EXW 344 Final Exam

Which of the following are measures of relative exercise intensity

%VO2Max % of heart rate reserve %of maximal MET Capacity

Which of the following p-values would, in most cases, and according to the research concepts powerpoint, be considered statistically significant

0.040; 0.001 (Anything less than 0.05)

As we look at age and muscular strength, between what ages does the book indicate we meet our peak in relation to normal growth/maturation?

20-29 years of age

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, how many men with low physical activity levels died of cardiovascular disease within the average follow-up period of 17.7 years? Enter your answer as a whole number without decimals.

292

Your client weighs 230 lbs and is 5 feet 10 inches tall. What is their BMI and associated classification

33.1 Obese (class 1)

Resistance Training has no effect on muscular strength of persons with muscular dystrophy

Flase

Which of the following functions fall under the umbrella of "Executive Functions" in relation to the brain? (Mark all that apply)

GOT WRONG: .67/1 Working memory Control of directed attention Switching between multiple ongoing tasks Motor Control Emotions Understanding spoken language

According to our textbook, which book published in 1967 is often credited as having launched a fitness revolution with its description of simple walking and running plan progressions?

Jogging by Bill Bowerman

According to research, and demonstrated in figure 3.7, which gender shows higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness at a given age?

Males

How strong is the effect of exercise in general on VO2max compared to usual care in patients receiving cancer treatment, based on the referenced study below? The answer to this question can be found in the abstract of the study. Pick the best answer. APA reference to the study: Bjørke, A. C. H., Sweegers, M. G., Buffart, L. M., Raastad, T., Nygren, P., & Berntsen, S. (2019). Which exercise prescriptions optimize VO2max during cancer treatment? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. epub

Medium

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, do men or women seem to benefit more from moderate physical activity levels when it comes to cancer mortality? Note: Use the hazard ratios from Model 1 for men and women.

Men

Regarding gender, it is typical to see what percentage difference between the VO2 of a woman as compared to a man

Men are about 15-30% higher than women

Based on the referenced study below, the relationship between levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and risk of mortality is ______________. Note: The abstract of this study is sufficient to answer this question. APA reference to the study: Loprinzi, P. D. (2015). Dose-response association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity with cardiovascular biomarkers and all-cause mortality: considerations by individual sports, exercise and recreational physical activities. Preventive Medicine, 81, 73-77.

Negative

Which term means the proliferation (or increase in number) and survival of new neurons

Neurogenesis

What is the main type of cell in the brain that supports cognitive function?

Neuron

(GOT QUESTION WRONG WITH THESE ANSWERS) Muscle mass and quality is important in maintaining which of the following at optimal levels (Select all that apply)

Strength glucose levels lipid oxidation

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: In this experiment, 100 people were randomized either to a control group or a strength training group. At baseline, both groups had the same average muscular strength. After 12 weeks of intervention, only the strength training group showed improvements in muscular strength.

Temporality

A HbA1c level of 8% is considered elevated

True

Mark all of the following that are reported to be instances that lead to the prevalence of asthma and AHR as being particularly high

swimmers exercising in cold air

How strong is the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity when the last exercise session was more than 72 hours ago? Find the effect size and enter it here with two decimals and no units. The answer to this question can be found in the abstract of the study. APA reference to the study: Way, K. L., Hackett, D. A., Baker, M. K., & Johnson, N. A. (2016). The effect of regular exercise on insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 40(4), 253-271.

-.89

The meta-analysis referenced below (Oberlin et al., 2017) sought to determine the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people who had a stroke. What is the overall effect (i.e., effect size) of exercise on cognitive function based on the forest plot below? Enter the effect size with three decimal places and no units. Note: Hedges' g is a measure of effect size and can be interpreted like a Cohen's d.

