. B.Neurons are not electrically active - you should be recording neuroglia instead. C.When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its axons. D.Excessive myelination is blocking inputs to the cell.

A. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites.

What structure do myelin sheaths form along? A. axons B. dendrites C.neuroglia D.cell bodies E.ganglia

A. axons

Which of the following is required by plants in the smallest quantity? A. boron B.potassium C.phosphorus D.nitrogen E.sulfur

A. boron

A recovering stroke patient complained about strange smells in his room, but no cause could be found. The doctor diagnosed this as phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, and said it was likely due to stroke-related damage to which tissue? A. central nervous system B.olfactory receptors C. peripheral nervous system D. nodes of Ranvier

A. central nervous system

In order for an earthworm to lengthen several contiguous segments of its body, it must A. contract its circular muscles, which pulls up the chaetae and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm. B.contract its longitudinal muscles, which pulls up the chaetae and moves the body fluid perpendicular to the long axis of the worm. C.contract its circular muscles, which extends the chaetae into the surrounding soil and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm. D.contract its longitudinal muscles, which extends the chaetae into the surrounding soil and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm. E.contract its circular muscles, which extends the chaetae into the surrounding soil and moves the body fluid perpendicular to the long axis of the worm.

A. contract its circular muscles, which pulls up the chaetae and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm.

The human skeleton is a typical vertebrate A. endoskeleton. B. exoskeleton. C. hydrostatic skeleton. D. axial skeleton only. E. appendicular skeleton only.

A. endoskeleton.

If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland. A. exocrine B. endocrine C.lymph D.sebaceous E.adrenal

A. exocrine

What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called? A. neurons B.dendrites C.axons D.fibroblasts E. astrocytes

A. neurons

In addition to the senses of vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch, we also have a sense called proprioception. It tells us the position of our bodies, based in part on stretch receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors are part of the ______________ nervous system. A. peripheral B. central C.neuroglial D. motor

A. peripheral

A deficiency of ammonia (NH4) would inhibit the production of which of the following molecules? A. proline and alanine B. starch C. short chain fatty acids D. glucose and fructose E. long chain fatty acids

A. proline and alanine

If you rub the scaled skin of a shark, it feels rough if you move your hand from tail to head but smooth if you move from head to tail. What is a major advantage of the scales being oriented this way? A. to counteract friction as the shark swims through the water B. to keep the shark afloat in the water C.to better protect the shark from predators D.to better prevent water loss from the body tissues E. to enable the shark to orient itself in space and detect prey

A. to counteract friction as the shark swims through the water

In a stimulated muscle fiber, the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein _______. A. troponin B. tropomyosin C. actin D. myosin

A. troponin

Consider the following plant cells floating in an open beaker containing 0.2M sucrose. By definition, an open beaker has a pressure potential 0 MPa. Assume that the cells have come to equilibrium with the solution in the beaker. In Cell 3, A. ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. B. ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = 0.0 MPa. C. ψp = +0.5 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. D. ψp = -0.5 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. E. ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = +0.5 MPa.

A. ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa.

_______________ are chemical substances produced in small quantities in one part of an organism and then transported to another part of the organism, where they bring about physiological responses. A.Glycoproteins B. Photosynthates C. Hormones D.Heat shock proteins E.Pulvini

A.Glycoproteins

In the power stroke shown in panel c below, the thin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere. What is the specific sequence of events that occurs during a power stroke? A.Release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape -> release of ADP B. Release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape C.Release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group D.Myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP E.Release of ADP-> release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape

A.Release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape -> release of ADP

The structure enabling depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the ______. A.T tubule B.sarcoplasmic reticulum C.motor unit D. sarcomere

A.T tubule

Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common? A.They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material. B.They all provide structural support to the body. C.They are all hard tissues. D.They all physically bind other tissues together.

A.They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.

A cross bridge is the binding of which two proteins? A.actin and myosin B.actin and troponin C.myosin and troponin D.collagen and troponin E.myosin and collagen

A.actin and myosin

While touring a farm, the farmer tells you that she uses cytokinin to increase crop productivity. But, from biology class you know that cytokinin alone has no effect on parenchyma cells. What other substance is the farmer most likely using in conjunction with cytokinin? A.auxin B.abscisic acid C.strigolacD.tones E.ethylene F.suberin

A.auxin

Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue? A.bone B.an exoskeleton C.each other D.nerves E.the plasma membrane

A.bone

Impulses conducted along the muscle fiber's transverse tubules stimulate the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm A.from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B.from the actin and myosin subunits. C. from the Z line. D. from the extracellular fluid in the neuromuscular junction. E.from the troponin.

A.from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The glands of vertebrates are derived from ____________ epithelium. A.invaginated B.stratified C.endocrine D.scarified E.keratinized

A.invaginated

The myofibrils consist of both thin filaments made of actin and thick filaments composed of A.myosin. B.troponin. C.chitin. D.tropomyosin. E.acetylcholine.

A.myosin.

The most important mineral nutrients added to soils in fertilizers are A.nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. B. calcium and nitrogen. C.magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. D. sulfur. E. calcium carbonate.

