Exam 5 Study!! yeeee!

Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___________ marriage. Select one: a. Exogamous b. Traditional c. Unconventional d. Endogamus

A. Exogamous

Which trend has the World Bank seen in its study of poverty in low-income nations? Select one: a. Children can avoid living in poverty if they live with their fathers. b. Equal numbers of men and women live in poverty. c. More men live in poverty than women. d. More women live in poverty than men.

D. More women live in poverty than men.

global stratification

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole

intergenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

GINI coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

global feminization of poverty

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

chattel slavery

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

class

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

primogeniture

a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

downward mobility

a lowering of one's social class

structural mobility

a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder

social stratification

a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige

subjective poverty

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

second world

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

first world

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

third world

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

88 million people live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in _____________. a. Absolute poverty b. Subjective poverty c. Marginal poverty d. Relative poverty

a. Absolute poverty

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was created by: a. Core nation countries b. Third world countries c. Middle-income countries d. Asian and American countries

a. Core nation countries

Women's employment outside the agricultural sector remains under 20 percent in all of the following except: a. Northern Africa b. Southern America c. Northern Asia d. Western Asia

a. Northern Africa (wright answer don't know how/why though!)

5. What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States? a. The decline of the middle class b. The feminization of poverty c. The stagnation of wages for workers d. The growth of the upper class

a. The decline of the middle class

Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of: a. A closed stratification system b. A democracy c. A meritocracy d. A caste system

C. A meritocracy

31. Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world? a. North America b. Asia c. Africa d. South America

C. Africa

Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under: Select one: a. A meritocracy b. An oligarchy c. A caste system d. A dictatorship

c. A caste system

33. What is particularly unique about the United States middle class? Select one: a. The people who are middle class often have little to no education. b. It is the smallest class in the United States. c. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class. d. The upper class are as likely to become members of the lower class as members of the lower class are likely to become members of the upper class.

c. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class.

Which is an effect of absolute poverty that also contributes to its cyclical nature? a. Massive credit card debt b. Excellent healthcare c. Lack of education d. Home foreclosures

c. Lack of education

A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by: a. Clothes, accessories, hobbies, shoes, and number of credit cards b. Prestige, family, legal records, occupation, and favorite food c. Wealth, power, income, race, education d. GNI PPP, GDP, GNI, the PRB, and standards of living

c. Wealth, power, income, race, education

caste system

in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

semi-peripheral nations

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

peripheral nations

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

class system

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

standard of living

the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle

deindustrialization

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

income

the money a person earns from work or investments

capital flight

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

relative poverty

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

absolute poverty

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

class traits

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

global stratification 2.0

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

wealth

the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance

In recent times, scholars have been trying to sort out why the countries on the continent of Africa, as a whole, have trouble competing to today's global, capitalist economy. While an answer to this question is complex and carries with it many ambiguities, most scholars point to European colonialism as a key to understanding the current state of Africa. A sociologist studying this topic, would ascribe to which theoretical paradigm? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Structural functionalism

A. Conflict theory

What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility? a. How many jobs you work. b. How well off your parents are. c. How much education you have. d. How much you spend on your personal appearance.

c. How much education you have.

Which factor is considered when evaluating someone's standard of living? Select one: a. Income b. All of the above c. Employment d. Class

B. All of the above

Which continent has the largest number of people living in poverty in the world? a. North America b. Asia c. Africa d. South America

B. Asia

The Davis-Moore Thesis states: a. That economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the United States. b. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make. c. That Karl Marx was correct and that stratification can only be solved by converting to a socialist government. d. That people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy which will eventually collapse on itself.

B. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make.

core nations

dominant capitalist countries

social mobility

the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

conspicuous consumption

the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

status consistency

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

Davis-Moore thesis

a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity

In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __________. a. Horizontal mobility b. Social inconsistency c. Downward mobility d. Social stratification

c. Downward mobility

modernization theory

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

debt bondage

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

debt accumulation

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

global inequality

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

exogamous unions

unions of spouses from different social categories

fourth world

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

dependency theory

a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations

Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. When she walked in, she whipped out her credit card, and purchased the $5,000 bag. This kind of purchasing is called: Select one: a. Designer consumerism b. Conspicuous consumption c. Popular consumerism d. Credit card consumerism

b. Conspicuous consumption

An example of slavery, according to Anti-Slavery International, is: a. Children attending school b. Factories employing adults at salary level c. Children playing with friends d. Factories using child labor

b. Factories employing adults at salary level

The two regions with the highest risk of social unrest are: Select one: a. South America and North America b. Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region c. Latin America and Asia d. Europe and Africa

b. Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region

35. 11. GNI PPP, or gross national income divided by purchasing power parity, helps measure: Select one: a. The average global interest rates for loans. b. The standard of living in a country.* c. The average level of education per person in a country. d. The amount of inflation affecting a country's currency.