0.304

Recent studies have estimated the prevalence of depression during pregnancy to be between 10% and 30%, which is higher than that in the postpartum period. Pharmacological treatment during pregnancy is difficult because of the possible side effects of antidepressants on the mother and the fetus. The aim of this study was to examine whether a supervised exercise program (EP) reduces depressive symptoms in pregnant women. A randomized controlled trial was designed. One hundred eighty four healthy pregnant women from Fuenlabrada Hospital were included (31.37 ± 3.62 years). Women from the exercise group (EG) participated in a supervised EP consisting of three, 55- to 60-min sessions per week throughout pregnancy. The main outcome measure was the patients' depression level assessed by means of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A total of 167 pregnant women were analyzed; 90 were allocated to the EG and 77 to the control group (CG). Significant differences were found between groups at the end of the study in CES-D scores (EG: 7.67 ± 6.30 vs. CG: 11.34 ± 9.74, p = .005) and in percentages of pregnant women depressed (EG: n = 11/12.2% vs. CG: n = 19/24.7%, p = .04). Our results show that supervised physical exercise during pregnancy reduces the level of depression and its incidence in pregnant women. APA reference to the study: Perales, M., Refoyo, I., Coteron, J., Bacchi, M., & Barakat, R. (2015). Exercise during pregnancy attenuates prenatal depression: a randomized controlled trial. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 38(1), 59-72. Question: What is the effect size (Cohen's d) of exercise on depressive symptoms based on the post-test CES-D scores? Calculate a simplified pooled standard deviation by averaging the EG and CG standard deviations (6.30 and 9.74, respectively). Provide the effect size with two decimals 0.46 and interpret its strength medium (pick the best answer option).

0.46; Medium

A 20 week resistance training program lowered the hemoglobin A1c from 9.2% to 7.9% in adults with Type II diabetes. The pre-test standard deviation for this change is 1.9%. Calculate the effect size for this change to two decimals. Note: Effect sizes don't have units. APA reference to the study: de Lade, C. G., Marins, J. C. B., Lima, L. M., de Carvalho, C. J., Teixeira, R. B., Albuquerque, M. R., ... & dos Santos Amorim, P. R. (2016). Effects of different exercise programs and minimal detectable changes in hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 8(1), 13.

0.68

Below is the abstract of a study. What are some of the dependent variables in that study? Select all that apply. APA reference to the study: Reid, K. F., Callahan, D. M., Carabello, R. J., Phillips, E. M., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2008). Lower extremity power training in elderly subjects with mobility limitations: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(4), 337-343.

1 RM strength Peak Power Total leg lean mass

VO2 generally decreases with age by how much in a healthy person on average?

1%

Approximately how many Americans are diagnosed with diabetes each year?

1.5 million

Which weekly running distance seems to be associated with the lowest all-cause mortality risk?

10 miles

Which weekly running distance seems to be associated with the lowest allcause mortality risk

10 miles

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cancer mortality for women with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cancer within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

19

When did the American Heart Association officially recognize Physical Inactivity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

1992

The United States physical activity recommendations suggest that adults with arthritis engage in low-impact, moderate intensity activity atleast 150 minutes per week and engage in resistance training at least 2 days per week

2

What percentage of people do not survive the first year after a hip fracture?

20%

As we look at the trends of physical inactivity, due to conveniences such as remote controls, washing machines, and other technology, what percentage less time are modern people spending on housework as compared to 30 years ago?

20% less time

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cancer mortality for men with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cancer within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish men who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

27

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cancer mortality for women with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cancer within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

31

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of total mortality (all-cause mortality) for women with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from any cause within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

41

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cardiovascular mortality for women with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

43

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of total mortality (all-cause mortality) for men with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from any cause within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish men who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

47

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of total mortality (all-cause mortality) for women with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from any cause within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

48

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cardiovascular mortality for women with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

53

By definition, older adults are typically how many years old?

65+

Regarding variations in the human genome, how many potentially different combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes can occur in the resulting gamete?

8388608

On average, how much time is a person with a sedentary occupation spending sitting or reclining

9-11 hours

What does demographic trend mean?

A consistent pattern in a given population characteristic

In terms of gender roles and advantage in survival, what were said to be the advantages of higher performance capacity and motor skills for a male in early Homo Sapiens?

Advantage in getting food and defending against other predators

A "strong" correlation coefficient can range from 0.60 to 0.79 .