A.nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium.

Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals? A.osteocytes B.erythrocytes C.leukocytes D.fibrocytes E.chondrocytes

A.osteocytes

In mammals and some reptiles, the coelom is divided into smaller cavities that enclose the lungs, heart, and gut. What are these cavities called? A.pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities B.thoracic, pleural, and pericardial cavities C.pleural, pericardial, and cardial cavities D.perithoracic, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

A.pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

You have just read an advertisement for a new drug that claims people who take it can get muscular bodies without spending months lifting weights in the gym. The drug stimulates muscle growth in the same way that weight lifting does, which is to A.stimulate growth in the size of existing muscle fibers. B.stimulate existing muscle fibers to divide. C.stimulate existing muscle fibers to fuse with one another. D.turn surrounding connective tissue into muscle tissue. E.stimulate an increase in the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers.

A.stimulate growth in the size of existing muscle fibers.

Insects such as mosquitoes and beetles can beat their wings at tremendous speeds. This can be accomplished because A.their wing muscle contractions causes another set of muscles to stretch which in turn produces another contraction without waiting for the arrival of a nerve impulse. B.their wing muscle contractions cause another set of muscles to relax which in turn produces another wing movement. C. their wing muscle contractions are stimulated by the continuous nerve signal impulses which produce a continuous contraction of their wing muscles. D. their wing muscle contractions are capable of producing more ATP which allows these insects to have much faster and sustained wing movements. E their wing muscle contractions produce nerve impulses which lead to more contraction of the wing muscles which in turn permits faster motion of the wings.

A.their wing muscle contractions causes another set of muscles to stretch which in turn produces another contraction without waiting for the arrival of a nerve impulse.

In order for a muscle to contract, calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum must bind to A.troponin. B.tropomyosin. C.myosin. D.actin. E.ATP.

A.troponin.

Abscisic acid (ABA) synthesized in the root travels to different parts of the shoot where it regulates transpirational water loss. What is the most likely way that ABA travels from the root to the various locations within the shoot? A.vessels and tracheids B.sieve tubes C.between cell walls D.from cell to cell through the plasmodesmata

A.vessels and tracheids

As the Baby Boomer generation ages, more and more joint replacement surgeries take place each year. Hip replacement surgery is the gold standard of all joint replacement surgeries, with many patients able to walk just a few hours after surgery and return home the very next day. In contrast, knee replacement surgery usually requires hospital stays of several days, followed by weeks to months of physical therapy. What best explains why the recovery after hip replacement surgery is so much faster than after knee replacement surgery? A. The hip joint is more superficial and more accessible to surgeons than the knee joint. B The knee joint is stabilized by many more structures (many of which have to be cut) than the hip joint. C. The hip only moves in one direction, and recovery of one motion is easier than recovering movement in many directions. D. The upper end of the thigh bone has less overall surface contact with the hip bone than its lower end has in the knee with bones of the lower leg. E.The knee is a type of combination joint, which are difficult to replace.

B The knee joint is stabilized by many more structures (many of which have to be cut) than the hip joint.

The Calvin Cycle can only produce sugar if ______can enter through the pores of the leaves. A. O2 B. CO2 C. Water D. Potassium E. N2

B. CO2

Why are epithelial membranes not very thick? A. Epithelial tissues are required to support other cells growing on top of the tissue. B. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur. C.Epithelial tissues can only reach a certain thickness because their growth is constrained by microtubules inside the cell membrane. D.Thick epithelial tissues would collapse due to the drying effect of the environment. E. Epithelial tissues are programmed to stop dividing after only a few cell cycles.

B. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

Which of the following regarding bone growth is false? A. Cartilage of growth plates actively grow in lengthwise direction. B. Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum. C. Some cartilage remains after it is replaced by bone. D. Cartilage calcification encroaches on the cartilaginous growth plate.

B. Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum.

Turgor is most directly related to the plant cells A. Total Water Potential B. Pressure Potential C. Solute Potential D. Osmosis E. Gravity Potential

B. Pressure Potential

Most carbohydrates manufactured in leaves and other photosynthetic parts are transported through the phloem to the rest of the plant by the process of: A. Transpiration B. Translocation C. Osmosis D. Receptor-mediated transport E. Turgor pressure.

B. Translocation

The process by which water is "pulled" up through the xylem columns of plants as it evaporates out of the leaves is called: A. Respiration B. Transpiration C. Osmosis D. Anhydration E. Stomatization

B. Transpiration

A plant will usually wilt when which component of water potential reaches 0 MPa? A. Solute Potential B. Turgor Pressure C. Total Water Potential D. Gravity Potential

B. Turgor Pressure

When seeds are removed from strawberries, fruit growth is stopped. This suggests the seeds contain which of the following hormones? A.ethylene B. auxin C.phytochrome D.gibberellins

B. auxin

The mammalian jaw is an example of what kind of moveable joint? A.hinge joint B. combination joint C.gliding joint D.ball-and-socket joint

B. combination joint

Inserting a cloned gene for a certain plasma membrane transporter into crop plants could lead to .A the ability of a plant to produce its own micronutrients. B. extra uptake of minerals that would fortify the crop for human consumption. C. the evolution of nodule-formation on the crop plant. D. elevated CO2 levels in the atmospherE. plants taking up enough minerals that they no longer need to photosynthesize.

