Family Relationships Test 1
symbolic interaction theory
A theory that emphasizes the symbols we use in everyday interaction - words, gestures, appearances - and how these are interpreted
ludus love
A type of love emphasizing fun and enjoyment. game playing
romantic love
A type of love that is characterized by passion, melodrama, and excitement, and which receives a lot of media attention
heterogamous marriage
A type of marriage in which spouses do not share certain social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, education, age, and social class
__ of children live in poverty
1/5 we have safety nets-social security-for elderly but not for children
1/3 of children in India are married before
18
over life course
2 drops- start high-newly wed with no children, raising kids-drops-stress, responsibility, less focus on marriage, more kids=less happy raise when kids move out of house
Shane thinks of himself as gay, although he has only had a same-sex sexual experience one time. Approximately what percentage of the population has a gay or lesbian identity?
2-3
the rise of the "modern family"
20th century marriage based on mutual affection actual feelings of love personal choice rather than economic motive happiness GI bill gets men education after military, new neighborhoods outside of city, schools built, low interest loans without immigrants we wouldn't have the prosperous nation that we have today
what is the poverty threshold for a family of four
24,000
Among those who cohabit, in which age group are they most likely to be?
30-39
how many people in the US live in poverty?
47 million
high family rejection of gays-results in
8.4X attempted suice 5.9X high depression 3.4X illegal drugs 3.4X unprotected sex
passive-congenial marriage
80% of marriages fall under this category, independent of each other, not in love, do their own thing, live separate lives
ethnicity
A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.
status
A social position that a person holds
Reiss's Wheel Theory of Love
A developmental theory that shows relationships moving from the establishment of rapport, to self-revelation, mutual dependence, and finally, need fulfillment
sexology
A field comprised of a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, researchers, and educators who study sexuality
race
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
matriarchy
A society ruled or controlled by women
A study that asked Black- and White-sounding telephone callers to inquire about an advertised apartment for rent found:
A study that asked Black- and White-sounding telephone callers to inquire about an advertised apartment for rent found:
extended families
families that include not only parents and children, but also other family members, such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, or cousins
marriage
institutional arrangement between persons to publicly recognize social and intimate bonds
Students in elementary schools around the country are generally taught that Christopher Columbus "discovered" America. This is an example of __________.
institutional racism
stability
intact, has divorce been mentioned
sternberg's triangular theory of love
intimacy, passion, commitment ideal relationship has all of them
utilitarian- conflict habituated marriage, devitalized marriage, passive congenial marriage
intrinsic-vital, total
Telling a person something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know is called:
self-disclosure
isolation of young people
separate boys and girls-influence on dating, different religious services or very close supervision
Your membership in certain groups, such as your sex, race, or social class, shapes who you are, the values you hold, and the opportunities and constraints you experience, including with regard to sexuality. This implies that:
sex is social
Evan had a crush on Lily, but the feelings were not reciprocated. This is an example of:
unrequited love
kinship rules
adopting specific kinship rules so there is little choice as to whom to marry incest taboo
Empirical Approach
an approach that answers questions through a systematic collection and analysis of data
anxious-ambivalent attachment
an attachment type where infants become nervous when their parent leaves the room and can show rejection when the parent returns
avoidant attachment
an attachment type where infants show little attachment to their primary parent
sociobiology
an evolutionary theory that all humans have an instinctive impulse to pass on their genetic material
selection effect
an explanation for the fact that people who cohabit tend to be the same ones who later divorce
poverty threshold
an income level below that which is needed to support families or households
marriage
an institutional arrangement between persons to publicly recognize social and intimate bonds
communication
an interactive process that uses symbols like words and gestures to both send and receive messages
bisexual
an orientation in which a person is attracted to both males and females
agape love
an unconditional love for others-lay down your life for them-do anything for them
lees style of loving
analysis of love eros,mania, ludus, store, pragma, agape eros, mania, ludus-superficial-carefree storage, pragma, agape-companionate love
attachment theory
antifeminist-mother blaming theory-not supported by many mother-child relationship is important but can develop relationships with either sex-lack=issues
voluntary stable singles
Are single and satisfied with that choice
intimate partner power
a type of power that involves decision making among intimate partners, their division of labor, and their sense of entitlement
which of the following might explain sex differences in communication?
