Exam 5: Chapter 15, 16, 17, and 18

Innate Immunity A. is activated immediately upon infection B. depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen C. is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens D. is found only in vertebrate animals E. utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells

A. is activated immediately upon infection

Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of ________. A. luteinizing hormone (LH) B. progesterone C. inhibin D. prolactin E. estradiol

A. luteinizing hormone (LH)

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of ________. A. memory cells B. macrophages C. stem cells D. B cells E. T cells

A. memory cells

At the end of a nonpregnant human ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the lining of the uterus is called ________. A. menstruation B. lactation C. fertilization D. menopause E. ovulation

A. menstruation

At the time of fertilization, the maturation of the human tertiary follicle has resulted in ________. A. one secondary oocyte B. two primary oocytes C. four secondary oocytes D. four primary oocytes E. four zygotes

A. one secondary oocyte

Ovulation is associated with which of the following events? A. high levels of LH and FSH B. high levels of progesterone C. the presence of the corpus luteum D. degeneration of the corpus luteum

A. high levels of LH and FSH

Lupus is a disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue. Which of the following has occurred? A. an allergy B. an immunodeficiency C. an autoimmune disease D. an antigenic response

C. an autoimmune disease

Compared to neural signaling, endocrine signals _____. A. have a short-term effect on target cells B. reach target cells more quickly C. are carried to distant cells by blood or other body fluids D. act exclusively on adjacent cells in the body

C. are carried to distant cells by blood or other body fluids.

Where are the receptors for hearing located? A. ear canal B. ear ossicles C. cochlea D. oval window

C. cochlea

Attenuated virus vaccines are _____. A. comprised of a protein from the virus but do not introduce the virus itself B. similar in function to an antibiotic C. complete virus particles that have lost the ability to grow rapidly in their normal host cells. D. mRNA of that virus

C. complete virus particles that have lost the ability to grow rapidly in their normal host cells.

Which of the following are examples of antigens? A. one of a group of proteins found in the blood that leads to the clumping of foreign blood cells B. proteins embedded in the membranes of T cells C. foreign molecules that trigger antibody production D. proteins that trigger the end of the inflammatory response

C. foreign molecules that trigger antibody production

Why might humans need yearly vaccination for influenza? A. Too little antibodies are produced each year. B. Influenza typically causes anaphylactic shock. C. Memory B cells die out after one year. D. Influenza virus undergoes rapid mutation E. Influenza initiates autoimmune disorders.

D. Influenza virus undergoes rapid mutation

How does the synthetic form of erythropoietin (EPO) improve an athlete's performance? A. It increases muscle size. B. It increases muscle strength. C. It increases the rate of blood flow in the circulatory system. D. It increases the number of red blood cells.

D. It increases the number of red blood cells.

In the "short-loop" of the negative feedback system, high levels of ______ inhibit the secretion of ______. A. T3-T4 / TRH B. TRH / TSH C. T3-T4 / TSH D. TSH / TRH

D. TSH / TRH

B cells interacting with helper T cells are activated when ________. A. B cells produce antibodies B. B cells release cytokines C. helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells D. helper T cells release cytokines

D. helper T cells release cytokines

Which of the following hormones prevent degeneration of the corpus luteum? A. luteinizing hormone (LH) B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. oxytocin D. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

D. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Which of the following is not a structure associated with the vertebrate simple eye?​ A. iris​ B. lens​ C. pupil​ D. ommatidium​ E. retina

D. ommatidium​

Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of _____. A) luteinizing hormone (LH) B) progesterone C) inhibin D) Prolactin E) estradiol

A) luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which hormone is correctly paired with its action? A) oxytocin — stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth B) thyroxine — affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction C) insulin — stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) — stimulates metabolic processes E) melatonin — stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex

