Exam One PSYCH 321

The concept of proportionality in sentencing is similar to the concept ________.

"the punishment should fit the crime"

According to the textbook, many major cities require that police officers go through ____ weeks of training, each of which includes 40 hours per week.

24

A person is guaranteed that when they are accused of a crime they cannot be forced to act as a witness against themselves. This right is assured by the ____ Amendment to the United States Constitution.

5th

Why is it important for a study of eyewitness memory to have a high level of ecological validity?

Because this means that the experimental conditions will be similar to the real-life conditions under which eyewitness reports are utilized.

On Monday morning Manuel was pulled over for speeding 10 mph over the limit. He quickly apologized to the police officer and explained that he was running late for a dental appointment. The police officer issued a verbal warning and wished him well with his procedure. On Friday afternoon, the same policeman caught Manuel speeding 7 mph over the limit and issued him a ticket on the spot. What power was the police officer exercising in these scenarios?

Discretion

Which of the following ethical dilemmas might a psychologist serving as a forensic evaluator face?

Favoring the side that has retained them

Laws are an evolving ________ creation with a widespread impact pervading our society.

Human

The psychological approach to studying the law examines ________ characteristics and behaviors.

Individuals'

There is constant tension between the crime control model and the due process model of the criminal justice system. This tension relates to the conflict between the rights of ________ and the rights of ________.

Individuals; Society

The case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), established criteria for determining the admissibility of expert testimony using this two-prong test.

Is the testimony relevant, and if so, is it based on reliable and valid science?

The textbook outlines four basic choices in the psychological study of the law, each creating a dilemma with incompatible goals. Which of the following does NOT represent a basic choice while taking a psychological approach to law?

Justice versus Punishment

Sharat's parents are going through a divorce and have been battling over his custody for the past few months. This situation has really taken a toll on Sharat and he has recently been caught using alcohol and marijuana, staying out past curfew, and skipping school to spend time with friends. What court will handle Sharat's delinquency cases?

Juvenile court

Carl lives in an environment with many opportunities for him to commit a crime, with fairly low chances of getting caught. He is considering robbing the liquor store at gun point and has weighed his odds. Carl determined his short-term payoff is worth more than the risks and consequences of getting caught, so he decides to commit the crime in mind. What factors are at play in this example?

Maintenance factors

In what city was a Crisis Intervention Team developed with the goal of increasing officer and consumer safety while redirecting those with psychological challenges to the mental health system?

Memphis

Quincy and her attorney are preparing for trial and would like some professional assistance in enhancing the presentation of her case. What type of psychologist should they employ for this task?

Psychologist as Consultant

Leo has a firm belief that criminal activity is increasing in America, and he fears he will be a victim of crime. How might Leo's smartphone be affecting his perception of crime?

Rapid dissemination of high-profile cases on social media devices may increase public perception of the threat of crime.

What did the Supreme Court of the United States rule about DNA evidence in 2009?

States are not required to make DNA evidence available to convicted offenders.

Why do most police departments opt not to study the predictive validity of their psychological screening practices of police officer candidates by using actual performance by officers in the field?

Such studies are time-consuming and expensive

As a result of the 1974 landmark case ________, psychologists have a duty to breach confidentiality and warn potential victims if their patient presents a threat to that victim.

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

Dr. Macron is a psychologist who works with a police department to explore "less than lethal" methods of subduing suspects, so that peace can be restored without any loss of life. This task falls under which area contained in the recommendations of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing?

Technology & Social Media

Jovan is a candidate to go to the Police Academy in his state, and he has applied during the time period where 11 states began to require psychological screening of police officers. As a result, Jovan had to go through extensive evaluation before he was admitted to the Academy. In what time period did Jovan seek to become a police officer?

The Mid-1980's

In the case of two Arizona brothers charged with torturing three men, each brother's fate was decided by a different jury. One brother was convicted, and the other was acquitted. What was the difference between the two trials?

The jury for the trial of the brother who was acquitted included expert testimony about the inaccuracy of eyewitness memories. The jury for the trial of the brother who was convicted did not.

In what way does a standard interview differ from a cognitive interview when interacting with eyewitnesses?

The standard interview is structured with a predetermined set of questions, while the cognitive interview is determined more by the information that the witness provides.

According to the learned helplessness model, why do people who are victims of domestic violence remain in those abusive relationships?

Their self-concept leaves them believing that there is nothing they can do to avoid this or future abuse.

Law professor Susan Daicoff identified particular "lawyer traits" that distinguish lawyers from the general adult population (1999). These characteristics include:

a preference for dominance, competitiveness, the need for achievement, and interpersonal insensitivity.