Certain regions of the prefrontal brain area are activated differently; both hemispheres are activated in women when they perform language tasks whereas only the left hemisphere is activated in men.
Identify the effects of cohabitation on children.
Children who live with their mother and her unmarried partner have poorer school performance and exhibit more behavioral problems than do children who live solely with a single mother, with a mother and stepfather, or with two biological parents.
What do we mean when we say, "communication includes a co-construction of meanings"?
Each partner speaks a language and interprets meaning in a way acquired from his or her family of orientation.
Many attitudes about marriage have changed over the past few decades. Which is not one of these changes?
Few people now believe that a single women having a baby is "a bad thing for society."
family decline
Family life is seriously degraded by movement away from traditional marriage (breadwinner/homemaker) and children. Excessive individualism and self-indulgence. institution of family itself is declining-hedonistic pursuit of happiness- put your own needs first (choose to get divorced)
storge
Family love or affection
The percentage of high school seniors who "never date" has gone __________; while the percentage of high school seniors who date "more than once a week" has gone __________ since 2000.
up; down
patrilineal example
John, John sr, john junior-passing down of one mans name-power
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language shapes our culture, and at the same time, our culture shapes our language.
cohabitation
Living together without being married has increased spurious-other factors may influence-cant determine link-could be selection affect-those who divorce are more likely to divorce anyway-or is cohabitation the cause more likely to divorce if you cohabitant
Maria's parents threw her a quinceneanera. why did they do this?
Maria just turned 15 and this is her "coming out" ceremony
monogamy
Marriage to only one person at a time
nuclear family
Mother, father and children living as a unit
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
Polygyny
One male, several females.
involuntary stable singles
People who would like to marry or remarry but haven't found a suitable mate Accept their single status as permanent
Which racial or ethnic group is most likely to go to college and to earn an advanced degree?
asian
Our earliest forms of love are:
attachments to our primary caregiver
implicit bias
attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner
covenant marriage
available in AZ, LA, AR that restricts access to divorce, requires premarital counseling and imposes other rules and regulations does not apply to homosexuals
Which of the following statements about gay and lesbian intimate relationships is true?
Somewhere between 40 and 60 percent of gay men are in committed relationships.
social classes
upper class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, underclass middle class is shrinking-affected by social mobility
marriage premium
The concept that married people are happier, healthier, and financially better off than those who are not married richer does no apply to all families causal protection effect or selection effect? both
Which of the following statements best describes the trends of the median age of marriage between 1890 and today?
The median age at marriage was higher for both men and women in 1890 than it was in 1950.
marriage rates
The number of people who remain unmarried throughout their lives has remained relatively the same throughout history.
socialization
The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture.
features of love
Trust, Care, Honesty, Friendship, Respect, Desire to promote the well-being of the other, Loyalty, Commitment, Accepting the other without wanting to change the other, Support, and desire to be in the others company.
Which of the following best describes Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
Which of the following best describes Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
Which of the following represents a sex difference in communication?
Women are more polite in tone and are more likely to show interest and concern.
race
a category describing people who share real or perceived physical straits that society deems socially significant (skin color)
minority group
a category of people who have less power than the dominant group and who are subject to unequal treatment
experiment
a controlled method for determining cause and effect
In Iraq, it's quite common and considered safe to marry:
a cousin
dowry
a financial gift given to a woman's prospective in-laws by her parents
polyandry
a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband
ethnic groups
a group of people who share specific cultural features
bilateral descent
a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important
social institution
a major sphere of social life, with a set of beliefs and rules that is organized to meet basic human needs
companionate family
a marriage based on mutual affection, sexual attraction, compatibility, and personal happiness
bypassing
a misunderstanding that occurs between a sender and a receiver because of the symbolic nature of language
prejudice
a negative attitude about members of selected racial and ethnic groups
mania love
a possessive, dependent, and often controlling style of love
family
a relationship by blood, marriage or affection, in which members may cooperate economically, may care for children and may consider their identity to be intimately connected to the larger group
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver-feel safe when mother is in sight
In explaining the marriage premium, Professor Rubenstein's research shows that people who marry may be different from those who don't marry—they may be happier, healthier, and they have more money. This explanation is called:
a selection effect.
