eyes and ears

Presbyopia

A decrease in the elasticity of the lens that occurs with age, resulting in a decreased ability to focus on close objects

auricle

A flap of cartilage covered with skin that projects from the side of the head. Its function is to receive and collect sound waves and to direct them toward the external auditory canal

Tympanic membrane

A thin, semitransparent membrane between the external ear canal and the middle ear that receives and transmits sound waves. Also known as the eardrum

Weber test

A useful assessment of hearing loss when one ear hears better than the other. The tuning fork is set in vibration, and the base of the fork is placed on the center of the patient's head

Otitis Media (etiology)

Acute serious form, occurs spontaneously or follow URI, rapid changes in atmospheric pressure Serious chronic form, follows acute infection, overgrowth of adenoidal tissue, or chronic sinus infection

Otoscope (ot/o=ear (-scope=to view

An instrument used to examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane

Otitis Media treatment

Analgesics Antibiotics Decongestants Myringotomy, tympanoplasty,inserting tubes into tympanic membrane

Conjunctivitis (etiology) study of cause

Bacterial or viral infection Transmitted by hands, contaminated washcloths May be caused by irrigation from heat or cold, chemicals, allergies, or exposure to UV light

Conjunctivitis therapy

Boric acid compress Ingestion of vitamins A and C, and Zinc

Conjunctivitis prevention

Careful hygiene, hand washing prevent spread of infection

Conjunctivitis treatment

Causative agent determines treatment Antibiotic therapy Warm compresses applied to eye 3 to 4 times a day for 10 to 15 minutes

Ishihara test

Color vision test that detects congenital color vision disturbances and are commonly performed in the medical office.

iris

Colored part of the eye, which controls the size of the pupil

Mixed hearing loss

Combination of conductive and sensorineural loss

Rinne test

Compares the duration of sound perception by air conduction with that of bone conduction. The tuning fork is placed against the bone for the mastoid process, the patient indicates when the sound is no longer heard

Retinal detachment

Complete or partial separation of retina from choroid layer of eye Leads to the loss of retinal function and blindness Result of hole or break in retina that allows vitreous fluid to accumulate between the layers

sclera

Composed of tough, white fibrous connective tissue.

Eustachian tube

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Air pressure between the external atmosphere and middle ear is stabilized through the Eustachian tube

Ciliary body

Contains muscles that control the shape of the lens

Inner ear

Contains the cochlear, which is essential organ of hearing.

strabismus

Crossed eyes

DVA

Distance Visual Acuity

ptosis

Drooping of the eye

Cerumen

Earwax

3 divisions of the ear:

External, middle, and inner ear

Glaucoma treatment

Eye drops decrease intraocular pressure or production of aqueous humor Laser or microsurgery to lower eye pressure

Conjunctivitis diagnostic procedures

Eye exam C & S testing determines organism

Hyperopia (hyper=above, excessive) (-opia= vision)

Farsightedness

Otitis Media

Fluid accumulates in the middle ear Acute or chronic Most common in children Two forms: Serous fluid, clear and sterile Suppurative fluid, product fluid, product of pus-producing bacteria

AMD therapy

Foods high in vitamins E and C, lutein found in dark, leafy vegetables are beneficial

Conjunctivitis prognosis

Good if degeneration of conjunctiva does not occur

Common signs and symptoms of ear diseases and disorders:

Hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing), ear pressure, loss of balance, pain, and dizziness

Conjunctivitis

Highly infectious infection conjunctiva Most common eye disease worldwide Usually lasts 2 weeks

Conductive hearing loss

Interference with the conduction of sound waves through the external and middle ear

Middle ear

Is an air-filled cavity that contains three small bones or ossicles: mallets, incus and staple

External auditory canal

Is aprrox 1inch long in an adult and extends from the article to the tympanic membrane. It is lined with skin that contains fine hairs, nerve endings, and glands. The glands secrete earwax(cerumen), which lubricates and protects the ear canal.

amblyopia

Lazy eye

Semicircular canals

Located in the inner ear and help to maintain equilibrium

choroid

Middle layer of the eye composed of many blood vessels and is highly pigmented

Errors of refraction

Most common cause of defects in visual acuity. A nearsighted person has a condition termed myopia and has difficulty seeing objects at a distance. A farsighted person has a condition known as Hyperopia and has difficulty viewing objects at a reading or working distance.

