FAD 2230 FSU Exam 2

Female-demand/male-withdraw interaction pattern

A cycle of negative verbal expression by one partner, followed by the other partners withdrawal in the face of the others demands

social media

A group of Internet applications that allow the creation and exchange if user-generated content

Swinging

A marriage agreement in which couples exchange partners to engage in purely recreational sex.

Polygamy

A marriage system in which a person takes more than one spouse

Polyamory

A marriage system in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually love others in addition to their spouses.

intensive parenting

A parenting style; once dubbed "helicopter parents," these parents hover over and meddle excessively in their child's life. also called hyperparenting

Hyperparenting

A parenting style; once dubbed "helicopter parents," these parents hover over and meddle excessively in their child's life. also called intensive parenting

Contempt

A partners feelings that his or her spouse is inferior or undesirable

sabotage

A passive-aggressive action in which a person tries to spoil or undermine-some activity another has planned

Displacement

A passive-aggressive behavior in which a person expresses anger with another by being angry or damaging people or things the other cherishes

Flextime

A plan that allows employees to set their own work schedules within a wide range of hours.

Marital sanctification

A religious belief system that encourages spouses to see their marriages as ordained by God and hence having divine significance

Deinstitutionalization of marriage

A situation in which time-honored family definitions are changing and family-related social norms are weakening so that they "count for far less" than in the past.

labor force

A social invention that arose with the industrialization of the 19th century, when people characteristically became wage earners, hiring out their labor to someone else

Communal

A society in which people identify with and conform to the expectations of their relatives or clan, who look after their interests in return for their loyalty. The group has priority over the individual. Also known as collectivist

Collectivist

A society in which people identify with and conform to the expectations of their relatives or clan, who look after their interests in return for their loyalty. The group has priority over the individual. Also known as communal society

Good providers

A specialized masculine role that emerged in this country around the 1830s and that emphasized the husband as the only and primary economic provider for his family. Has disappeared as an expected masculine role by the 1970s.

Boomerangers

Adults who leave home and then return to live with their parents

Authoritarian parenting style

All decision making is in parent's hands, and the emphasis is on compliance with rules and directives. Parents are more punitive than supportive, and use of physical punishment is likely

Domestic Partnership

Arrangement in which an unmarried couple registers their partnership with a civil authority and then enjoys some rights, benefits, and entitlements, traditionally reserved for marrieds.

Shift work

As defined by the Bureau if Labor Statistics, any work schedule in which more than half of an employee's hours are before 8am or after 4pm

Defensiveness

Attitude characterized bu preparing to defend oneself against an anticipated attack

Marriage Premise

By getting married, partners accept the responsibility to keep each other primary in their lives and to work hard to ensure that their relationship continues

foster care

Care provided to children by other than their parents as a result of state intervention

Confucian training doctrine

Concept used to describe Asian and Asian American parenting philosophy that emphasizes blending parental love, concern, involvement, and physical closeness with strict and firm control

hierarchical parenting

Concept used to describe a Hispanice parenting philosophy that blends warm emotional support for children with demand for significant respect for parents and other authority figures, including older extended-family members

Two-earner partnerships

Couple in which both partners work; arrangements are ever-changing and flexible, varying with the arrival and ages of children and with partners' job options and preferences

Criticism

Disapproving judgments or evaluations of ones partner

Marriage Gap

Disparity in marriage rates between the poor and those who are not poor

Accomplishment of natural growth parenting model

Educational model in which children's abilities are allowed to develop naturally, this includes working-class children spending more time watching television and playing video games than children of highly educated parents

Living apart together (LAT)

Emerging lifestyle choice in which a couple is committed to a long-term relationship but each partner maintains a separate dwelling.

relationship ideologies

Expectations for closeness and/or distance as well as ideas about how partners should play their roles

Passive-aggression

Expressing anger at some person or situation indirectly; through nagging, nitpicking, or sarcasm

Emerging adulthood

Fairly new life cycle stage typically defined as young adults ages 18 to 29 who spend more time in higher education or exploring options regarding work, career, and family making than in the past.

Neotraditional families

Family that values traditional gender roles and organizes its life in these terms as far as practicable. Formal male dominance is softened by an egalitarian spirit

Commune

Group of adults and perhaps children who live together, sharing aspects of their lives. Some communes are group marriages, in which members share sex; others are communal families, with several monogamous couples, who share everything except sexual relations and their children

Consensual Marriages

Heterosexual, conjugal unions that have not gone through a legal marriage ceremony

role-making

Improvising a course of action as a way of enacting a role. We may use our acts to alter the traditional expectations and obligations associated with a role. This concept emphasizes the variability in the ways different individuals enact a particular role

Civil Unions

Legislation that allows any two single adults-including same-sex partners or blood relatives, such as siblings or a parent and adult child-to have access to virtually all marriage rights and benefits on the state level, but none on the federal level. Designed to give same-sex couples many of the legal benefits of marriage while denying them the right to legally marry.

Cohabitation

Living together in an intimate, sexual relationship without traditional, legal marriage. Sometimes referred to as living together or marriage without marriage, cohabitation can be a courtship process or an alternative to legal marriage, depending on how partners view it.