dating scripts
a set of expectations around dating that are somewhat different for men and women
double standard
a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women internalized by men and women
hooking up
a sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement or commitment
focus group
a small group interview of people who are brought together to discuss a particular topic
social structure
a stable framework of social relationships that guides our interactions with others
love
a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests
transsexual
a subset of transgender persons who transition to the sex that conforms to their identity
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
feminist theory
a theory in which gender is seen as the central concept for explaining family structure and family dynamics
relative love and need theory
a theory of power that looks at the way that love itself is feminized, defined, and interpreted
resource theory
a theory of power that suggests that the spouse with the more prestigious or higher paying job can use that advantage to generate more power in the relationship and thereby influence decision making
doing gender
a theory of power that suggests that we take power differentials between men and women for granted and continue to reproduce them
structural functionalism theory
a theory that attempts to determine the structure, systems, functions, and equilibrium of social institutions
social exchange theory
a theory that draws on a model of human behavior used by many economists. it assumes that individuals are rational beings, and their behavior reflects decisions evaluated on the basis of costs-both direct and opportunity costs-and benefits-family decision making, divorce
conflict theory
a theory that emphasizes issues surrounding social inequality, power, conflict, and social change
developmental theory
a theory that suggests families and individual family members go through distinct stages over time, with each stage having its own set of tasks, roles, and responsibilities
value conflict
a type of conflict that results from differing opinions on subjects that relate to personal values and issues of right or wrong
ego conflict
a type of conflict where individuals believe they must win at all costs to save face
content conflict
a type of conflict where individuals disagree about information
peer marriage
a type of marriage in which couples consider themselves to have equal status or standing in the relationship
peer marriages
a type of marriage in which couples consider themselves to have equal status or standing in the relationship
discrimination
behaviors actions or practices based on racial or ethnic preferences that have harmful impacts
marriage has shifted from being the cornerstone to the capstone of adult life
benefits of delaying marriage-higher income, lower divorce rates
same sex couples
better negotiate problems, better sex lives, less hostile, more loving in some cases very few differences
romantic love is
big in our society
elderly population Is growing fast
biggest-people over 85 years old-having less kids and people are living longer
whites and asians are more likely to be married than
blacks and hispanics
What do we mean when we say that the relationship between cohabitation and divorce is spurious?
both cohabitation and divorce are really caused by a third factor
A number of changes in families have taken place over the past several decades, including __________.
both men and women are postponing the age of marriage
Which of the following statements is true regarding the double standard?
both men and women uphold the double standard
Your romantic partner told you that he was "sick and tired." But you are unsure what that really means. Does he want to break up, or is he literally ill and sleepy? This imprecision with words represents a specific barrier to verbal communication known as:
bypassing
The dating practice of the 18th and 19th centuries in which a young man would visit a young woman in her parents' home, sometimes staying for days, was called __________.
calling
jealousy
can be rational or irrational men more likely to deny their jealous feelings, while women are more likely to acknowledge them can lead to dangerous behavior
family size is shrinking
can't afford to have as many children
child marriage
choose a mate for your child before sexuality and puberty hit-make sure they remain pure
Demographer Judith Seltzer notes several important demographic trends that indicate that cohabitation is changing. Which is one of these?
cohabitation couples are more likely to become parents than they were in the past
opening up to yourself-your journey is beginning, you're asking yourself questions
coming out-you are actively talking for the first time with others about your sexual orientation or gender identity living openly- the ongoing phase after the initial conversation about your life as LGBT person. now able to tell new people that come into your life where and when it feels appropriate to you
nonverbal communication
communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
What type of family model that emerged in the 20th century was based on four patterns: mutual affection, sexual attraction, compatibility, and personal happiness?
companionate family
Lois and Doug have been married for many years. Although the "excitement" of their love is not something they think much about these days, they both value their commitment to one another and strong feeling of trust. What type of love best describes their relationship?
companionate love
successful marriages
compatibility, flexibility, positive attitudes, communication and conflict resolution, emotional support
stalking
conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to be fearful repeated and unwanted, intrusive and frightening, following, calling, waiting, etc
In an essay for your class you decide to use a theoretical perspective that emphasizes issues surrounding social inequality, power, and social change. What theory is this?
conflict theory
satisfaction
conflict, contentment, commitment, happiness
Brandon and Tiana have been married for a number of years. They argue often, and on at least two occasions their arguments have turned violent. Neither one feels that these conflicts are reason to divorce; they see this type of conflict as a normal part of marriage. What type of marriage do they have?