Which of the following is an example of a suggestive question that might be used when interviewing a child? a. She told you to do it, didn't you? b. When did this occur? c. How are you feeling right now? d. Can you please tell me what happened?

a. She told you to do it, didn't you?

The ________ system involves two sides of a case each vying to convince the judge or jury that they are correct. This system involves calling witnesses to testify and showing exhibits and evidence to support each side's viewpoint.

adversarial

The American Psychological Association (APA) often acts as a "friend of the court" and submits scientific data relevant to a particular case via these written documents.

amicus curiae briefs

The major duties of a police officer include all but which of the following categories? a. enforcing the law b. community development c. providing services d. maintaining order

b. community development

Cognitive psychologists subdivide the process of remembering into three different components. They include all but which of the following? a. retrieval b. transduction c. storage d. encoding

b. transduction

Dr. Erickson is a ________ theorists who is conducting a study comparing identical twins with fraternal twins. He is most likely researching the possibility that ________ factors may play a role in developing criminal behavior.

biological; genetic

Drew is in court facing charges of grand larceny, a crime that he did not commit. Which of the following factors is an example of a system variable that may affect how the jury deliberates on Drew's case? a. the length of time the trial takes based on the number of witnesses called b. the temperature of the courtroom in which the trial is held c. the instructions they are given by the judge d. the jurors' individual histories with having ever been the victim of a theft

c. the instructions they are given by the judge

Theorists from the ________ school of criminology believed that law breaking occurred when people freely chose to behave wrongly when faced with a choice between right and wrong.

classical

After consuming four stiff drinks at the local tavern during happy hour, Luis decided it was time to drive home. He unlocked his car, got in the driver seat, and before he even started his engine, a police officer knocked on his window informing Luis he was under arrest for impaired driving. Even though Luis was not actually driving impaired, what concept is at play in this scenario?

criminal intention

Which of the following statements about lawyers is false? a. The majority of licensed lawyers work in private practice. b. Lawyers provide a vast array of legal services and work in a variety of settings. c. Many lawyers work for the government on federal, state, or local level. d. We are facing a shortage of attorneys in the United States.

d. We are facing a shortage of attorneys in the United States.

According to the principles of ________, a person will be more accepting of decisions and more likely to believe that disputes have been resolved appropriately if the outcomes seem just and distributed equitably.

distributive justice

Like many Americans struggling with an opioid addiction, Amber was arrested for falsifying her prescriptions and was now facing felony forgery charges. Instead of focusing on her wrongdoings and the punishment for her crime, Judge Morris referred her to ________ to address the underlying reasons for her criminal behavior.

drug court

Sydney is walking down the street when a purse snatcher grabs her bag and runs off. 3 hours later she is in a police station looking at lineup of potential perpetrators. She sees the man who robbed her, and feels very certain of the identification based on a strong memory of the man's face. This is called a(n) ________ experience.

ecphoric

Police officers who endure serious stress, a life-threatening incident, injuries, or other on-the-job problems may be required to undergo a(n) ________ evaluation, a psychological assessment that ensures their competence to carry out their duties without significant impairment.

fitness-for-duty

The patterns of thinking and behavior associated with criminal offending are the focus of ________ and ________

forensic psychology and correctional psychology

Dwight has been accused of a crime, and the police officer who responds to the complaint notes that Dwight is mentally ill. Instead of arresting him, the officer uses a __________ program so that Dwight can get the help he needs rather than entering the justice system.

jail diversion

Most theories of crime have focused on ________, which is reasonable, given 85% of violent crimes are committed by them.

men

Researchers Tyler and Huo (2002), found that participants' willingness to accept the decision of a police officer or judge was strongly influenced by perceptions of ________ and trustworthiness.

procedural fairness

Huber and Gordon (2004), found that judges' sentencing decisions became more ________ when they were standing for re-election.

punitive

When a memory of a traumatic event is unconsciously pushed out of awareness so that the person does not have to face or think of it, ________ has occurred.

repression

Official police statistics and victimizations studies both confirm that rates of serious crime have been ________ in the United States.

steadily declining

Sociological theories of crime may be divided into ________ and ________ explanations. The former emphasizes dysfunctional social arrangements, while the latter emphasizes cultural values.

structural; sub-cultural

Early conduct and academic problems are strongly related to later ________ abuse, which research also shows is an intensifier of aggression.

substance

Research findings on successive parole decisions by experienced judges was conducted by Danziger, Levav, and Avnaim-Pesso (2011). They found that the percentage of favorable rulings dropped from approximately 65% to nearly zero as a morning or afternoon courtroom session wore on, but that the percentage of favorable rulings rose again to about 65% after the judge had ________.

taken a food break

The most likely reason why a child becomes involved with the criminal justice system is

the child has been maltreated in some manner.