A) oxytocin — stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

The levels of ACTH depend on the levels of CRH. A. True B. False

A. True

which hormones is released by which gland.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Anterior pituitary gland Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (norepinephrine): Adrenal medulla Aldosterone: Adrenal cortex Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Posterior pituitary gland Calcitonin: Thyroid gland Cortisol: Adrenal cortex Estrogen: Ovaries (females) and testes (males) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Anterior pituitary gland Glucagon: Pancreas Growth hormone (GH): Anterior pituitary gland Insulin: Pancreas Luteinizing hormone (LH): Anterior pituitary gland Melatonin: Pineal gland Oxytocin: Posterior pituitary gland Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Parathyroid glands Prolactin: Anterior pituitary gland Progesterone: Ovaries (females) and testes (males) Testosterone: Testes (males) and ovaries (females) Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4): Thyroid gland

How do the three different hormones bind to their respective receptors?

Amino acid derivative hormones and peptide/protein hormones bind to cell-surface receptors: These hormones are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface. The binding of the hormone to the receptor activates a signaling cascade that leads to the production of second messengers and a cellular response. Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors: These hormones are lipophilic and can diffuse through the cell membrane to bind to intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell. The hormone-receptor complex then translocates to the nucleus where it binds to DNA and regulates gene expression, resulting in changes in cellular function.

The process of _____ involves the conversion of an external stimulus to an internal signal in the form of action potentials along sensory neurons. A. transformation B. transduction C. translation D. transmission

B. transduction

A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) from the hypothalamus will _____. A) increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries B) initiate ovulation C) reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland D) stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the posterior pituitary gland E) increase the flow phase of the menstrual cycle

C) reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is _____. A) luteinizing hormone (LH) B) estradiol C)progesterone D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH

E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction in most vertebrates? A. Mitosis → zygote → meiosis → gametes → embryo B. Meiosis → zygote → mitosis → gametes → embryo C. Mitosis → gametes → meiosis → zygote → embryo D. Meiosis → gametes → mitosis → zygote → embryo E. Meiosis → gametes → zygote → mitosis → embryo

E. Meiosis → gametes → zygote → mitosis → embryo

Which of the following is an example of an antibody action? Antibodies can _____. A. coat the surface of a microbe, facilitating engulfment and destruction by phagocytes B. block bacterial toxins and prevent attachment of viruses to body cells C. crosslink pathogens to one another, facilitating engulfment and destruction by phagocytes D. initiate the complement system to punch holes in the plasma membranes of pathogens E. do all of the above

E. do all of the above

How are hair cells organized structurally and functionally?

Hair cells are organized into rows along the basilar membrane of the cochlea, and their stereocilia are responsible for converting mechanical vibrations into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.

How do hormones induce gene expression regulation?

Hormones can induce gene expression regulation by binding to intracellular receptors, which then translocate to the nucleus and bind to specific DNA sequences, resulting in the recruitment of transcriptional machinery and either activation or repression of target gene expression.

the differences/similarities between innate and adaptive immunity.

Innate immunity provides a non-specific defense against pathogens and is the first line of defense, while adaptive immunity provides a specific defense by recognizing and targeting specific pathogens through the use of antibodies and T cells.

What are Pattern Recognition Receptors?

Receptors found on cells of the innate immune system. They are not selective and bind to a variety of proteins (PAMPs) found on the surface of many pathogens.

epitope

Small, accessible portion of an antigen that can be recognized.

How sound pressure waves are transduced into electrical impulses?

Sound pressure waves cause the displacement of hair cell stereocilia, which opens mechanically-gated ion channels, leading to changes in membrane potential and the release of neurotransmitters that signal auditory nerve fibers to generate electrical impulses.

antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Stress and its effect on hormonal regulation

Stress can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased secretion of cortisol and other stress hormones, which can affect numerous physiological processes and contribute to various stress-related disorders.

Ear structure and how it is tied to function of sound transduction.

