Expansion American History 2022
Transcontinental Railroad
A Milestone in U.S. Transportation • Completed in 1869 • Shortened travel between San Francisco and New York to a week • $50 million worth of freight carried from coast to coast every year within ten years of its completion• Led to the standardization of U.S. time zones• Resulted in the rapid depletion of American buffalo herds
Sacagawea
A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of America's first foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Red Cloud's War (1866-1868) (1)
A war between the Lakota and other tribes and the United States. The Native Americans fought back against a treaty over control of a county in Wyoming. Under the Treaty of Fort Laramie, the Lakota tribe won.
Proclamation Line of 1763
Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset since expansion is deeply rooted in our history & character; cause of American Revolution
Strength of Articles of Confederation
Successfully divided the western lands and gave instructions on how they should be governed
Laissez-faire
Supporters believed that the government should let the economy operate freely with no intervention
How did the outcome of the Mexican-American War, which added new lands to America, increase sectional tensions throughout the 1850s?
Territorial expansion led to intense debates about the extension of slavery into the new areas.
George A. Custer
hears a report that the "Black Hills" were full of gold; battles & loses to the Lakota at Custers Last Stand, Battle of Little Bighorn
What impact did the transcontinental railroad have on the economy of the West during the mid-1800s:
increased settlement and growth in the region & connected industrialization coast to coast & provided new markets to sell goods
buffalo
An animal that was used by the Plains Indians for food, shelter, and clothing.
Manifest Destiny (1840s and 1850s)
Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism. Territorial expansion led to intense debates about the extension of slavery into the new areas.
This act stated the federal government would purchase silver from miners at a 16:1 ratio:
Bland-Allison Act
Primary workers on the Railroad in the late 1800's:
Chinese and Irish
The __________ Act was designed for Native American but if the land was not bought did benefit white settlers.
Dawes
The ______________________________ occurred before the Treaty of Fort Laramie
Sand Creek Massacre
______________ was not central to the life and culture of the Plains Indians in the 1800s.
land ownership
Soddy (home)
similar to a dugout, stays warm in winter and cool in summer
President Polk
*President during the war with Mexico; Manifest Destiny; Oregon, California, Texas
Red Cloud's War (2)
- The Bozeman trail passed through the hunting grounds of the Sioux - The Sioux attacked travellers on the trail - Red Cloud held talks with the Government - The Sioux began to attack the army - The Fetterman's trap ambush saw all 80 of his army soldiers killed - US surrendered and abandoned the forts
Causes of the Mexican American War
-desire to expand the U.S. (manifest destiny) -border dispute concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico)
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Mexican Cession
1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.
Homestead Act
1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration to the Great Plains.
Dawes Act
1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to assimilate Native American children and people to be more like other Americans and civilized like white culture
Adams-Onis Treaty
Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States
Sitting Bull
American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn; Last Sioux chief to surrender to reservation life
Oregon Territory 1846
Britain and the United States agreed to extend the 49th Parallel (Oregon Treaty), forming the modern border between Canada and the United States.
Indian Peace Commission (1867)
Established in 1867 to end the Indian wars in the West, the commission's solution was to contain the Indians in a system of reservations. Peace Comissision was a duality, savied the government money
Dakota Sioux Uprising
Govt promised Sioux annuities for living on their reservation but Sioux didn't receive their annuities
Parts of Oregon had been claimed by
Great Britain
Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)
In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, embarrassing defeat of the US Army triggered by the US Governments attempt to open the Black Hills and leading to US society demanding decisive response to American Indians in the west
Nez Perce War
In this armed conflict between the Nez Perce and the US Gov. fought in 1877, the Indians refused to give up their lands to the US government and move to an Indian reservation when gold was discovered and they were ordered to leave. The Indians launched a valiant effort to maintain their land, but were ultimately defeated by the US Army.
Indian Boarding Schools
Indian Boarding schools "educated" them on how to be proper Americans and how they should strip themselves of their original beliefs. Assimilate.