conflict-habituated
Which of the following is a macro-level perspective on love?
controlling the development of love
families communicate
cornerstone of relationships develop social and relational communication skills within our families of origin majority of problems in marriage and families stem from poor communication
non regulated couples
couples who have many negative communication exchanges
regulating couples
couples who use communication to promote closeness and intimacy
Julian and Lucy are deeply committed to their faith and strongly believe that traditional marriage is the cornerstone of society. They have decided to have a type of marriage that would require some marriage preparation and restrict their future access to divorce. This is called a __________.
covenant marriage
Four Horsemen
criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling turn on your partner for support
gender
culturally and socially constructed differences between males and females: meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "feminist" and "masculinity"
pseudoconflict
falsely perceiving that our partner is interfering with our goals or has incompatible goals
poor and working classes
dangerous hardships-people working 60-80 hours a week before overtime was established, state-macro level policies made laws and policies about beating kids, child labor, hitting wives etc
calling became
dating
high school dating patterns
dating has decreased
Jonah is a college student. He received a D on his recent Anthropology midterm. He is angry, and plans to talk to his professor about it, explaining why he thinks he deserves a higher grade. Chances are, Jonah lives in a culture with a __________ dimension.
decentralized
divorce rate has ___ since the 80s
declined
teen birth rate has
declined
biological and chemical aspect of love
different brain chemicals, hormone fire body releases endorphins body responds in different ways when we are in love or feel a deep attachment to someone
Which is not one of the pathways from poverty to adverse child outcomes described in your text?
difficult social capital
conflict
disagreements over decision making, problem solving or achieving goals that can result from differences between group members in personality, perception, information, tolerance for risk and power or influence
attraction and loss of appetite and sleep
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, nerve growth factor, increased heart rate and other physical effects
dating
emerged after industrialization and the invention of adolescence labor laws create adolescents and young people no longer working all the time and start to date automobiles-access to car-dates-travel and go places
Ben Barres, a neurobiologist and professor at Stanford University discussed in the text has the unique experience of living as both a woman and a man after his sex change operation. What did he learn from this experience?
ernersto's ethnicity is cuban
covenant marriage
expands the marriage contract to a lifelong commitment between the partners within a supportive community
covenant marriage
expands the marriage contract to a lifelong commitment between the partners within a supportive community, premarital counseling
active listening
extremely attentive listening, where the listener has good eye contact and body language, and encourages the other person to continue talking
tend to marry inside our
faith
Dr. Livingston is giving a lecture in his class. He is discussing a relationship by blood, marriage, or affection, in which members may cooperate economically, may care for children, and may consider their identity to be intimately connected to the larger group. What is this relationship called?
family
The family that you create through marriage, partnering and/or parenthood is called
family of procreation
familialism
family relationships in which sharing and cooperation take precedence over one's personal needs and desires
family decline vs family resilience
family size is shrinking postponing marriage divorce rate has declined more single parent households 2/3 of mothers work outside the home ethnicity of population is changing increase of cohabitation middle class is shrinking 1/3 of children living in poverty teen birth rate has declined elderly population is growing fast
Which theory presented in Chapter 1 would be useful for understanding the impact of extramarital sex, by reminding us that family members are inextricably linked, and what happens between the members is likely to influence the whole group?
family systems theory
macro-level perspective on families
focus on interconnectedness of marriage, families, intimate relationships with rest of society
micro-level perspective on families
focus on the individual and his or her interactions in specific families
Kim's parents stated that her curfew was midnight, whereas her twin brother Shane was allowed to stay out until 1:00. Her parents said that Kim's earlier curfew was because "girls who stay out late get bad reputations - good girls shouldn't be out late." What concept is in play?