The ear is comprised of three main parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear, with each part contributing to the transduction of sound; the outer ear collects sound waves and directs them to the eardrum, the middle ear amplifies the sound and transmits it to the inner ear via the ossicles, while the inner ear contains the cochlea, which houses the hair cells responsible for converting the mechanical energy of sound waves into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

describe the hypothalamic, pituitary gonadal axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a hormonal signaling pathway that regulates the production and release of sex hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, and plays a critical role in reproductive development and function.

a. What is the function of Rhodopsin?

To convert light into a nerve impulse that is sent to the brain

How vertebrate eyes are structured and how photons are transduced into electrical impulses.

Vertebrate eyes are composed of a lens that focuses light onto the retina, which contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones that convert photons into electrical impulses via the action of photopigments, and the resulting signals are then processed by other retinal cells and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.

How vertebrate eyes differ from invertebrate eyes

Vertebrate eyes typically have a lens that focuses light onto a retina containing photoreceptor cells, while invertebrate eyes can vary greatly in structure and may utilize compound eyes or simple photoreceptor cells.

describe second messenger cascade

a cellular signaling pathway that is activated by the binding of an extracellular signaling molecule to a membrane-bound receptor, leading to the production of intracellular second messengers that amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately resulting in a physiological response.

differentiate among the five major categories of chemical signals.

(1) Autocrine signals, which act on the same cell that produced them, (2) Paracrine signals, which act locally on nearby cells, (3) Endocrine signals, which are released into the bloodstream and act on distant target cells, (4) Neurotransmitters, which are released by neurons and act on adjacent cells, and (5) Pheromones, which are released by one individual and detected by another individual to elicit a behavioral or physiological response.

recognize the hormones involved in regulating sexual maturation and regulation of reproductive organs.

-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Secreted by the hypothalamus, GnRH stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. -Luteinizing hormone (LH): In females, LH stimulates ovulation and the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries. In males, LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes. -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): In females, FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm by the testes. -Estrogen: Secreted by the ovaries, estrogen is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and regulation of the menstrual cycle. -Progesterone: Also secreted by the ovaries, progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps maintain a healthy pregnancy. -Testosterone: Secreted by the testes in males and by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females, testosterone is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and regulation of male fertility.

understand ovulation inside/out: hormones involved in regulating ureteral lining, oocyte development, maturation and ovulation including the roles of estradiol, LH, FSH, and Progesterone, and the functional significance of the timing of their release.

-Ovulation is a complex process that involves the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the release of a mature egg (oocyte) from the ovary. The hormones involved in regulating ovulation include estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone. -The menstrual cycle is divided into three phases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. During the follicular phase, FSH and LH stimulate the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain the immature oocytes. As the follicles mature, they secrete increasing levels of estradiol, which stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for potential pregnancy. -As estradiol levels peak, it triggers a surge in LH and a smaller peak in FSH, which triggers ovulation. LH also stimulates the conversion of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for potential pregnancy and maintains the uterine lining in case the fertilized egg implants. -If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses, and progesterone levels decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation. The decrease in progesterone also stimulates the release of FSH and the start of a new menstrual cycle. -The timing of the release of these hormones is crucial for successful ovulation and reproductive function. Any disruption in the hormonal feedback mechanisms can lead to infertility or other reproductive disorders.

antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

Which of the following correctly describes hormonal control in reproduction A. Progesterone is produced by the placenta, and it keeps pregnancy B. Testosterone is produced by the pituitary gland C. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce testosterone D. LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce progesterone

A. Progesterone is produced by the placenta, and it keeps pregnancy

When a receptor cell depolarizes in response to detecting stimuli, what happens to the membrane potential of the receptor cell? A. The membrane potential increases. B. The membrane potential decreases. C. The membrane potential stays the same. D. The membrane potential becomes too large to measure.