Answer 1: 0.60 Answer 2: 0.79

What is a reason given in the book to explain why lung cancer is only the second most common newly occurring cancer to be diagnosed (in table 14.1) but listed as the first most fatal cancer?

Answer: (All of the above ) some cancers have a better prognosis than others some cancers are easier to detect earlier which elads to earlier treatment Lung cancer is not as easily treated as prostate or breast cancer

PA Recording Assignment

Apple watch Bouchard PA Log Ainsworth PA Record (APAR) Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ) 2001 BRFSS PAQ Standard Activity Survey SBAS

A reduction in muscle cross sectional area due to the breakdown of muscle protein exceeding the synthesis of muscle protein is generally referred to as

Atrophy

According to your textbook, which of the following are in the list of risk factors in older people which can be improved through physical activity?

Bowel Immotility

Which artery is normally used to measure Blood pressure

Brachial Artery

Which portions of the neuron make up the grey matter in the brain?

Cell bodies & Dendrites

Select the Hills Criterion which fits this description best: Distance runners tend to have high VO2 Max values. It therefore stands to reason that physical activity levels across the general population correlate positively with cardiorespiratory fitness

Coherence

Which term is best defined as: Assessment of variation in the prevalence of a trait or behavior by age, sex, ethnicity, and other geographic or demographic factors

Descriptive epidemiology

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: People who accumulate 40 MET/hrs per week of aerobic training tend to have better cardiorespiratory fitness compared to people who accumulate only 20 MET/hrs per week of aerobic training.

Dose response

What term is best defined by: The relationship where we can see that a steady increase in the amount of exposure is associated with a steady increase in the outcome

Dose response

The benefits of PA on HDL levels depends mostly on which exercise variable

Duration

What is Resting Metabolic Rate?

Energy expenditure at rest when no physical activity is occurring

What does EPOC stand for in relation to time following exercise

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption

Regarding meeting activity recommendations, the Harvard alumni study wanted to see if there was a benefit to spreading activity out across the whole week as opposed to just on the weekends. What criteria did they use to define the "Weekend Warrior"?

Expending >1000 kcal/week during one or two sessions

Selec the hill's Criterion which fits this description best: A sample of 100 people is randomly divided into a control group and an exercise group. The baseline VO2Max values of both groups are the same. After 12 weeks of intervention, only the exercise group showed an improvement in VO2max

Experiment

According to the text, the amount of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) molecules is decreased in those who chronically exercise.

F

Sedentary behavior has not demonstrated a relationship with the development of chronic disease, premature mortality, poor quality of life, or loss of function and independence with aging.

F

Table 24.3 shows that there is no genetic contribution to people having an "intolerance" to exercise.

F

When looking across the entire lifespan, the time per day spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity declines most from age 20 to 50.

F

A Cohens d of 0.3 is considered a large effect size

False

According to the training principle of specificity, aerobic cycling training is the best way to improve aerobic running capacity

False

According to the training principle of specificity, exercising only the left leg will translate to similar training adaptations in the right leg due to the transfer of training adaptations.

False

According to the training principle of specificity, running at a moderate intensity for 30 minutes per day is an optimal is an optimal training program to achieve Type II muscle fiber hypertrophy

False

As seen in both Canada and the United States, physical activity levels are lower in childhood and increase through adolescence and into adulthood.

False

EPOC (Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption) is greater after low intensity exercise compared to high intensity exercise?

False

Endothelial function and vasodilation is improved after meal ingestion

False

Exercise is contraindicated for persons with rheumatoid arthritis

False

High intensity exercise reduces triglyceride levels more than moderate intensity exercise levels

False

Muscle quality (strength per muscle mass) does not improve as much in men as it does in women, in response to resistance training

False

Muscle quality (strength per muscle mass) does not improve as much in men as it does in women, in response to resistance training.