B. extra uptake of minerals that would fortify the crop for human consumption.

Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin? A.calcium B.ATP C.phosphate D.troponin E.ADP

B.ATP

A plant physiologist treats a leaf with abscisic acid and observes that the stomata close. What happened inside the guard cells during the experiment? A.Abscisic acid influences the movement of sodium ions out of the guard cells. B.Abscisic acid influences the movement of potassium ions out of the guard cells. C.Abscisic acid binds carbon dioxide and causes carbonate crystals to block the stomatal opening. D.Abscisic acid binds with auxins and induces water molecules to exit the guard cells. E.Abscisic acid causes the guard cells to become more turgid.

B.Abscisic acid influences the movement of potassium ions out of the guard cells.

Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct? A. Bone contains an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. B.Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. C. Bone tissue is a special form of connective tissue. D.Bone tissue serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions. E. Bone marrow is a reservoir for blood stem cells

B.Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body? A.cells B.Bones C.tissues D.organs E.organ systems

B.Bones

When Darwin covered the tip of a grass seedling with metal foil and then illuminated it from one side, what happened to the seedling? A.It bent away from the directional light. B.It did not respond to the directional light. C.It grew toward the light, as expected. D.It waved back and forth. E. It wilted and died.

B.It did not respond to the directional light.

Based on the above diagram and other information from your text, what is the most likely (e.g., most parsimonious) explanation for the evolution of flight in vertebrates? A.Wings evolved once in vertebrates (e.g., the common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates had wings) and wings were subsequently lost in all but three lineages: bats, pterosaurs and birds. B.The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in pterosaurs and in birds. C.The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently two different times: once in bats and once in the common ancestor of birds, pterosaurs and dinosaurs. D.The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in pterosaurs and in the common ancestor of birds and dinosaurs. E.The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in birds and in the common ancestor of pterosaurs and dinosaurs.

B.The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in pterosaurs and in birds.

In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through? A.The shot entered the dorsal cavity and exited through the ventral cavity. B.The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity. C.The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the pleural cavity. E.The shot entered the pericardial cavity and exited through the pleural cavity.

B.The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity.

Several scientists, including Charles and Francis Darwin, Frits Went and others, demonstrated that auxins caused stems to bend toward light in a series of elaborate experiments. Went was the researcher who finally determined that bending of the stem toward light was a result of which mechanism? A.Light caused a reduction in auxin concentration and a reduction in stem elongation on the lighted side of the plant stem, and thus a bending in the direction of the light. B.The transport of auxin to the shaded side of the plant stem stimulated stem elongation and a bending in the direction of the light. C.Auxin concentration was equal on both sides (lighted and shaded) of the stem; however, the apical meristem responded to the presence of light. D.A combination of positive phototropism and a negative gravitropism. E.The stems actually were responding to the agar blocks that had been used in the experiments.

B.The transport of auxin to the shaded side of the plant stem stimulated stem elongation and a bending in the direction of the light.

Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix? A.adipose B.blood C.cartilage D.dense connective tissue E.loose connective tissue

B.blood

What is cartilage composed of? A.chondroitin and calcium phosphate B.chondroitin and collagen fibers C.collagen fibers and osteocytes D.osteocytes and glycoproteins E.osteocytes and calcium phosphate

B.chondroitin and collagen fibers

What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs? A.loose connective tissue B.dense irregular connective tissue C.collagen D.dense regular connective tissue E.adipose

B.dense irregular connective tissue

In some genetically engineered tomatoes, fruit ripening was delayed by crippling the gene that produces which hormone? A. auxin B.ethylene C.abscisic acid D.gibberellin E.cytokinin

B.ethylene

Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells? A.decreased mucus production B.excess mucus production C.excess O2 absorption D.decreased CO2 absorption

B.excess mucus production

The movement of actin and myosin fibers in a muscle contraction contains all of the following steps EXCEPT A.the myosin head attaches to the actin filament. B.myosin rolls up from one end, forming a ball. C.the myosin filament advances relative to the actin filament. D.the globular myosin head detaches from the actin filament. E.the myosin head returns to its original conformation.

B.myosin rolls up from one end, forming a ball.

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed. A.organism, cell, tissue, organ B.organ system, tissue, organ, cell C.organ system, organ, tissue, cell D.organism, cell, organ system, tissue

B.organ system, tissue, organ, cell

Mycorrhizae are especially effective in helping plant roots uptake A. nitrogen. B.phosphorus. C.potassium. D. iron. E.magnesium.

B.phosphorus.

Directional, light-triggered plant development is known as A.thigmotropism. B.phototropism. C.thigmonasty. D.photomorphogenesis. E.acid-growth movement.

B.phototropism.

One effect of auxin, which triggers the elongation of cells, is to affect cell walls by increasing their A.permeability. B.plasticity. C.stiffness. D.thickness. E.water solubility.

B.plasticity.

Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis? A.keratinized epithelium B.simple squamous epithelium C.stratified squamous epithelium D.layers of dead squamous cells

B.simple squamous epithelium

Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract? A.smooth muscles B.skeletal muscles C.cardiac muscles D. ligament tissues E.involuntary muscles

B.skeletal muscles

Gibberellins affect many processes in plants. In seeds embryos, gibberellins are believed to signal hydrolysis of the stored food reserves through inducing the synthesis of the enzyme α-amylase. What food source are gibberellins targeting with the release of α-amylase? A. omega-3 fatty acids B.starch C.glycogen D. fructose E. protein

B.starch

In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against A.each other. B.the exoskeleton. C.a hydrostatic skeleton. D.mineralized bones. Ethe pseudocoel.

B.the exoskeleton.

You a given a plant tissue in lab and asked to determine if the tissue is a source or a sink. Microscopic analysis reveals an abundance of colorless parenchyma cells with plastids. Only one biochemical test reacts positively with your sample. In the presence of iodine, the plastids turn a dark purplish color. Based on this information you determine your sample is: A. A source because your sample is rich in carbohydrates B. A source because your sample contains plastids C. A sink because your sample is rich in carbohydrates D. Both a source and sink because it contains both plastids and carbohydrates.

C. A sink because your sample is rich in carbohydrates

On a short-term basis, water loss in plants may be controlled by the: A. Bending of the petrioles on the leaves B. Closing of the stele in the roots C. Closing of the stomata in the leaves to limit transpiration D. Opening of the stomata in the leaves to allow more carbon dioxide to enter E. Opening the Casparian strips in the roots

C. Closing of the stomata in the leaves to limit transpiration

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond? A.Exocrine and endocrine glands are essentially the same, both produce products that are secreted to the skin's surface. B.Exocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while endocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. C. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. D. Exocrine glands are found in the thoracic cavity while endocrine glands are located in the pleural cavity. E.The liver is an endocrine gland that secretes directly into epithelial tissues. The pituitary gland is an exocrine gland that secretes into the blood stream.

C. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

The pressure-flow hypothesis describes A. How hormones move through the phloem B. How carbohydrates enter the sieve tubes C. How carbohydrates in solution move through the phloem D. How water and minerals move through the xylem E. How carbohydrates and minerals move through the xylem.

C. How carbohydrates in solution move through the phloem

What makes a mineral element essential for plant growth? A.It is part of typical chemical fertilizers. B. It can only be found in organic fertilizers. C. If it is missing, the plant cannot grow or reproduce normally. D.As its concentration increases, the plant grows more. E. It contributes to the solute potential of the plant.

C. If it is missing, the plant cannot grow or reproduce normally.

How would you expect a disease of cartilage formation affect bone development? A.Cartilage is used for other tissues, not bone, so it will not affect bone development. B. Cartilage defects will affect bone only via the effect on tendons and ligaments. C. It would greatly disrupt bone development, since bones are originally formed of cartilage which becomes replaced. D.The epiphysis is formed of cartilage so that will be disrupted, but otherwise the bone will be normal.

C. It would greatly disrupt bone development, since bones are originally formed of cartilage which becomes replaced.

You decide to do an experiment with isolated myofibrils to explore the effects of ATP hydrolysis on myofibril function. You do this by bathing the myofibrils in a solution that contains a modified form of ATP, which cannot be split into ADP and Pi. At what step will myofibril function be arrested by using this compound instead of unmodified ATP? A.There will be no block in the cycle, since ATP hydrolysis is not required for this process. B.Myosin molecules will be unable to assemble into thick filaments. C. Myosin heads will be unable to bind to the actin filaments. D. Myosin heads will bind to the actin filaments, but the power stroke will not occur and actin filaments will not slide over the myosin filaments. E. The myosin heads will remain attached to the actin filaments after the power stroke.

C. Myosin heads will be unable to bind to the actin filaments.

Plants living in standing water often face which of the following problems? A. Increased CO2 levels B. Chilling of the roots C. Oxygen deprivation D. Loss of stomata E. Harmful Root Pressure

C. Oxygen deprivation

Most of the water absorbed by the plant enters through the: A. Root Apical Meristem B. Root Cap C. Root Hairs D. Stomata E. Lenticels

C. Root Hairs

Even in the absence of transpiration, some water can move into the roots and partially up the xylem columns. This phenomenon is due to: A. Flooding B. Stomatal Opening C. Root Pressure D. Proton Pumps E. Phloem Translocation

C. Root Pressure

Mycorrhizal fungi interact with plants at the: A. Stomata B. Seed coat C. Roots D. Edge of ponds E. Cuticle.

C. Roots

Which of the following statements about transport through phloem is true? A. Transport only occurs from the roots to the shoot B. It is aided by root pressure C. The direction of flow can change at different times if the sources and sinks change D. No energy is required E. Mostly dissolved starch is transported

C. The direction of flow can change at different times if the sources and sinks change

Abscisic acid (ABA) is synthesized in the roots in response to decreased soil water potential. ABA then translocates to the leaves, where it rapidly alters the osmotic potential of guard cells. What effect would this have on the stomata and the process of transpiration? A. The stomata would open thereby increasing the rate of transpiration. B.The stomata would open thereby decreasing the rate of transpiration. C. The stomata would close thereby decreasing the rate of transpiration. D. The stomata would close thereby increasing the rate of transpiration. E.The change in the stomata would have no effect on the rate of transpiration.