A. The membrane potential increases.

Three endocrine glands are represented in the model. A. True B. False

A. True

When cortisol levels are high, the production of CRH will be low. A. True B. False

A. True

Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they ________. A. both have the same number of chromosomes B. are approximately the same size C. each have a flagellum that provides motility D. are produced from puberty until death E. are formed before birth

A. both have the same number of chromosomes

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells primarily involves ________. A. cytotoxic T cells B. inflammation C. phagocytosis D. macrophages E. B cells

A. cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following changes shape in the presence of light?​ A. retinal molecule​ B. opsin​ C. phosphodiesterase​ D. guanosine monophosphate

A. retinal molecule​

All of the following contribute to the formation of semen except _____. A. the ovary B. the bulbourethral gland C. the seminal vesicles D. the prostate gland

A. the ovary

The activation of helper T cells is likely ________. A. when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell B. when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines C. when natural killer cells come in contact with a tumor cell D. in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test E. when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

A. when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell

differentiate among the three different hormones chemical families

Amino acid derivatives: These hormones are derived from amino acids and include hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and thyroid hormones. Peptide and protein hormones: These hormones are made up of chains of amino acids and include hormones such as insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin. Steroid hormones: These hormones are derived from cholesterol and include hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone.

pathogen

An organism that causes disease

identify the various hormones released from the pituitary and their action

Anterior pituitary hormones: -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH): Regulate the development and function of the gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males) and promote the production of sex hormones. -Growth hormone (GH): Promotes growth and development of tissues and organs. -Prolactin: Stimulates milk production in females. Posterior pituitary hormones: -Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin: Regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys and reducing urine output.

The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that _____. A) only its target cells get exposed to aldosterone B) only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors C) it is unable to enter non-target cells D) non-target cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect E) non-target cells convert aldosterone to a hormone to which they do respond

B) only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors

Which of the following statements regarding B cells is false? A. All lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow. B. All lymphocytes mature in the thymus. C. Lymphocytes recognize antigens and become activated in the spleen and lymph nodes. D. Lymphocytes circulate through the blood, lymph nodes, and other organs of the immune system such as the spleen.

B. All lymphocytes mature in the thymus.

Why does an egg mount block to prevent the fusion of more than one sperm? A. The egg's jelly coating secretes an attractive chemical. B. Embryos with more than two sets of chromosomes cannot develop properly. C. Egg cells are massively larger in volume than sperm cells. D. Cell fusion is an essential component of fertilization. E. Sperm and egg cell genomes are haploid

B. Embryos with more than two sets of chromosomes cannot develop properly.

If cortisol levels are low, the production of CRH will be low. A. True B. False

B. False

This is a positive feedback loop. A. True B. False

B. False

Two hormones are represented in the model. A. True B. False

B. False

Which of the following mechanisms of asexual reproduction involves the splitting of an individual into two or more descendants? A. Budding B. Fission C. Parthenogenesis

B. Fission

Which of the following statements concerning the action of hormones on target cells is correct? A. Hormones produce stronger response during nighttime. B. Hormones act only on cells that express its own receptor. C. Hormones are specifically directed to their target cells by lymph. D. Hormones produced by the pituitary gland will always triggers the same response.

B. Hormones act only on cells that express their own receptor is the correct statement concerning the action of hormones on target cells.

In some cases, men with tumors in the anterior pituitary express milk from their mammary glands. This suggests that the tumor is affecting the production of _____. A. follicle-stimulating hormone B. prolactin C. growth hormone D. luteinizing hormone

B. Prolactin.

Which of these choices describes the action of steroid hormones? A. Steroids bind to receptors on the cell surface. B. Steroids bind to intracellular receptors. C. Steroids cause phosphorylation of target proteins. D. Steroid hormones are produced in large quantities because of their importance to physiology.

