eyes and ears
Presbyopia
A decrease in the elasticity of the lens that occurs with age, resulting in a decreased ability to focus on close objects
auricle
A flap of cartilage covered with skin that projects from the side of the head. Its function is to receive and collect sound waves and to direct them toward the external auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
A thin, semitransparent membrane between the external ear canal and the middle ear that receives and transmits sound waves. Also known as the eardrum
Weber test
A useful assessment of hearing loss when one ear hears better than the other. The tuning fork is set in vibration, and the base of the fork is placed on the center of the patient's head
Otitis Media (etiology)
Acute serious form, occurs spontaneously or follow URI, rapid changes in atmospheric pressure Serious chronic form, follows acute infection, overgrowth of adenoidal tissue, or chronic sinus infection
Otoscope (ot/o=ear (-scope=to view
An instrument used to examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane
Otitis Media treatment
Analgesics Antibiotics Decongestants Myringotomy, tympanoplasty,inserting tubes into tympanic membrane
Conjunctivitis (etiology) study of cause
Bacterial or viral infection Transmitted by hands, contaminated washcloths May be caused by irrigation from heat or cold, chemicals, allergies, or exposure to UV light
Conjunctivitis therapy
Boric acid compress Ingestion of vitamins A and C, and Zinc
Conjunctivitis prevention
Careful hygiene, hand washing prevent spread of infection
Conjunctivitis treatment
Causative agent determines treatment Antibiotic therapy Warm compresses applied to eye 3 to 4 times a day for 10 to 15 minutes
Ishihara test
Color vision test that detects congenital color vision disturbances and are commonly performed in the medical office.
iris
Colored part of the eye, which controls the size of the pupil
Mixed hearing loss
Combination of conductive and sensorineural loss
Rinne test
Compares the duration of sound perception by air conduction with that of bone conduction. The tuning fork is placed against the bone for the mastoid process, the patient indicates when the sound is no longer heard
Retinal detachment
Complete or partial separation of retina from choroid layer of eye Leads to the loss of retinal function and blindness Result of hole or break in retina that allows vitreous fluid to accumulate between the layers
sclera
Composed of tough, white fibrous connective tissue.
Eustachian tube
Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Air pressure between the external atmosphere and middle ear is stabilized through the Eustachian tube
Ciliary body
Contains muscles that control the shape of the lens
Inner ear
Contains the cochlear, which is essential organ of hearing.
strabismus
Crossed eyes
DVA
Distance Visual Acuity
ptosis
Drooping of the eye
Cerumen
Earwax
3 divisions of the ear:
External, middle, and inner ear
Glaucoma treatment
Eye drops decrease intraocular pressure or production of aqueous humor Laser or microsurgery to lower eye pressure
Conjunctivitis diagnostic procedures
Eye exam C & S testing determines organism
Hyperopia (hyper=above, excessive) (-opia= vision)
Farsightedness
Otitis Media
Fluid accumulates in the middle ear Acute or chronic Most common in children Two forms: Serous fluid, clear and sterile Suppurative fluid, product fluid, product of pus-producing bacteria
AMD therapy
Foods high in vitamins E and C, lutein found in dark, leafy vegetables are beneficial
Conjunctivitis prognosis
Good if degeneration of conjunctiva does not occur
Common signs and symptoms of ear diseases and disorders:
Hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing), ear pressure, loss of balance, pain, and dizziness
Conjunctivitis
Highly infectious infection conjunctiva Most common eye disease worldwide Usually lasts 2 weeks
Conductive hearing loss
Interference with the conduction of sound waves through the external and middle ear
Middle ear
Is an air-filled cavity that contains three small bones or ossicles: mallets, incus and staple
External auditory canal
Is aprrox 1inch long in an adult and extends from the article to the tympanic membrane. It is lined with skin that contains fine hairs, nerve endings, and glands. The glands secrete earwax(cerumen), which lubricates and protects the ear canal.
amblyopia
Lazy eye
Semicircular canals
Located in the inner ear and help to maintain equilibrium
choroid
Middle layer of the eye composed of many blood vessels and is highly pigmented
Errors of refraction
Most common cause of defects in visual acuity. A nearsighted person has a condition termed myopia and has difficulty seeing objects at a distance. A farsighted person has a condition known as Hyperopia and has difficulty viewing objects at a reading or working distance.