False

Muscular endurance can best be improved with 1-6 resps of 80-100% of 1 RM

False

NHANES has determined world-wide disease and risk factor prevalence

False

Occupational physical activity energy expenditure is the same today as it was 35 years ago

False

Stenting is more effective than exercise in improving blood flow to all areas of the myocardium (heart muscle)

False

The Overall risk of sudden cardiac death across a calendar year is higher in physically active people compared to inactive people

False

The average life expectancy has decreased by 5 years over the past 100 years

False

The causative relationship between physical activity and the decreased risk of developing asthma is easy to understand as the biological mechanism has been clearly determined

False

The first physical activity guidelines were published in 1957

False

The insulin response is improved for atleast 7 days following an exercise bout

False

The leading cause of the death in the US is cancer while the second leading cause is heart disease

False

There is a strong association between genetics and Type I diabetes and a weak association between genetics and Type II diabetes

False

Tour de France cyclists have a higher pre-mature mortality rate compared to the general population.

False

Using a 12-lead ECG is not effective in reducing sudden cardiac death during exercise due to the high number of false positive test results

False

Vigorous physical activity is, by definition, anything over 3 METs (metabolic equivalents)

False

When you stop exercising, oxygen consumption returns immediately (within the first few seconds) to resting levels

False

NHANES stands for National Health, Nutrition and Exercise Survey

False National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey

Glial cells are responsible for which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Got Wrong (.33/1) Insulate neurons against each other Transmit action potentials Supply oxygen and nutrients to neurons remove dead neurons

How much does our VO2max seem to decline on average per year after the age of 25?

Got this wrong (was not 5%)

Regarding assessment for older people, there is a problem with clearly assessing mobility, behavior, or performance because the activities measured are often the same. Which of the following is NOT identified as an example of one of those in your textbook.

Got this wrong (was not Housework)

According to the new blood pressure guidelines posted on the slides, a blood pressure of 132/78 is considered

HTN Stage 1

Which of the following are given as examples of additional demands that often accompany heavy work

High environmental temperature Awkward posture Heavy loading of small muscle groups

Which of the following are possible criteria for metabolic syndrome by the WHO?

Impaired fasting glucose Elevated body weight Elevated blood pressure Impaired glucose tolerance microalbuminuria

Which of the following aspects of cognition that are benefitted by physical activity would be associated with PA affecting the Hippocampus

Improved memory

Which of the following aspects of cognition that are benefitted by physical activity would be associated with PA affecting the hippocampus?

Improved memory

Which of the following is true of an experimental study as opposed to an observational study when investigating the effects of exercise on parameters of health?

In an experiment, the exposure/independent variable (i.e. exercise) is manipulated/controlled by the researchers

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. The number with the red box around it shows the number of women with high physical activity levels who died within the average follow-up period of 17.7 years. What does this number represent?

Incidence

In relation to weight gain, what did the panel from the U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee determine?

It may be necessary to get more than 30 minutes of daily physical activity to prevent excessive weight gain.

Locate the following study to answer the question below: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2019/9028714/abs/ (Links to an external site.) APA reference to the study: Holzapfel, S. D., Bosch, P. R., Lee, C. D., Pohl, P. S., Szeto, M., Heyer, B., & Ringenbach, S. D. (2019). Acute Effects of Assisted Cycling Therapy on Post-Stroke Motor Function: A Pilot Study. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9028714 (Links to an external site.) Question: What are the dependent (i.e., outcome) variables in that study? Select all that apply.

LE Motor Function UE Motor Function

Between the first and eighth editions of the ACSMs Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, what section has changed the most?

Lower end of the intensity recommendation

Who was the Secretary of Health and Human Services who got the process started for creating a Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee

Michael Leavitt

In a hypothetical study, it was found that the correlation between physical activity levels measured in kcal/week and cardiorespiratory fitness measured as VO2max was r = 0.47 (p = 0.011). How strong is the relationship between physical activity levels and VO2max based on the Research Methods Powerpoint?

Moderate

A study reported that increased physical activity levels are associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. According to that study, what kind of relationship do physical activity levels and risk of colon cancer share?

Negative

Based on the study below, is high intensity resistance training (HIT) more effective, based on statistical significance, than whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) in increasing lean body mass (LBM)? Note: The answer can be found in the abstract. APA reference to the study: Kemmler, W., Teschler, M., Weißenfels, A., Bebenek, M., Fröhlich, M., Kohl, M., & von Stengel, S. (2016). Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation versus high-intensity resistance exercise on body composition and strength: a randomized controlled study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. epub

No

In regards to breast cancer, what is the exposure that has been looked at in many of the studies?