gender
his and her marriage
gender differences Women less happy and more distressed than men (so many responsibilities), physical health benefits for men, reduces men risky behavior
Yolanda's mom and dad take their role as parents seriously. They want their young daughter to conform to traditional expectations, so they make sure that she is dressed in pretty clothes, that she doesn't get too dirty, that she plays with dolls, and that she doesn't behave in ways that they consider too active or aggressive. This teaching process is called:
gender socialization
propinquity
geographical closeness also why we often end up in homogamous relationships-interact with people around us-pool of eigibles
age
getting married later-education, cohabitation
success sequence
graduate from hs, get married after 20, have a child, 92% likelihood of avoiding poverty, out of order-79% change of living in poverty
companionate love
grows over time, built on intimacy, support, trust and commitment (not involved in romantic love)
marriage premium
happier, healthier, richer blacks and hispanics don't experience the same degree of financial benefits
teen pregnancy
has decreased
marital happiness higher for those who
have college or higher education, similar religious practices, married after 20
dominant (master) status
have more authority-gender, race, religion-white, protestant, male-affect family opportunities and choices
heterosexual
having an attraction and preference for developing romantic and sexual relationships with the opposite sex
homosexual
having an attraction and preference for relationships with members of one's own sex
Homophobia
having very strong negative feelings toward homosexuality
Levi is transgender. This means:
he feels normal as a man, even though he was actually born female
An interracial marriage is an example of a(n) __________ marriage.
heterogamous
The idea that men benefit from marriage to a greater degree than do women has been nicknamed by Jessie Bernard __________.
his and her marriage
Zoe and Luis met for the first time at a party at their university, and after several drinks and a few hours of conversation, they went to his dorm room. They kissed, caressed, and fondled each other with their hands, but not to the point of orgasm. Their behavior could be referred to as __________.
hooking up
dating patters
impact of social media and online dating-increase in heterogamy-more likely to have interracial relationship, can live far away (propinquity not a barrier) pool of eligibles must larger-hooking up has increased greatly
pathways from poverty to adverse child outcomes
inadequate health and nutrition, fewer resources for learning, poor quality neighborhoods
Among men, increased sexual satisfaction leads to increased relationship satisfaction. Among women:
increased relationship satisfaction leads to increased sexual satisfaction.
Which is the best example of a macro-level factor in U.S. history that shaped families?
industrialization
unmarried partners can
inherit money from one another, travel out of the country together, buy a house together
devitalized marriage
initially in love, became unhappy but are staying together
At age 43, Rebecca decided to adopt a child on her own because she tired of waiting around for "Mr. Right" to come along. She would prefer to be married, but decided to move on with her life and not to wait for "Mr. Right". Rebecca is an example of a(n):
involuntary stable single
There are several specific barriers to understanding verbal communication. Which is the best example of "polarization"?
its all your fault
family resilience
lack of institution of marriage less strict rules
Which minority group in the U.S. is the largest in size, and which is the smallest?
largest: Hispanic; smallest: Native American/Alaska Native
Cohabitation and Children
leads to more negative than positive outcomes-behavior problems, academic problems, less financial resources going to the child (money goes to other things) better for a child that would be in the poverty threshold for a single mother- more economic potential bc they cohabitant and share expenses
Research on the sexual relationships of gays and lesbians reveals:
lesbians may engage in sex less frequently than gay men or heterosexual women, although this may be a function of the way that "sex" is defined.
conflict habituated marriage
lots of fighting and arguing
Marriage has moved away from being an institution based primarily on practical considerations to one based primarily on __________.
love
__________ is defined as (1) a strong affection for one another arising out of kinship or personal ties; (2) attraction based on sexual desire; and (3) affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interests.
love
Which of the following styles of love represents a playful and carefree style of love, according to John Lee's typology?
ludus
as women improve their economic status
male female relationships tend to become more egalitarian-clear patterns of male dominance continue to exist even in the United States.
according to the sociological imagination
many patterns in society are shaped by social and cultural forces, rather than by individual whim or random events
50% of adults 18 or older are
married 72% in the 1960s blacks have lowest marriage rate, many do not marry because of economic reasons high unemployment rate in blacks average age at which we marry has been increasing since 1960 for both men and women median age at first marriage-15 years or older
Which of the following groups are most likely to say that they are "very happy"?
married; non parent
black men are much more likely to
marry outside of their race than black women
What were the views towards masturbation in early America?
masturbation was unheard of for women and thought to be dangerous for men
egalitarian
men and women are equal promoting equal rights for all people
Which of the following is true regarding sex differences in love, according to your text?