C. The stomata would close thereby decreasing the rate of transpiration.

Halophytes are plants that live in saline soils. The high osmotic potential of the salt solution in the soil creates a very negative water potential. What can halophytes do so that water will flow into the roots? A. They can close their stomata so that less water is lost through transpiration B. They can open all their stomata so that transpiration "pulls" more water into the roots C. They can increase the solute concentration in their roots creating a water potential that is more negative than the soil D. They can pump ions out of the plant creating a water potential in the roots that is more positive than the soil E. They can remove the mycorrhizal fungi from their roots decreasing the competition for water

C. They can increase the solute concentration in their roots creating a water potential that is more negative than the soil

A deficiency in a plant micronutrient A. is less serious than a deficiency in a macronutrient. B. makes that plant susceptible to herbivores. C. can have a severe effect on plant growth. D. results in no visible symptoms. E. has no impact on the agriculture of a region.

C. can have a severe effect on plant growth.

A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, larynx and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem? A. leukocytes B. erythrocytes C. chondrocytes D. osteocytes E. fibroblasts

C. chondrocytes

In bone, crystals of calcium phosphate impregnate the extracellular matrix containing fibers of A. actin. B. chitin. C. collagen. D. myosin. E. troponin.

C. collagen.

Vertebrate bone does NOT ____. A.consist of cells and an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers B.contain hydroxyapatite crystals C. contain sarcomere units D. contain blood vessels E. become remodeled with use

C. contain sarcomere units

Coconut milk has been used to promote the differentiation of organs in masses of plant tissue growing in culture. Coconut milk is effective for this reason because it contains A. auxins. B. gibberellins. C. cytokinins. D.ethylene E. abscisic acid.

C. cytokinins.

When one plant is shaded by another, why is the ratio of far-red to red light increased compared to an unshaded plant? A.Phytochrome in the taller plant absorbs most of the red light. B.Auxin absorbs mostly far-red light. C.As light passes through the leaves of the taller plant, most of the red light is absorbed by chlorophyllD.Far-red light mostly reflects off the surface of the soil while red light is mostly absorbed. E.Shade is enriched in far-red wavelengths of light.

C.As light passes through the leaves of the taller plant, most of the red light is absorbed by chlorophyll

Before ARF transcription factors can trigger auxin-induced gene expression, what must happen? A.Auxin binds to ubiquitin, a degradation tag. B.Auxin degrades Aux/IAA proteins which repress ARF transcription factors. C.Auxin binds to TIR1, an auxin receptor. D.Auxin must bind to the ARF transcription factor. E.Ubiquitin must destroy TIR1 to release Aux/IAA proteins.

C.Auxin binds to TIR1, an auxin receptor.

What happens when plants are illuminated with directional light from the side instead of from directly overhead? A.More auxin is produced. B. Less auxin is produced. C.Auxin is transported away from the lighted side. D.Auxin is transported toward the lighted side. E.Auxin receptors are activated.

C.Auxin is transported away from the lighted side.

The figure below represents a joint in the hind leg of a grasshopper. The exoskeleton of the leg is indicated by the two pairs of parallel black lines. A muscle that moves this leg is fixed to the skeleton at the end marked with a blue star. When the muscle contracts, it will pull on the tendon at its opposite end. Which configuration shows the most likely arrangement of the exoskeleton and a muscle that increases the flexion of this leg? A.A B.B C.C D.D

C.C

Why does the sarcomere get narrower during muscle contraction? A.The actin fiber shrinks. B.The myosin fiber shrinks. C.The myosin and actin fibers overlap more. D.The edges of the muscle push the cells closer together. E. The sarcoplasmic reticulum empties.

C.The myosin and actin fibers overlap more.

You witness a demonstration of a martial arts master breaking a large concrete block with his hand. Besides mastering technique, what is another benefit of the repetitive practice of breaking concrete? A.Repetitive stress on the long bones will solidify cartilage. B.The Haversian canal system will supply more blood and strengthen the bone. C.The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones. D.The marrow cavity will solidify and strengthen the bone.

C.The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones.

What internal process helps plants to keep their movements and other responses synchronized with the day-night cycle? A.purine monitoring B.solar tracking C.a circadian clock D.auxin cycling E.gravitropism

C.a circadian clock

The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of A.collagen fibers. B.gelatinous mass. C.actin and myosin fibers. D.keratin fibers. E.fibroblast cells.

C.actin and myosin fibers.

Some plants are able to endure frequent flooding events because they contain a tissue with loose parenchyma cells and large air spaces called: A.more xylem. B.an extra layer of spongy mesophyll. C.adventitious roots that reach above the surface of the water. D.an extra porpous epidermal tissue.

C.adventitious roots that reach above the surface of the water.