b. The standard of living in a country.*

Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the a. _____________. b. Under-paid economy c. Under-reported economy d. Under-earning economy e. Underground economy

e. Underground economy

17. Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification? a. René Decartes b. Auguste Comte c. Karl Marx d. Émile Durkheim

C. Karl Marx

In the United States, where outsourcing is almost always addressed negatively, companies still get away with outsourcing. How do they do this? a. Deindusrialization, also caused by outsourcing, is better for the environment, so Americans are in favor of it. b. Capital flight, caused by outsourcing, helps local economies thrive, so Americans are willing to make the trade off. c. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers. d. Companies find that the many U.S. restrictions on manufacturing can seriously disrupt production, which leads to profit loss, which in turn results in outsourcing.

C. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers.

29. How is global stratification different from social stratification? a. Countries cannot move up and down the global stratification ladder, unlike people who can use social mobility to climb or fall down the social stratification ladder. b. Global stratification can only measure the inequalities among purely democratic states, while social stratification can be expanded to apply to people in any country in the world. c. Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals. d. Global stratification only examines environmental inequalities among nations while social stratification examines inequalities among people.

C. Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals.

Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche? Select one: a. People live in poverty because they are lazy and lack meaningful work. b. People living in poverty enjoy living in poverty. c. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of.* d. People will take advantage of social welfare programs if you do not watch them carefully.

C. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of.*

intragenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

40. With the recent Occupy Wall Street Movement, the people of the United States keep hearing about the top 1%. How much of the United State's wealth rests in the hands of the wealthiest top 1% of people? a. 1/3 b. 1/4 c. 1/16 d. 1/8

a. 1/3

Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class? a. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life. b. The upper class is split into "old money" and "new money" people, while the upper-middle class simply struggles to maintain its wealth. c. In the upper class, everyone knows everyone, but in the upper-middle class, the people do not commingle. d. All upper class people enjoy opera and have been bred for their stations while the upper-middle class consists mostly of newly wealthy people who may not have had the same kind of upbringing.

a. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life

meritocracy

an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing

upward mobility

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

underground economy

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

34. Which statement explains why Immanuel Wallerstein's classification is preferred by sociologist? a. The former Cold War era classifications are outdated and no longer accurately show the economic state of individual nations. b. Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric. c. Wallerstein's classification uses the United States as a point of comparison so that people can understand what he is saying. d. Wallerstein's classification is based more on sociological data than economic data, and because of that, applies to the field of sociology better than the Cold War era classification

b. Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric.

Child labor and sweatshops have existed since the Industrial Revolution and even before that. Many products sold today are created in these sweatshops, even though, living in the 21st century, we like to think we are above such practices. What is one practical way we can try and stop multinational companies from using such labor? a. We can ignore the problem because it will eventually go away. b. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them. c. We can trust that the CEOs and the members of the board of the companies will do the right thing. d. We can justify such practices because they are legal in other countries.

b. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them.

Immanuel Wallerstein's classification of nations uses which set of terms? a. primary nation, secondary nation, tertiary nation b. core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation c. super powers, allies of super powers, enemies of super powers d. first world, second world, third world

b. core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation

36. It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _________ marriage. a. Unconventional b. Exogamus c. Endogamous d. Traditional

c. Endogamous

8. Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? a. The Fall of the British Empire b. The French Revolution c. World War I d. The Industrial Revolution

d. The Industrial Revolution

Areas that once had vast economic growth and large amounts of industry, but are now suffering from the effects of outsourcing are going through a period of: a. Industrialization transition b. Industrialization c. Post-industrialization d. Deindustrialization

d. Deindustrialization

Which number does the World Bank use to determine the status and classification of each nation? a. Organization for Economic and Cooperative Development data b. Purchasing Power Parity c. Gross Domestic Product d. Gross National Income per Capita

d. Gross National Income per Capita

Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. Compared to her parents, Charlotte's story demonstrates what type of social stratification? a. Downward mobility b. Structural mobility c. Intergenerational mobility d. Intragenerational mobility

d. INTRAGENERATIONAL mobility

Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies? a. Upper Class b. The amount of people in each class has been about the same for the past 10 years. c. Lower Class d. Middle Class

d. Middle Class

Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: a. Only lower class people drink beer. b. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo. c. Most people do not care about social rank and standing. d. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

d. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

39. One main issue in studying global social inequality is: Select one: a. Most countries keep their economic situations secret. b. Most people live beyond their means which gives a false sense of wealth to a society. c. The presence of tourism can make a country look richer than it really is. d. Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures.

d. Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures.

gross national income (GNI)

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

endogamous marriages

unions of people within the same social category