men are more likely to be looking for a partner and they fall in love sooner
the best to understand families is to link
micro-level and macro-level perspectives
ethnicity of the population is changing
middle class shrinking
women
more independent now, don't need to rely on men for income and to support household less stigma
younger you're married
more likely you are to divorce
the younger you are the
more likely you are to divorce (before 21)
social mobility
movement from one social class to another
qualitative research
narrative description with words rather than numbers to analyze patterns and their underlying meanings
in the U.S people who marry usually set up their own residence, rather than living with their parents. this is called
neolocal
When we say that Jono and Meghan are single, what we really mean is that they are _________.
never married
single
never married, divorced, widowed, sentenced "never married"includes cohabitating, problem? divorced then remarried?
lesbians are more affectionate and committed than gays
no difference between same and heterosexual couples
Which type of couple is most likely to use conflict techniques such as contempt, stonewalling or belligerence?
non endearing couples
fictive kin
non relatives whose bonds are strong and intimate
The phrase "actions speak louder than words" refers to:
nonverbal communication is often more believable than verbal communication when the two are in conflict.
sexuality
not static, is fluid-can change over time
sex trends
onset, adolescents, teen pregnancy
kids with certain attachments when young usually have
opposite attachments when parents
felatio
oral stimulation of a man's genitals
cunnilingus
oral stimulation of the female genitals
formally free
our culture* young people are free to choose their own mates implicit or hidden social mechanisms send kids to Ivy League,boarding school, funneling them into friend groups or opportunities that shape their pool of eligibles sexual scripts-norms/rules regarding sexual behavior that we learn from a variety of places, highly heteronormative and intertwined with binary notions of gender
avoid communication pitfalls
overgeneralizing, be specific bias, and offensive language speaking in extremes
stereotypes
oversimplified sets of beliefs about a group of people
attachment chemicals
oxytocin and vasopressin
agents of socialization
parents (most influential-teach gender roles) toys, schools, peers, mass media
how we learn about sex
parents and sex, teachers and peers, least likely to learn about sex through our siblings
racial socialization
parents teach their children to negotiate race-related barriers and experiences in a racially stratified society and to take pride in their ancestry
total marriage
participate in each other's lives at all levels and have few areas of tension and hostility. Spouses share their lives and information with each other; more encompassing than vital marriage
vital marriage
partners lives are closely intwined they spend time together resolve conflicts through comprise, often make sacrifices for each other, consider sex important and pleasurable, resolves disagreements quickly
institutional racism
patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions
Who coined the popular term, "peer marriage"?
pepper schwartz
sex and relationships
plays huge role in success of relationship intimacy positive correlation
William is a man who has three wives. Altogether with his wives he has fathered 13 children. What is this marriage and family pattern called?
polygyny
decreased when experiencing
poverty job loss financial problems
The reason that relationships are usually homogamous is that people tend to become involved with others who live in their neighborhoods or go to the same schools or work nearby. This concept of geographical closeness is referred to as:
propinquity
family acceptance
protects against depression, suicidal behavior, and substance abuse promotes self esteem, social support and overall health
mesosystem
provides connections across microsystems
One function associated with families is social placement, status, and roles. Which of the following is the best example of this function?
providing one's initial social class position
number one factor in mate selection
proximity
Quantitative research focuses on data that can be measured numerically, as found in surveys or experiments, whereas __________ refers to a narrative description with words rather than numbers to analyze patterns and their underlying meanings.
qualitative
increase in people marrying outside of
race and ethnicity
intersectionality
race, class and sex are interwoven and together they shape the nuances of our lives-aspects of power, privilege and oppression affect it
colorism
receiving more privileges or disadvantages based on the shade of skin color; evident within the same racial or ethnic group
Patrilocal
refers to the pattern in which married couples live with or near the husbands' parents
social status
refers to the social position that one occupies
universal functions of family
regulate sexual behavior, encourage economic cooperation, reproduce and socialize children
functions of family
regulation of sexual behavior, reproducing and socializing children, property inheritance (know who your heirs are, land, money, etc), economic cooperation, social placement-status-roles (race, ethnicity, many identities shared-some different, socioeconomic status, religion), care-warmth-protection and intimacy (nurturing-intimacy-emotional care and support)
patrilineal
relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the father
matrilineal
relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother
other factors
relationship with parents, quality and stability of parent's marriage, shared values goals and characteristics, religious faith and practice frequency and satisfaction with sexual relationship satisfaction with gender relations and divisions of household labor
homogamy
relationships in which we spend most of our time with people who are similar to ourselves with people who look like us, and like us back opposites attract is false-does not create positive relationships
Which theory or theories of power offer a macro-level perspective?