Myopia (-opia=vision)

Nearsightedness

Examples of conductive hearing loss

Obstruction in the external ear canal, such as swelling from external otitis (swimmer's ear), foreign bodies, benign growths such as polyps and impacted cerumen. Conductive loss may be caused by fluid in the middle ear (acute otitis media), a perforated tympanic membrane, or otosclerosis. Can be detected by examining the external ear canal wit an Otoscope

conjunctivitis

Often referred to as pink eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is a thin transparent membrane that covers the whites of the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva become infected with a bacterium or virus. Causes are: allergies, prolonged wearing of contact lenses, irrigation from the wind, dust, and smoke. Clears up within 2 weeks, highly contagious

Diagnostic procedures for Cataracts

Ophthalmoscopy, penlight or slit-lamp exam

Otitis Media Diagnostic

Otoscopic exam of affected ear Red discoloration of eardrum Fluid bubbles behind eardrum Elevated WBC in Suppurative Otis media

Tuning forks

Provide a general assessment of hearing acuity and may be part of a PE. Weber and Rinne tests are the tuning fork tests most commonly performed. Used to identify conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Normal hearing frequencies for normal speech

Range from 300 to 4000 Hz ( hertz, cycles per second)

Conjunctivitis signs and symptoms

Red, swollen conjunctiva Itching , burning, tearing Light sensitivity

Visual acuity

Refers to acuteness or sharpness of vision. A person with normal visual acuity can see clearly and is able to distinguish fine details close up and some distance

lens

Responsible for focusing the light rays on the retina

sensorineural hearing loss

Results from damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve

Gross hearing test

Simple and quick screening test used to identify a large hearing impairment. Hearing is assessed by asking the patient to repeat a simple word or series of numbers whispered from a distance of 1 to 2 feet from the ear. When a hearing loss is discovered, a tuning fork or Audiometer is used for a more precise assessment of hearing

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Slow, progressive changes that occur in pigmented cells of retina and macula Result is loss of fine vision in one or both eyes Leading cause of new blindness in the US

Otitis Media (etiology) continues

Suppurative form caused by pyogenic microorganisms in the middle ear Follows flu, colds Those with short, wide, more horizontally placed Eustachian tubes are at greater risk

suspensory ligaments

Suspend the lens in place

Otitis Media (fluid in ears)

Take all antibiotics if prescribed Stress proper preoperative and postoperative care as needed

Refraction

The deflection of bending of light rays by a lens

Instillation

The dropping of a liquid into a body cavity

pupil

The opening in the eye that permits the entrance of light rays

Irrigation

The washing of a body canal with a flowing solution

retina

Third and innermost layer of the eye. Light rays come to focus on the retina and subsequently are transmitted to the brain, by the way of the optic nerve , to be interpreted

Eye irrigation

To cleanse the eye by washing away foreign particles, ocular discharge, or harmful chemicals, to relieve inflammation through the process of heat

Glaucoma diagnostic procedures

Tonometry measures eye pressure Ophthalmoscopy exam Vision fielding test

cornea

Transparent covering over the colored part of the eye

Eye instillation

Used to treat eye infections, to soothe irritated eye, to dilate pupil and to anesthetize the eye during an eye exam or treatment.