One adaptation to flight in birds is lighter bones, which lack A.calcium. B.collagen. C.bone marrow. D.the periosteum. E. medullary cavities.

C.bone marrow.

Which muscle contraction is involuntary? A.cardiac only B.smooth only C.cardiac and smooth D.skeletal only E.cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

C.cardiac and smooth

Where is the nucleus of a neuron found? A.axon branches B.companion cell C.cell body D.dendrites E.myelin sheath

C.cell body

All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct EXCEPT A.exoskeletons are made of chitin. B.muscles are attached to the exoskeleton. C.exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch. D.exoskeletons are shed by many arthropods in a process called molting. E. chitin is a polysaccharide.

C.exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch.

A viticulturist wants to grow larger grapes by elongating the stems of the vines. Which specific hormone would a viticulturist apply to the plants? A. auxin B.cytokinin C.gibberellin D.abscisic acid E.ethylene

C.gibberellin

What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit? A. fused cells with multiple nuclei B. covalent bonds between actin and myosin molecules C.intercalated disks rich in gap junctions D.large numbers of motor neurons

C.intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue? A.heart muscle B.spinal cord C.ligaments D.skeletal muscle

C.ligaments

At the emergency room, the doctor tell you "Your friend has high levels of troponin in the blood." What is this likely to indicate? A.a broken bone B.a high level of fitness C.muscle damage D.an unhealthy diet

C.muscle damage

If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball instead, which tissue responds first? A.epithelial tissue B.ectoderm C.nerve tissue D.muscle tissue

C.nerve tissue

Impressive was a champion Quarter Horse stallion with a magnificent muscular physique, a trait that he passed on to dozens of offspring. However, many of Impressive's offspring developed periodic muscular twitching that sometimes left the horses temporarily unable to move. Some horses even died. As it turns out, Impressive's award-winning physique was due to a mutation in a single, protein-encoding gene, resulting in hyperexcitable muscle (which contracts even in the absence of a stimulus from its motor neuron). Which is NOT a plausible explanation for the identity of the abnormal muscle protein in Impressive and his offspring? A. acetylcholine receptors that function in the absence of acetylcholine B. leaky Na+ channels C.overactive Ca2+ pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. tropomyosin that is unable to bind to actin E. over-active troponin molecules

C.overactive Ca2+ pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue? A.central nervous system B.osmic nerve C.peripheral nervous system D.neuroglial system

C.peripheral nervous system

Charles Darwin and his son experimented with which plant growth response? A.gravitropism B.circadian rhythms C.phototropism D.heat shock E.thermotropism

C.phototropism

What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called? A.columnar B.pseudostratified C.squamous D.cuboidal E.stratified

C.squamous

Sarin gas is an inhibitor of an enzyme that functions in the neuromuscular junction to break down acetylcholine. What is the most likely description of how a person would die after inhaling this poisonous gas? A.by a heart attack B. paralysis of skeletal muscles C.suffocation via hypercontraction of the respiratory muscles D.suffocation via paralysis of the respiratory muscles E.epileptic convulsions caused by disorganized electrical activity in the brain

C.suffocation via hypercontraction of the respiratory muscles

Consider the following plant cells floating in an open beaker containing 0.2M sucrose. By definition, an open beaker has a pressure potential 0 MPa. Assume that the cells have come to equilibrium with the solution in the beaker. In Cell 1, A. ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = 0.0 MPa. B.ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = -1.0 MPa. C.ψp = +0.5 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. D.ψp = -0.5 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. E.ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = +0.5 MPa.

C.ψp = +0.5 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa.

Which of the following regarding the Haversian System is false? A.It keeps osteocytes alive. B.Haversian canals may contain nerve fibers. C.Haversian canals run parallel to the length of long bone. D. Haversian canals are created by osteoclasts that tunnel through the bone matrix.

D. Haversian canals are created by osteoclasts that tunnel through the bone matrix.

The plasma membranes of root hair cells contain a variety of protein transport channels through which specific ions are transported, even against large concentration gradients, by A. Electron Pumps B. Carbohydrate Pumps C. Water Pumps D. Hydrogen ion Pumps E. Root Pumps

D. Hydrogen ion Pumps

The uneven distribution of an impermeable solute on either side of a membrane will result in A. An increase in oxygen deprivation B. Proton pumping C. Root pressure D. Osmosis E. Stomatal closing.

D. Osmosis

A plant is exposed to a toxin that blocks ABA receptor sites in the plasma membrane. What is the likely consequence of this exposure? A. Oxygen deprivation will trigger the release of ethylene, which will in turn suppress root growth B. Gibberellin production will increase, allowing the plant to access more nutrients in the soil C. ABA will enter the cells by an alternative route and normal function will be restored D. The plant will lose excess water through transpiration and suffer dehydration E. The guard cells will become flaccid and gas exchange will cease.