B. Steroids bind to intracellular receptors.

Which of these choices is a function of the dendritic cells? A. produce antibodies B. activate T cells C. produce memory cells D. activate B cells

B. activate T cells

Vaccinations require that humans have which type of immune system? A. innate immune system B. adaptive immune system C. all of the above D. none of the above

B. adaptive immune system

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to ________. A. antibodies B. antigens C. natural killer cells D. double-stranded RNA E. immunoglobulins

B. antigens

Luteinizing hormone is associated with which of the following? A. the production of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol B. growth of mammary glands C. the production of sperm D. water reabsorption

C. The production of sperm.

Most animal hormones _____. A) are produced by endocrine glands B) are lipid-soluble molecules C) are carried to target cells in the blood D) are protein molecules E) elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells

C) are carried to target cells in the blood

5. The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _____. A) nourish and protect the egg cell B) produce prolactin in the alveoli C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands E) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters

C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred

contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)from the hypothalamus will _____. A) increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries B) initiate ovulation C) reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland D) stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the posterior pituitary gland E) increase the flow phase of the menstrual cycle

C) reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland

Peaks of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production occur during_____. A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle B) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle C) the period just before ovulation D) the end of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle E) the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

C) the period just before ovulation

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of B cells (or plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells? A. B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. B. B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill produce antibodies. C. B cells secrete antibodies; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. D. B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.

C. B cells secrete antibodies; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells.

All of the following occur when epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla, except that _____. A. blood pressure increases B. blood glucose concentration rises C. blood flow is directed toward the heart, brain, skin, and digestive system oxygen consumption in the brain rises D. free fatty acid concentration rises

C. Blood flow is directed toward the heart, brain, skin, and digestive system does not occur when epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla.

Which of these choices is an example of paracrine signaling? A. Steroids, such as testosterone, are secreted by the testes and stimulate muscle growth. B. Steroids, such as testosterone, are secreted by the testes and stimulate spermatogenesis. C. Interleukin-1, produced in response to inflammation, bind to receptors found on the cell that produced it. D. Oxytocin, produced in the posterior pituitary and acts on the cells of the mammary glands during milk production.

C. Interleukin-1, produced in response to inflammation, bind to receptors found on the cell that produced it, is an example of paracrine signaling.

Testosterone is synthesized primarily by ________. A. sperm cells B. neurons of the hypothalamus C. Leydig cells within the testes D. secretory cells of the anterior pituitary gland E. cells lining the seminiferous tubules

C. Leydig cells within the testes

Which of the following statements regarding the adaptive immune response is correct? A. Individual antibodies can bind to a wide range of antigens. B. The adaptive immune system can recognize and respond to a limited number of antigens. C. Previous exposure to antigens results in a stronger and quicker immune response. D. The adaptive immune system cannot distinguish between self and nonself molecules.

C. Previous exposure to antigens results in a stronger and quicker immune response.

In the "long-loop" of the negative feedback system, high levels of ______ inhibit the secretion of ______ or TRH. A. T3-T4 / TRH B. TRH / TSH C. T3-T4 / TSH D. TSH / TRH

C. T3-T4 / TSH

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to ________. A. nourish and protect the egg cell B. produce prolactin in the alveoli C. maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred D. stimulate the development of the mammary glands E. support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters

C. maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred

Where are the most mitochondria found in the sperm? A. acrosome B. centriole C. midpiece D. flagellum

C. midpiece

The primary function of humoral immunity is to ________. A. defend against fungi and protozoa B. reject transplanted tissues C. protect the body against extracellular pathogens D. defend against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells

C. protect the body against extracellular pathogens

Human sperm cells develop from spermatogonia in the ________. A. prostate gland B. vas deferens C. testes D. epididymis E. seminal vesicles

C. testes

Animals that are _____ give live birth. A. oviparous B. viviparous and ovoviviparous C. viviparous D. ovoviviparous

C. viviparous

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the _____. A) parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate B) thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration C) anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function D) adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine E) pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

D) adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine

Which of the following mechanisms regarding gametogenesis is correct? A. Males produce five sperm cells each day B. In males, each meiosis results in 1 mature sperm cell C. In females, each meiosis results in 4 mature egg cells D. Females are born with a set number of primary oocyte.