Physical activity

What is a reason given in the book as to why we might not be seeing a clear relationship between physical activity and decreased prostate cancer risk?

Physically active men might be more likely to get health screenings which leads to higher rates of diagnosis.

Based on the figure below, the relationship between x and y is

Positive

Which of the following (Mark all that apply) are suggested to be cancers that are more often seen in obese people? In other words, which are noted in the book as being obesity related cancers?

Postmenopausal breast cancer Endometrial cancer Colorectal cancer

In a hypothetical study, participants are randomly allocated to receive a 12 week resistance training, an aerobic training, or a stretching intervention (control group). Blood glucose levels are measured before and after each intervention. What kind of study is this?

RCT

What study design is said to be the gold standard for epidemiology studies?

Randomized clinical trial

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: Drug X is associated with decreased LDL cholesterol levels, but not with decreased triglyceride levels

Specificity

Which kinds of exercise are recommended for people with osteoarthritis (Select all that apply)

Stretching Core Strength Exercises Low Impact Aerobic Exercise

Cross sectional study design is the most commonly used to study physiological variables among different age groups.

T

Genome mapping has identified about 20,000 genes.

T

Incidence refers to the number of new cases within a given time period.

T

Increased body sway seems to be associated with increased fall risk.

T

Physical inactivity increases the risk of Type II diabetes

T

Postural hypotension is associated with about a 90% increase in fall risk.

T

The 95% confidence interval comprises data from -2 to +2 standard deviations.

T

The heritability of VO2max is about 51%.

T

The independent/exposure variable is displayed on the x-axis in most graphs.

T

When summarizing, discussing, or quantifying the results of a study for a discussion board post, you have to include statistics. These statistics can be a relative risk (either as a ratio or percentage), an effect size (see slide 22 of Research Concepts), a correlation coefficient, or, at bare minimum, a p-value.

T

With regards to responses to cardiorespiratory endurance training, there does seem to be some familial similarities in increases in VO2 max. This is seen in the fact that the differences between participants in different families was greater than the differences between participants who were in the same family.

T

If I am focusing on getting my client with a sedentary occupation to engage in many small bouts of light movement throughout their work day as opposed to only engaging in one longer bout of movement, what am I trying to get them to change?

The frequency of their movements

For this textbook, what is the definition of cardiorespiratory fitness

The maximal physical working capacity or aerobic power -- an integrated assessment of the function of the heart, lungs, vascular system and skeletal muscles

Which of the following describes prevalence?

The number of cases within the population at given point in time or time window

A case-control study requires researchers to find people with the outcome and people without the outcome and to retrospectively ask those people about or to try to find out some other way about their past exposure to the independent variable, for instance exercise.

True

About 1 hour of physical activity per day at 5-6 METs is needed to offset the risk of sitting 6-8 hours per day

True

Acute effects of exercise have to be accumulated with sufficient frequency to attain chronic adaptations

True

Asthma is a disease that can present with a wide range of severity which means that there is no set dose for prescribing exercise to asthma patients

True

Both resistance training and aerobic exercise can reduce serum triglyceride levels

True

Calculating relative risk requires one to know how many people in a given category have the condition as well as the total number of people in that category

True

Chronically elevated blood glucose levels can lead to vascular dysfunction.

True

Diabetic Peripheral neuropathy refers to peripheral nerve damage and is caused by damaged capillaries

True

Elderly women tend to be the most sedentary population

True

Exercise can increase leg blood flow in older adults

True

Exercise can lead to thrombogenesis

True

Exercise interventions can have a large blood pressure lowering effect (in terms of Cohen's d) in individuals with hypertension

True

Exercise is associated with an acute increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines

True

For young women, a waist to hip ration of 0.90 is considered a health risk

True

Generally, exercise will reduce the insulin response after a meal, but higher intensity exercise seems to be more effective than moderate intensities in attenuating postprandial blood glucose levels