D. The plant will lose excess water through transpiration and suffer dehydration

A large watermelon fruit is very heavy and contains nearly 90% water. Since the skin of a watermelon is thick and lacks stomata, transpiration does not "pull" water into the watermelon. So, how does all that water get into the fruit? A. Root pressure pushes water into the watermelon B. Water enters by osmosis from the soil C. Water is pumped in by active transport D. Water is transported in the phloem along with the sugars while they are being translocated into the fruit E. Watermelons, like other fruit, contain an abundance of xylem

D. Water is transported in the phloem along with the sugars while they are being translocated into the fruit

The neurotransmitter released from the nerve terminus at the neuromuscular junction is __________. A. troponin B. Ca2+ C. tropomyosin D. acetylcholine

D. acetylcholine

Which of the following is/are required with actin and myosin in order to initiate muscle contraction? A.ATP B. calcium C. phosphate D. calcium and ATP E. calcium and phosphate

D. calcium and ATP

Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"? A. tissues, organs, and organ systems B. mesoderm, muscle, and tissue C.ectoderm, endoderm, and exoskeleton D. mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm E. mesoderm, exoderm, and hydroderm

D. mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

hen we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together? A. skeletal, endocrine, and circulatory systems B. nervous, circulatory, and skeletal systems C. muscular, integumentary, and circulatory systems D. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

D. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Impulses conducted along the transverse tubules of the muscle fiber stimulate A.the release of ATP. B. the binding of actin to the Z lines. C. tropomyosin and troponin binding. D. the release of calcium ions. E. the release of acetylcholine.

D. the release of calcium ions.

Consider the following plant cells floating in an open beaker containing 0.2M sucrose. By definition, an open beaker has a pressure potential 0 MPa. Assume that the cells have come to equilibrium with the solution in the beaker. In Cell 2, A. ψp = 0.75 MPa and ψw = 0.0 MPa. B. ψp = 0.0 MPa and ψw = -0.75 MPa. C. ψp = -0.25 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. D. ψp = +0.25 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa. E. ψp = +0.25 MPa and ψw = +0.25 MPa.

D. ψp = +0.25 MPa and ψw = -0.5 MPa.

Which of the following equations represents the total water potential of a plant? A. s2 + p2 = w2 B. ψs = ψp + ψw C. ψp = ψw + ψs D. ψw = ψp + ψs E. ψw = ψs ¸ ψp

D. ψw = ψp + ψs

Select the incorrect statement related to sarcomere structure and function. A. Thin filaments are not present in the H band of a sarcomere. B. Two Z lines form the opposite borders of one sarcomere. C.Stacks of thick filaments produce dark bands, called the A band. D.I bands consist of both thin and thick filaments. E.Sarcomeres are the smallest subunits of muscle contraction.

D.I bands consist of both thin and thick filaments.

________________ is directional growth responses of plants to a unidirectional source of light. A. Gravitropism B.Thigmotropism C.Dormancy D.Phototropism E.Thermotropism

D.Phototropism

Imagine an earthworm that has no chaetae. How would the lack of chaetae affect movement of the earthworm? A.The earthworm would not be able to move at all. B.The earthworm would only be able to extend its body segments. C.The earthworm would only be able to shorten its body segments. D.The earthworm would have difficulty changing locations, since it cannot anchor itself in the soil. E.The earthworm would be much flatter than normal since it has no hydrostatic skeleton.

D.The earthworm would have difficulty changing locations, since it cannot anchor itself in the soil.

What is the association between tropomyosin and troponin molecules in resting striated muscle fibers? A.Tropomyosin holds the troponin in place on the myosin. B.Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the myosin. C. Tropomyosin holds the troponin in place on the actin. D.Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the actin. E.There is no known association.

D.Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the actin.

Research has shown that cytokinin levels fluctuate seasonally in temperate plants. What season would you expect to see the lowest levels of cytokinins and why would this be adaptive? A.Spring, because lower levels of cytokinin allow auxin to promote rapid growth the height for stems. This will allow the plant to compete effectively for sunlight. B.Summer, because lower levels of cytokinin would slow growth down and delay leaf aging. This will allow the plant to maximize the production of starch and increase it's sugar reserves. This will help ensure the plant's survival through Autumn and Winter. C. Autumn, because lower levels of cytokinin at this time of year will induce the production of ethylene. This will result in maturation of fruit and ensure effective seed dispersal before Winter. D.Winter, because lower levels of cytokinin will place buds into a dormant state. This will protect the underlying tissues from freezing until Spring.

D.Winter, because lower levels of cytokinin will place buds into a dormant state. This will protect the underlying tissues from freezing until Spring.

Which cell structure is most likely responsible for sensing gravity? A. central vacuole B.Golgi appartus C.chloroplast D.amyloplast E.apical meristem

D.amyloplast

The elongation of stems is stimulated by A.auxin only. B.gibberellin only. C.ethylene only. D.auxin and gibberellin. E.auxin and ethylene.