relative love and need theory; doing gender
In their relationship, Calvin earns a lot more money than does his partner Jessica. This has translated into Calvin having more power in their relationship. This is the premise of __________.
resource theory
filial piety
respect and obedience towards one's parents
Mrs. Wang said that she would give her daughter $100 if she received straight As on her next report card. This is an example of __________.
reward power
Eros
romantic love
Feng is from China. He is trying to figure out American culture. He notices that American culture prohibits sex with children, as does his culture. But America does not prohibit sex among unmarried people or those of different religious faiths, races, or ethnic backgrounds, and his culture looks down on this. The norms or rules about sex are called:
sexual scripts
ethnicity
shared cultural characteristics such as language, place of origin, dress, food, religion and other values
huge rise in
single father households
involuntary temporary singles
singles actively searching for a mate but unable to find a suitable one
institutional discrimination
social institutions such as the government, religion, and education create policies and practices that are systematically disadvantageous to certain groups
In the opening vignette, Becca was born into poverty, and spent time homeless and begging on the streets as a young adult. Through some luck and hard work she has found a job and a decent place to live and moved out of poverty. This is an example of:
social mobility
social capital
social networks and norms of reciprocity that are important for a strong civil society, valuable source of information such as-resource for job leads- absence makes social mobility difficult
exosystem
social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development-parents workplace
Dr. Chen is giving a lecture in class. She is discussing the hierarchical ranking of categories of people within society. What is this ranking called?
social stratification
What is the name of the evolutionary theory that all humans have an instinctive impulse to pass on their genetic material?
sociobiology
Researchers usually define social class as some combination of education, occupation, and income, and this combination is referred to as __________.
socioeconomic status (SES)
socioeconomic status (SES)
some combination of education, occupation, and income children, blacks, hispanics, and female headed households are most vulnerable
resilience
some say no its not declining but the family is remarkable because it shifts and changes over time and is still viable institution ex-age of marriage is increasing-this leads to better family life and divorce rate declines
arranged marriage love
storge
another factor in family decline-resilience
struggling to recover after second depression
Patriarchy
take on husbands name typically patriarchal-some matriarchal patterns exist in other countries male dominates norm or expectation that men have a natural right to be in positions of authority over women and have more value than women
married couples require adjusting to changes throughout the life course
taking care of household and children caring for aging parents and relatives world-family conflict is a critical and unresolved issue
gender socialization
teaching the cultural norms associated with being male or female
self disclosure
telling a person something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know
human agency
the ability of human beings to create viable lives even when they are constrained or limited by social forces
power
the ability to exercise your will
social power
the ability to exercise your will over another person
marriage movement
the activities of a group of some religious leaders, marriage and family therapists, and government leaders who hope to influence public policy to promote and strengthen traditional marriage
marriage movement
the activities of some religious and government leaders, as well as marriage and family therapists, who hope to influence public policy to promote and strengthen traditional marriage
heteronormativity
the assumption that heterosexuality is normal and all other sexual identities are abnormal-default sexual orientation "husband and wife"
sex
the biological distinction between females and males and their role in reproduction
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the concept that language shapes our culture, and at the same time, our culture shapes our language
personal power
the degree of autonomy a person has to exercise his or her will
6 styles of effective listeners
the faker-looks like they're listening, thinking of something else dependent listener-want to please the speaker, do whatever they can to stay on their good side, agree with them to maintain the good status the interrupter-wont let you finish what you're saying, say more words than they are listening or understanding self conscious listener- similar to dependent listener-insecure, trying to impress the speaker intellectual listener-very focused on the words that you're saying but missing nonverbal cues-nonvernals are important judge and jury listener-so focused on judging the ideas that they don't listen
family of orientation
the family you are born into
family of procreation
the family you make through marriage, partnering or parenthood
menarche
the first menstrual period
pool of eligibles
the group from which we are likely to choose our mates different groups have different pools of eligibles impact of institutional discrimination-college educated black women have smaller pool of eligibles-smaller amount of black men that are homogamous to them older men have larger pool of eligibles than older women-old hags men- money-sugar daddiez
social stratification
the hierarchical ranking of categories of people within society
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
attachment theory
the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life childhood to adult internal model anxiety and avoidance
principle of least interest
the idea that unequal emotional involvement between romantic partners has implications for the quality and stability of relationships
A micro-level perspective on families tends to focus on __________, whereas a macro-level perspective focuses on _________
the individual and his or her interactions in specific settings; the interconnectedness of marriage, families, and intimate relationships with the rest of society
Gina and Matthew are first cousins, in love, and would like to marry. The laws in their state forbid marriage between first cousins. This is an example of:
the macro-side of marriage.