D. Females are born with a set number of primary oocyte.

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________. A. large numbers of neutrophils B. large quantities of the antigen initially recognized C. erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen D. plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

D. plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

In rod cells of the vertebrate eye, when retinal has not been activated by light, _____. A. phosphodiesterase enzymes are active​ B. cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels are low​ C. sodium channels in the rod's plasma membrane are closed​ D. sodium channels in the rod's plasma membrane are open

D. sodium channels in the rod's plasma membrane are open

Among human males, the passage within the penis through which sperm moves is the ________. A. vas deferens B. urinary bladder C. seminal vesicle D. urethra E. ureter

D. urethra

Accessory fluids that contribute to the semen are produced by all of the following structures EXCEPT ________. A. bulbourethral gland B. prostate gland C. seminal vesicle D. vas deferens

D. vas deferens

Hormonal regulation of pregnancy

During pregnancy, a complex interplay of hormones is involved in regulating various physiological processes that support fetal growth and development. The key hormones involved in hormonal regulation of pregnancy include: -Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): hCG is a hormone produced by the developing placenta that maintains the corpus luteum and stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone. -Estrogen: Estrogen levels rise throughout pregnancy and are important for fetal development, including the formation of the placenta, fetal organs, and bones. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of breast tissue and prepares the body for lactation. -Progesterone: Progesterone is critical for maintaining pregnancy by preventing contractions of the uterus and helping to build and maintain the uterine lining. Progesterone levels rise throughout pregnancy and peak in the third trimester. -Relaxin: Relaxin is produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta and helps to relax the uterus and cervix, allowing for easier delivery. -Oxytocin: Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland in response to nipple stimulation and uterine contractions. Oxytocin stimulates milk letdown and contractions during labor. -Prolactin: Prolactin levels rise during pregnancy and are important for milk production and lactation after delivery.

oocytes.

also known as egg cells, are the largest cells in the human body and highly specialized female gametes, consisting of a nucleus containing the genetic material (DNA), a large amount of cytoplasm containing nutrients for the developing embryo, and an outer protective layer called the zona pellucida.

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are ________. A. menstrual → ovulation → luteal B. proliferative → luteal → ovulation C. follicular → luteal → secretory D. menstrual → proliferative → secretory E. follicular → ovulation → luteal

E. follicular → ovulation → luteal

how echolocation and electroreception work and their purpose as adaptive strategies in bats and electric fish, respectively.

Echolocation is a process of emitting and receiving sound waves that allows bats to navigate and locate prey, while electroreception is the detection of electric fields that helps electric fish to navigate and detect objects in their environment, and both are adaptive strategies that have evolved to enhance sensory perception in these animals.

Structural/functional organization of male/female reproductive organs.

Male reproductive organs include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis, which are responsible for producing, storing, and delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse. The testes produce and store sperm and secrete testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, while the epididymis and vas deferens transport and store mature sperm. The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland produce and secrete seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm during ejaculation. The penis contains the urethra, which carries both urine and semen out of the body during ejaculation. Female reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina, which are responsible for producing and delivering the egg and supporting the development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy. The ovaries produce and release the egg (ovulation) and secrete the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy. The fallopian tubes transport the egg to the uterus, where it may implant and develop into a fetus. The uterus, cervix, and vagina provide a protective and nourishing environment for the developing embryo and fetus, and the vagina also serves as the birth canal during delivery.

signal amplification

a small initial signal is amplified, typically through a series of enzymatic reactions or signal transduction pathways, resulting in a larger, more significant physiological response.

sperm

highly specialized male gametes that are small, motile, and optimized for fertilization, consisting of a head containing the genetic material (DNA), a midpiece containing energy-producing mitochondria, and a flagellum for motility.

Feedback regulation of hormones.

involves the monitoring and adjustment of hormone levels by the body, through negative or positive feedback loops, to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper physiological function.