Otitis Media signs and symptoms

Vary with severity of infection Sensation of fullness or pressure in ear Pain, symptoms of infection Dizziness Varying degree of hearing impairment

Glaucoma causes:

Vitreous humor Tears Aqueous humor Lymph fluid

Impacted

Wedged firmly together so as to be immovable

congenital defects

a color vision deficiency that is inherited and is present at birth, most often affect males

optometrist

a licensed primary health care provider who has expertise in measuring visual acuity and prescribing corrective lenses for the treatment of refractive errors

optician

a professional who interprets and fills prescriptions for eyeglasses and contact lenses

Astigmatism (stigmata: point) (-ism=state of)

a refractive error that causes distorted and blurred vision for both near and far objects due to a cornea that is oval shaped

Audiometer (audio/o=hearing) (-meter=instrument used to measure)

an instrument used to measure hearing acuity quantitatively for the various frequencies of sounds wave, more specific hearing acuity test that provides information oh how extensive a hearing loss is and which frequencies are involved. Patient wears headphones placed snug over the ears and placed in a quiet room

Glaucoma

aqueous humor is produced faster than can be drained from the eye, fluid pressure builds within the eye, damages retina, optic nerve. Often causes blindness

Anterior chamber

area between the cornea and the iris, filled with a substance called aqueous humor

posterior chamber

area between the iris and lens, filled with a substance called aqueous humor

Cataract ( etiology)

change in chemical composition of lens causes loss of transparency, the result of aging, injuries, some diseases, genetics, birth defects

acquired defects

color vision deficiency that is acquired after birth, resulting from such factors as an eye or brain injury, disease, and certain drugs.

Snellen chart

composed of the capital letter E in decreasing sizes and arranged in different directions used for preschool, non-English speaking and non-readers

Cataract treatment

depends upon degree of visual impairment, age, general health of client. Surgical removal of lens, replacement with corrective devices, surgical implanted artificial lens may be used, Phacoemulsification

Hyperopia

farsightedness condition in which the eyeball is too short from front to back resulting in a different type of refractive error, in which the light rays are brought to a focus behind the retina. individual has difficulty viewing objects at a reading or working distance. may experience blurring, headaches, eye strain while performing up-close tasks

Cataract prognosis

good with corrective surgery

Cataract

gradual clouding of eye's crystalline lens or its surrounding membrane, unilateral or bilateral, affects visual acuity, common in elderly clients

Cataract signs and symptoms

gradual, painless loss, or blurring of vision, seeing halos around lights, in mature cataract, eye pupil may appear white

External Otitis (swimmer's ear)

inflammation of the external ear canal, result of fungal infection from swimming, from a scratch, or eczema

AMD prevention

ingestion of antioxidants and zinc regular eye exams

Stye (Hordeolum)

localized, purulent, inflammatory infection of one or more sebaceous glands of the eyelid, result of staphylococcal bacteria

AMD prognosis

loss of vision is certain early diagnosis and treatment is essential

Snellen Chart

most often used for school-age children and adults and consists of a chart of letters in decreasing sizes.

Myopia

nearsighted condition in which the eyeball is too long from front to back, causing the light rays to be brought to a focus in front of the retina. a myopic person has difficulty seeing objects at a distance and may squint and have headaches as a result of eye strain. a corrective lens can correct condition which than allows the light rays to come to focus on the retina

Glaucoma signs and symptoms

no symptoms until irreparable damage has occurred there may be aching in the eyes visual disturbances seeing halos around lights losing peripheral vision

AMD treatment

no treatment for dry form Nutritional intervention may prevent progression to wet form Laser therapy

Glaucoma (Etiology)

open-angle glaucoma is idiopathic ( no known cause) genetic factors are possible secondary diseases, toxins, medications

Corneal Abrasion

painful scrape or scratch on the cornea, produced by foreign bodies, fingernail scratch, poorly fitting or scratched contact lens, excessive eye rubbing, can cause permanent vision loss

ophthalmologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eye, qualified to prescribe ophthalmic and systemic medications and to perform eye surgery

Cataract prevention

protect eyes from ultraviolet light

Canthus

the junction of the eyelids at either corner of the eye

vitreous humor

transparent jelly-like material that fills the eyeball between the lens and retina, it helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball

AMD (age-related macular degeneration

two types: Dry, non-neovascular. 90% of cases begins in middle-age, progressive slowly Wet, neovascular, may be abrupt onset, vessels leak, hemorrhage, and form scars, causing central vision loss, leading cause of legal blindness in the US Affects person age 60 and older