True

High cardiorespiratory fitness seems to be protective against sudden cardiac death

True

High intensity exercise suppresses the immune system more than moderate intensity exercise

True

Hypertension is a risk factor for all CVDs

True

Low CRF is associated with a 50% increased risk of developing hypertension within 10 years

True

Muscle glycogen utilization is highest during the beginning of prolonged exercise and tapers off whereas fatty acid utilization increases over time during prolonged exercise

True

Muscle protein synthesis peaks at about 5 hours after resistance training and remains elevated for atleast 10 hours after exercise

True

NHANES Began in the early 1960s

True

NHANES data has been used to establish National Norms such as growth charts

True

NHANES uses surveys, interviews, and physical examinations to collect data

True

Records of Yoga from as 3300 BC are amongst the earliest records of physical activity by humans for a purpose other than hunting, gathering or immediate survival

True

Resistance training is generally considered safe for persons with coronary artery disease

True

Sitting increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes because cellular glucose uptake is impaired at rest compared to physical activity

True

The Current "Play 60" initiative to get children exercising for at least 60 min per day would fit within the recommendations for children and adolescents given in the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans

True

The harvard fatigue laboratory was instrumental in the early advancements of exercise physiology research by studying the responses of the body under various stressors

True

The lactate threshold occurs due to the rate of appearance being greater than the rate of removal

True

The relative risk of all cause mortality may be up to 3 times higher in men with the lowest CRF compared to men with the highest CRF.

True

When looking at data related to people meeting the current PA recommendations, a study by the NIH called the American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study gave us evidence that even those who are physically active but below the minimum recommendations (insufficiently active) saw a decrease in mortality rates as compared to those who reported No activity

True

Locate the following study to answer the question below: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2019/9028714/abs/ (Links to an external site.) APA reference to the study: Holzapfel, S. D., Bosch, P. R., Lee, C. D., Pohl, P. S., Szeto, M., Heyer, B., & Ringenbach, S. D. (2019). Acute Effects of Assisted Cycling Therapy on Post-Stroke Motor Function: A Pilot Study. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9028714 (Links to an external site.) Question: What is the independent (i.e., exposure) variable in that study?

Type of Cycling Intervention, ACT, VC or NC

Below is the abstract of a study. What is the independent variable in that study?

Types of Resistance Training

Which of the following is most likely to improve as we age?

Vocabulary

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, do men or women seem to benefit more from high physical activity levels when it comes to cardiovascular mortality? Note: Use the hazard ratios from Model 1 for men and women.

Women

The meta-analysis referenced below (Oberlin et al., 2017) sought to determine the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people who had a stroke. Based on the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the overall effect (ES total) of exercise on cognitive performance, is the effect of exercise on cognitive performance statistically significant?

Yes

How strong is the effect of regular exercise on resting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels based on the referenced study below? Note: Hedges' g can be interpreted the same way as a Cohen's d. The answer to this question can be found in the abstract of the study. APA reference to the study: Szuhany, K. L., Bugatti, M., & Otto, M. W. (2015). A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 60, 56-64.

small

What is exercise physiology?

the study of the body's function during exercise and its physiological adaptations to regular participation in exercise

According to Mason et al. (1992) vigorous exercise at least once per week can lower the risk of Type II diabetes by 29%

true

Diabetes prevalence in the US has increased between 2005 and 2008

true

Risk of all-cause mortality is reduced by about 30% in those with muscular strength in the upper tertile compared to those in the lower tertile

true

Sudden cardiac death is due to abnormal electrical activity of the heart whereas heart attacks are due to myocardial ischemia due to cardiovascular disease

true

The Mechanostat theory indicates that bone cells increase bone tissue formation in response to mechanical stress

true

The dependent/outcome variable is displayed on the y-axis in most graphs

true

The resistance training recommendations for novice lifters specify 2-3 times per week, 60-70% of 1 RM and exercises that target all major muscle groups

true

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, do men or women seem to benefit more from moderate physical activity levels when it comes to cardiovascular mortality? Note: Use the hazard ratios from Model 1 for men and women.

women