Myopia (-opia=vision)
Nearsightedness
Examples of conductive hearing loss
Obstruction in the external ear canal, such as swelling from external otitis (swimmer's ear), foreign bodies, benign growths such as polyps and impacted cerumen. Conductive loss may be caused by fluid in the middle ear (acute otitis media), a perforated tympanic membrane, or otosclerosis. Can be detected by examining the external ear canal wit an Otoscope
conjunctivitis
Often referred to as pink eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is a thin transparent membrane that covers the whites of the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva become infected with a bacterium or virus. Causes are: allergies, prolonged wearing of contact lenses, irrigation from the wind, dust, and smoke. Clears up within 2 weeks, highly contagious
Diagnostic procedures for Cataracts
Ophthalmoscopy, penlight or slit-lamp exam
Otitis Media Diagnostic
Otoscopic exam of affected ear Red discoloration of eardrum Fluid bubbles behind eardrum Elevated WBC in Suppurative Otis media
Tuning forks
Provide a general assessment of hearing acuity and may be part of a PE. Weber and Rinne tests are the tuning fork tests most commonly performed. Used to identify conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Normal hearing frequencies for normal speech
Range from 300 to 4000 Hz ( hertz, cycles per second)
Conjunctivitis signs and symptoms
Red, swollen conjunctiva Itching , burning, tearing Light sensitivity
Visual acuity
Refers to acuteness or sharpness of vision. A person with normal visual acuity can see clearly and is able to distinguish fine details close up and some distance
lens
Responsible for focusing the light rays on the retina
sensorineural hearing loss
Results from damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve
Gross hearing test
Simple and quick screening test used to identify a large hearing impairment. Hearing is assessed by asking the patient to repeat a simple word or series of numbers whispered from a distance of 1 to 2 feet from the ear. When a hearing loss is discovered, a tuning fork or Audiometer is used for a more precise assessment of hearing
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Slow, progressive changes that occur in pigmented cells of retina and macula Result is loss of fine vision in one or both eyes Leading cause of new blindness in the US
Otitis Media (etiology) continues
Suppurative form caused by pyogenic microorganisms in the middle ear Follows flu, colds Those with short, wide, more horizontally placed Eustachian tubes are at greater risk
suspensory ligaments
Suspend the lens in place
Otitis Media (fluid in ears)
Take all antibiotics if prescribed Stress proper preoperative and postoperative care as needed
Refraction
The deflection of bending of light rays by a lens
Instillation
The dropping of a liquid into a body cavity
pupil
The opening in the eye that permits the entrance of light rays
Irrigation
The washing of a body canal with a flowing solution
retina
Third and innermost layer of the eye. Light rays come to focus on the retina and subsequently are transmitted to the brain, by the way of the optic nerve , to be interpreted
Eye irrigation
To cleanse the eye by washing away foreign particles, ocular discharge, or harmful chemicals, to relieve inflammation through the process of heat
Glaucoma diagnostic procedures
Tonometry measures eye pressure Ophthalmoscopy exam Vision fielding test
cornea
Transparent covering over the colored part of the eye
Eye instillation
Used to treat eye infections, to soothe irritated eye, to dilate pupil and to anesthetize the eye during an eye exam or treatment.