master status
the major defining status or statuses that a person occupies
Carmen believes that marriages are not really weaker than they were in the past. She thinks that the real threats to marriage are social problems such as poverty, discrimination, poor schools, or the lack of social services that families need to remain strong and resilient. Her views represent:
the marital resilience perspective.
Glen works as a marriage and family therapist. He has joined a group of other therapists and religious leaders in writing policy briefs for their state legislators promoting ways to strengthen traditional marriage, such as reducing divorce and reducing unmarried pregnancy. Glen is likely part of __________.
the marriage movement
sexual scripts
the norms or rules regarding sexual behavior
conflict-habituated marriage
the partners fight both verbally and physically but don't believe that fighting is a good reason for divorce
vital marriage
the partners have a close relationship, resolve conflicts quickly through compromise, and often make sacrifices for each other
devitalized marriage
the partners were initially in love; one or both may now be unhappy but are committed to staying married
sexual orientation
the pattern of sexual and emotional attraction, romantic and intimate attractions to partners
agents of socialization
the primary groups responsible for gender socialization
feminization of love
the process beginning in the 19th century in which love became associated with the private work of women in the home, namely, nurturing and caring for family members
arranged marriage
the process by which senior family members exercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children's spouses
listening
the process of giving thoughtful attention to what we hear
With respect to relationships and breakups:
the relationship between adolescent romance and self-esteem could be, at least in part, a selection effect
sexual orientation
the sexual and romantic pattern of partners of choice
verbal communication
the spoken exchange of thoughts, feelings or other messages
biochemical perspective of love
theories that suggest humans are attracted to certain types of people, at which point the brain releases natural chemicals that give us a rush we experience as sexual attraction
what determines sexual orientation
there is no specific consensus yet, but it is likely a complex set of biological (genetics and hormones) and social factors shape who we are most people sense little or no choice over orientation
intersexed
those born with genitalia that do not clearly identify them as unambiguously male or female
romantic love
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion
agape love
unconditional love
privilege
unearned and often acknowledged advantages different kinds of privilege-not just race (white) also educational, work,etc
voluntary temporary singles
unmarried adults who may be delaying marriage while pursuing education or establishing a career
How we define "family" is important for many reasons. Which of the following is one of those reasons.
unmarried partners cannot file jointly on federal taxes
The emergence of dating began in the 19th and early 20th century, and was related to several social changes. what were some of these changes
urbanization provided jobs, disposable income and places to socialize, a new period of time between childhood and adulthood was recognized-adolescence, automobiles provided transportation and a place for intimacy
Jos and Pia have different feelings about abortion, and it is creating conflict in their relationship. Jos thinks that abortion is murder, and Pia does not, and feels that the choice to have an abortion should be left up to the mother. This is an example of
value conflict
colonial america
wanted slaves to have families to produce more slaves but they would split the families up
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the intersections of sex, gender, race, ethnicity, and class?
we have multiple statuses, and they interact to shape our lives
The "romantic love ideal" developed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Which of the following is a core belief of this ideal?
we should marry for love
transgender
when a person feels as comfortable, if not more so, in expressing gendered traits that are associated with the other sex
spurious
when a relationship between two variables is actually caused by a third variable
unrequited love
when ones persons feelings are not reciprocated by the other person in the relationship
Ben Barres, a neurobiologist and professor at Stanford University discussed in the text has the unique experience of living as both a woman and a man after his sex change operation. What did he learn from this experience?
women are routinely discriminated against and are often unaware of it
The emergence of dating began in the 19th and early 20th century, and was related to several social changes. Which is not one of these changes?
women got vote, which increased their political power
talk more about consent to
women than men, teach men how to use condoms