California Gold Rush
Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848
Battle of Wounded Knee
Massacre of 300 unarmed Native Americans by US soldiers; last of the Great Plains battles, officially squelched the Ghost Dance Movement & Native American Battles of the Great Plains
What was one reason the United States went to war with Mexico in 1846?
Mexico and the United States were engaged in a border dispute.
1934 Indian Reorganization Act
Native Americans were encouraged to establish tribal governments;
During the 20th century, which technology MOST helped to increase agricultural productivity
New agricultural inventions; Diesel Machinery
Where was the Transcontinental Railroad joined
Ogden, Utah. (Promontory Point)
Kit Karson
Oregon Trail; carved out several east-to-west trails that helped settlers move west.; helped gain California
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed so white settlers can settle on new territory
What party wanted the government to regulate the railroad:
Populist Party
Strict Interpretation of the Constitution
President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133)
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. The Cherokee Indians that still exist in NC resisted removal.
Farmers attempted to organize by creating what farmers' organization:
The Grange
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty that ended the Mexican War, Mexico ceding 525,000 square miles of land to the United States, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million; fulfilling manifest destiny
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp.
The barbed wire fencing of the open range resulted in
The end of the long cattle drives.
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
The forced removal of about 15,000 Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indians west; a quarter of them died along the way. they did not have time to prepare for the journey.
Ghost Dance Movement
The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.
Which of the following impacted one of the founders of AIM, Dennis Banks the most?
The movements for Womens & African American Rights
Patriot Act
What law was passed following the September 11th terrorist attacks?
Dawes Act
aimed to "american-ize" or assimilate the Native Americans by making them farmers granting lands to them in the Great Plains, but selling surplus lands for very cheap, essentially diminishing Native American land holdings
Great Plains
grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States
Navojo Code Talkers
group provided secure battlefield radio communication in the Pacific Theater in World War II
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union; 5 states added. OUTLAWED SLAVERY!
Declaration of Indian Purpose
a manifesto calling for policies to create greater economic opportunities on reservations
Lewis and Clark Expedition
an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; used extensive river systems, guides and land to map and make many discoveries
The books A Century of Dishonor and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
attempts to inform the public about problems of Native Americans
Mountain men like Kit Carson played a vital role in western settlement because they
carved out several east-to-west trails that helped settlers move west.
White settlers began wanting the land on the Plains which _____________________________________________.
changed the policy of treating the Great Plains as a huge (free) land reservation.
Which factor contributed most to the creation of new states in areas acquired as a result of the Mexican War?
completion of the Transcontinental Railroad
The Preemption Act of 1830 allowed squatters to
dealt with squatters, those who settled on the land they did not own; buy land from the government for the minimum price of $1.25 per acre.
The massacre at Wounded Knee marked the end of the wars between the ______________ and the ______________.
federal government, plains indians
Annuities
government issued payments to Native Americans living on reservations
American Indian Movement (AIM)
led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre; known as a militant group, protests at Mount Rushmore & Pine Ridge Reservation
"No man has a right to fix the boundary of the march of a nation; no man has a right to say to his country: this far you should go and no further." The author of this statement would most likely have supported the United States policy of
manifest destiny
Texas Independence
occurred in 1836 after many Americans moved there & Sam Houston led a successful revolt to overthrow Mexican control over Texas
Nomads
people who wander from place to place; early American Indians
The Gadsen Purchase of 1853 was made mainly to
provide a good railroad route as we expanded territory
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
recognized the legitimacy of local reservation law and guaranteed reservation residents the protection of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
The cattle The cattle industry was best revolutionized by what invention :
refrigerated railroad car
The Indian Civil Rights Act recognized the legitimacy of local reservation law and guaranteed reservation residents the protection of
the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was used to regulate:
the railroad
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
What were some of the hardships that frontier farmers faced in the mid-to late 1800s
weather conditions, availability of land and housing, working conditions, dangers of living on the frontier, economic concerns
Remember the Alamo
what soldiers fighting in the war for Texas indepence yelled going into battle to remind each other of the bravery and sacrifice of the Alamo's defenders.