Otitis Media signs and symptoms
Vary with severity of infection Sensation of fullness or pressure in ear Pain, symptoms of infection Dizziness Varying degree of hearing impairment
Glaucoma causes:
Vitreous humor Tears Aqueous humor Lymph fluid
Impacted
Wedged firmly together so as to be immovable
congenital defects
a color vision deficiency that is inherited and is present at birth, most often affect males
optometrist
a licensed primary health care provider who has expertise in measuring visual acuity and prescribing corrective lenses for the treatment of refractive errors
optician
a professional who interprets and fills prescriptions for eyeglasses and contact lenses
Astigmatism (stigmata: point) (-ism=state of)
a refractive error that causes distorted and blurred vision for both near and far objects due to a cornea that is oval shaped
Audiometer (audio/o=hearing) (-meter=instrument used to measure)
an instrument used to measure hearing acuity quantitatively for the various frequencies of sounds wave, more specific hearing acuity test that provides information oh how extensive a hearing loss is and which frequencies are involved. Patient wears headphones placed snug over the ears and placed in a quiet room
Glaucoma
aqueous humor is produced faster than can be drained from the eye, fluid pressure builds within the eye, damages retina, optic nerve. Often causes blindness
Anterior chamber
area between the cornea and the iris, filled with a substance called aqueous humor
posterior chamber
area between the iris and lens, filled with a substance called aqueous humor
Cataract ( etiology)
change in chemical composition of lens causes loss of transparency, the result of aging, injuries, some diseases, genetics, birth defects
acquired defects
color vision deficiency that is acquired after birth, resulting from such factors as an eye or brain injury, disease, and certain drugs.
Snellen chart
composed of the capital letter E in decreasing sizes and arranged in different directions used for preschool, non-English speaking and non-readers
Cataract treatment
depends upon degree of visual impairment, age, general health of client. Surgical removal of lens, replacement with corrective devices, surgical implanted artificial lens may be used, Phacoemulsification
Hyperopia
farsightedness condition in which the eyeball is too short from front to back resulting in a different type of refractive error, in which the light rays are brought to a focus behind the retina. individual has difficulty viewing objects at a reading or working distance. may experience blurring, headaches, eye strain while performing up-close tasks
Cataract prognosis
good with corrective surgery
Cataract
gradual clouding of eye's crystalline lens or its surrounding membrane, unilateral or bilateral, affects visual acuity, common in elderly clients
Cataract signs and symptoms
gradual, painless loss, or blurring of vision, seeing halos around lights, in mature cataract, eye pupil may appear white
External Otitis (swimmer's ear)
inflammation of the external ear canal, result of fungal infection from swimming, from a scratch, or eczema
AMD prevention
ingestion of antioxidants and zinc regular eye exams
Stye (Hordeolum)
localized, purulent, inflammatory infection of one or more sebaceous glands of the eyelid, result of staphylococcal bacteria
AMD prognosis
loss of vision is certain early diagnosis and treatment is essential
Snellen Chart
most often used for school-age children and adults and consists of a chart of letters in decreasing sizes.
Myopia
nearsighted condition in which the eyeball is too long from front to back, causing the light rays to be brought to a focus in front of the retina. a myopic person has difficulty seeing objects at a distance and may squint and have headaches as a result of eye strain. a corrective lens can correct condition which than allows the light rays to come to focus on the retina
Glaucoma signs and symptoms
no symptoms until irreparable damage has occurred there may be aching in the eyes visual disturbances seeing halos around lights losing peripheral vision
AMD treatment
no treatment for dry form Nutritional intervention may prevent progression to wet form Laser therapy
Glaucoma (Etiology)
open-angle glaucoma is idiopathic ( no known cause) genetic factors are possible secondary diseases, toxins, medications
Corneal Abrasion
painful scrape or scratch on the cornea, produced by foreign bodies, fingernail scratch, poorly fitting or scratched contact lens, excessive eye rubbing, can cause permanent vision loss
ophthalmologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eye, qualified to prescribe ophthalmic and systemic medications and to perform eye surgery
Cataract prevention
protect eyes from ultraviolet light
Canthus
the junction of the eyelids at either corner of the eye
vitreous humor
transparent jelly-like material that fills the eyeball between the lens and retina, it helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball
AMD (age-related macular degeneration
two types: Dry, non-neovascular. 90% of cases begins in middle-age, progressive slowly Wet, neovascular, may be abrupt onset, vessels leak, hemorrhage, and form scars, causing central vision loss, leading cause of legal blindness in the US Affects person age 60 and older