D.auxin and gibberellin

Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue? A.collagen B.elastin C.reticulin D.chondroitin E.adipose cells

D.chondroitin

You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first? A.actin B.epidermal growth factor C.myosin II heavy chain D.collagen

D.collagen

Which of the following epithelial tissues secretes mucus and is dense with cilia? A.cuboidal B.squamous C.stratified D.columnar

D.columnar

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced. A.ectoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm B.connective tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; epithelial tissue C.epithelium; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm D.epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

D.epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

While touring the ancient Egypt exhibit at the local history museum, you learn that ancient Egyptians would slash figs in order to stimulate ripening. Based on your knowledge of plant hormones you hypothesize that wounding the figs must release: A. abscisic acid B.gibberellin C.indoleacetic acid D.ethylene E.cytokinin

D.ethylene

In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage? A.tip of the nose B.outer ear C.intervertebral disks of the backbone D.knee cap E.larynx

D.knee cap

Although symbiotic relationships between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants are rare, many plants have symbiotic relationships with A. other plants. B.nematode worms in the soil. C.filamentous algae. D.mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. E. soil insects.

D.mycorrhizal fungi in the soil.

In Arabidopsis plants, about 10% of its genome is devoted to processes tied to which molecule? A.auxin B.ubiquitin C.rubisco D.phytochrome E.gibberellins

D.phytochrome

Which of the following types of muscles are striated? A.skeletal and smooth B. cardiac only C.triceps and biceps only D.skeletal and cardiac E.skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

D.skeletal and cardiac

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they? A.cardiac muscle B.smooth muscle C.involuntary muscle D.skeletal muscle

D.skeletal muscle

When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen? A.heart and other muscles B.brain C.glandular organs D.skin, tendons, and cartilage

D.skin, tendons, and cartilage

The process of moving water through a plant by transpiration works because water molecules stick to each other with: A. Turgor pressure B. Osmosis C. Ionic bonds D. Adhesion E. Hydrogen bonds

E. Hydrogen bonds

All connective tissues share which of the following structural features? I-contain cells II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material III-contain sarcomere units A.I and III B.II only C.II and III D.I, II, and II E. I and II

E. I and II

A muscle fiber contracts by a sequence of events initiated by the binding of acetylcholine to its receptor. Which of the following is the correct sequence? I-The calcium-troponin complex pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites of actin. II-The freed-sites of actin bind to myosin to form cross bridges. III-Calcium ion binds to the troponin. A.I, III, and II B.III, II, and I C.II, III, and I D. I, II, and III E. III, I, and II

E. III, I, and II

Most of the water that evaporates from leaves passes out through the: A. Cuticle B. Ends of xylem vessels C. Epidermis D. Spaces between epidermal cells E. Stomata.

E. Stomata.

Most often, the largest gradient in water potential is between: A. Roots and soil water B. Root xylem and shoot xylem C. Xylem and phloem D. Leaf cells and the intracellular spaces inside the leaves E. The relative humidity inside the leaf and the relative humidity outside the plant

E. The relative humidity inside the leaf and the relative humidity outside the plant

Which of the following statements about plants grown in hydroponic culture is true? A. They no longer need to transport water through their xylem. B. They cannot be used for commercial purposes. C. They rarely get enough micronutrients. D. They are unable to photosynthesize. E. They are suspended with their roots in a nutrient solution.

E. They are suspended with their roots in a nutrient solution

Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues? A.macrophages B. mast cells C. adipose cells D. collagen fibers E. chondrocytes

E. chondrocytes

The movement of oxygen through the aquatic plant may depend on: A. Osmotic absorption by the roots B. Aquaporins C. Negative pressures created by transpiration D. Differences in the water potential of different tissues E. larger lenticles

E. larger lenticles

Which of the following is the smallest unit in terms of size? A.quadriceps B.myofibril C.muscle fiber D. sarcomere E. myofilaments

E. myofilaments

A scientist is investigating a hormone response in rose bush stems by removing the apical meristems of the main stems. What is the most likely result of this experiment and what hormone is responsible? A.New apical buds will develop under the influence of auxin. B.Larger, deeper roots will form under the influence of cytokinin. C.More leaf buds will appear along the main stems under the influence of auxin. D. Flowers will turn yellow and fall off under the influence of auxin. E.Lateral buds will develop under the influence of cytokinin.

E.Lateral buds will develop under the influence of cytokinin.

Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer? A.Tendons secure muscles to other muscles and ligaments secure bones to other bones. B.Tendons and ligaments have the same function but are found in different areas of the body. C.Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure muscles to other muscles. D.Tendons are just enlarged ligaments. E.Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

E.Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

A compound similar to auxin, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), has been used A.as a fertilizer for corn and wheat. B.as a spray to promote flowering of pineapple. C.as an organic substitute for chlorine bleach. D.to detoxify the dangerous poison dioxin. E.an herbicide for killing woody seedlings and dicot weeds.

E.an herbicide for killing woody seedlings and dicot weeds

Which of the following joint types is not correctly matched with its example? A.ball-and-socket joint—femur and pelvis B.gliding joint—vertebral column C.immovable joint—skull sutures D.hinge joint—finger joint E.combination joint—knee joint

E.combination joint—knee joint

A newborn baby dies soon after birth because her diaphragm and rib cage muscles failed to contract and she was unable to breathe on her own. Examination of the baby's DNA revealed that she had a genetic mutation in a gene that encoded a calcium-binding protein. Which protein was most likely defective in the baby? A.actin B.myosin C.acetylcholine D.tropomyosin E.troponin

E.troponin