Kin keeping

Maintaining contact with family members and remembering anniversaries and birthdays, sending cards, shopping for gifts, and organizing family activities; more frequently done by women than by men

Social fathers

Males who are not biological fathers but perform the roles of a father, such as a stepfather

Institutional Marriage

Marriage as a social institution based on dutiful adherence to the time-honored marriage premise, particularly the norm of permanence.

stay-at-home dad

Men who stay at home to care for their houses and families while their wives work

motherhood penalty

Negative lifetime impact on earnings for women who raise children

Expectations of permanence

One component of the marriage premise, according to which individuals enter marriage expecting that mutual affection and commitment will be lasting

Permissive parenting style

One of three parenting styles in this schema, gives children little parental guidance

Socioeconomic status (SES)

One's position in society, measured by educational achievement, occupation, and/or income

formal kinship care

Out-of-home placement with biological relatives of children who are in the custody of the state

Kin

Parents and other relatives such as in-laws, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins. Also called extended family

relationship-focused coping

Process in relationships in which partners help or hinder one another in dealing with stressed snd strain

Two-career relationship

Relationship now seen as an available and workable option; for two-career couples with children, however, family life can be hectic as partners juggle schedules, chores, and child care

Intermittent Cohabitation

Relationships in which parenting couples in together, then out, then back in.

War on Poverty

Series of federal programs and initiatives put forth by President Lyndon Johnson in the 1960s; included the Job Corps o the Neighborhood Youth Corps, Head Start, and Adult Basic Education, Although most measures have ended, Head Start and the Job Corps continue to exist.

Negative affect

Showing emotions define as negative, such as anger, sadness, whining, disgust, tension, fear, and/or belligerence

Individualistic

Society in which the main concern is with one's own interests (which may or may not include those of one's immediate family).

Second shift

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild's term for the domestic work that employed women must perform after coming home from a day on the job.

Expectations of sexual exclusivity

The cultural ideal according to which spouses promise to have sexual relations with only each other.

individualism

The cultural milieu that emerged in Europe with industrialization and that values personal self-actualization and happiness along with individual freedom

Family of orientation

The family in which an individual grows up. Also called family of origin

Family of procreation

The family that is formed when an individual marries and has children

Heteronormativity

The idea that gender is binary-a person is either male or female-and that heterosexuality is the only normal, acceptable, or "real" option for all individuals

Family cohesion or closeness

The intangible emotional quality that hold groups together and gives members a sense of common identity.

unpaid family work

The necessary tasks of attending to both the emotional needs of all family members and the practical needs of dependent members, such a children or elderly parents, and maintaining the family docile

sex ratio

The number of men per 100 women in society. If the sex ratio is above 100, there are more men than women; if it is below 100, there are more women than men.

Concerted cultivation

The parenting model or style according to which parents often praise and converse with their children, engage them in extracurricular activities, take them on outings, and so on, with the goal of cultivating their child's talents and abilities

Companionate Marriage

The single-earner, bread-winner-homemaker marriage that flourished in the 1950s. Although husbands and wives in this marriage usually adhered to a sharp division of labor, they were supposed to be each other's companion-friend and lover- in a realization of trends beginning in the 1920s.

Mixed, or double, messages

Two simultaneous messages that contradict each other; also called double message.

Selection Effects

When individuals "select" themselves into a category being investigated

role conflict

When individuals with roles in two institutions experience conflict when they attempt to meet demands of one institution that conflict with different demands from other institution

Causal feedback loop

When the workplace impacts within family interactions and decision making and within family interactions and decision making affect the workplace

Family-friendly workplace policies

Workplace policies that are supportive of employee efforts to combine family and work commitments

family leave

a leave of absence from work granted to family members to care for new infants, newly adopted children, ill children, or aging parents, or to meet similar family needs or emergencies

belligerence

a negative communication/relationship behavior that challenges the partner's power and authority

provider role

a term for the family role involving wage work to support the family

Flexible scheduling

a type of employment scheduling that includes scheduling options such as job sharing and flextime

self-care

an approach to child care for working parents in which the child is at home or out without an adult caretaker. Parents may be in touch by phone

emotional intelligence

awareness of what we're feeling so that we can express our feelings more authentically. Ability and willingness to repair our moods, not unnecessarily nursing our hurt feelings; healthy balance between controlling rash impulses and being candid and spontaneous; sensitivity to the feelings and needs of others

Individualized marriage

concept associated with the argument that contemporary marriage in the United States and other fully industrialized Western societies is no longer institutionalized. Four interrelated characteristics distinguish this: 1. it is optional, 2.spouses roles are flexible (negotiable and renegotiable),3. its expected rewards involve love, communication, and emotional intimacy, and 4. it exists in conjunction with a vast diversity of family forms

report talk

conversation engaged in by men aimed primarily at conveying information

rapport talk

conversation engaged in by women aimed primarily at gaining or reinforcing rapport or intimacy

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling. Marital communication behaviors delineated by John Gottman that often indicate a couple's future divorce

grandfamilies

families headed by grandparents

spillover

how pleasures or stresses associated with work affect interaction within the family

involved fathers

men who work fewer hours than do childless men in order to spend more time with their children

Authoritative parenting style

parents accept the child's personality and talents and are emotionally supportive. Set and enforce rules and limits whose rationale is usually explained to the child

stonewalling

refusing to listen or talk to partner about complaints

Private safety net

social support from family and friends rather than from public sources

individualistic society

society in which the main concern is with one's own interests (may or may not included those of one's immediate family)

resilient

the ability to recover from challenging situations

childcare

the care and education of children by people other than their parents. May be before and after school care for older children and overnight care when employed parents must travel, as well as day care for preschool children

transition to parenthood

the circumstances in assuming the parent role

occupational segregation

the distribution of men and women into substantially different occupations

positive affect

the expression, either verbal or nonverbal, of one's feelings of affection toward another

stress model of parental effectiveness

the idea that stress experienced by parents causes parental frustration, anger, and depression, increasing the likelihood of household conflict and leading to poorer parenting practices

psychological parent

the parent, usually but not necessarily the mother, who assumes principal responsibility for raising the child

wage gap

the persistent difference in earnings between men and women

race socialization

the socialization process that involves developing a child's pride in his or her cultural heritage while warning and preparing him or her about the possibilities of encountering discrimination

job sharing

two people sharing one job