Feeds and Feeding Exam 1
Describe protein digestion
1.Chewing/Mastication 2. In stomach --HCl and pepsin denatures the protein 3. Finishes in the small intestine (mostly) --enzymes break protein apart
Which minerals are bone components?
2 MAIN Calcium and Phosphorus, (also magnesium)
How much more energy dense is lipids than carbohydrates?
2.25 times
Why is Iron an important mineral?
60-80% of body Fe is in hemoglobin of red blood cells and Myoglobin in muscle
Assuming that a feed is analyzed and determined to contain 16% moisture. What is the percentage of dry matter?
84%
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are the 2 forms of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
What is a limiting amino acid?
An amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amount needed for protein synthesis
In ruminant animals, the amount of amylase and other enzymes secreted into the small intestine is quite low compared to monogastric animals. What is the result?
As a result, ruminant animals are less able to digest starch in the small intestine.
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B vitamins and vitamin C
When determining which vitamins to add to a sheep's ration, which vitamin is already supplied by the rumen microorganisms?
B12
Why feed are better expressed on dry matter basis?
Because it's easier to compare different feedstuff, and eliminates factors and contents you may find in different feedstuff. Therefore, you ensure the animal is getting the appropriate ingredients
Oils are liquid and fats are solids at room temperature. WHY?
Because of the double bond in unsaturated fats.
Why are Ruminants best at digesting cellulose?
Because of the microbial digestion in their rumen.
The energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C is called?
Calorie
The primary building block in most plant materials and the primary subunit in most carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
What's the primary component found in livestock feeds?
Carbohydrates
Which class of nutrient is an energy source and has no specific requirement?
Carbohydrates
Energy is not a nutrient, but is required by the animal to live. What three feed nutrients are metabolized to supply energy to the animal?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Thiamin (B1) function and deficiency
Coenzyme and anorexia
What are some typical energy feedstuffs?
Corn Sorghum Wheat Barely Rye Oats Milling by-products (what midds, etc) Dried milk products (Lactose) Bakery or cookie by-products Fats/Oils
In the proximate analysis of feeds, the fibrous, less digestible carbohydrate portion of a feedstuff or ration is termed the
Crude fiber
What does DDGS stand for?
Distillers dried grain with soluble
Iodine deficiency
Dry skin, reproduction problems, thyroid issues
Zinc deficiency
Embryonic abnormalities
T/F Fats are an unconcentrated form of stored energy
FALSE, fats ARE concentrated
T/F Amylopectin, an important enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion in monogastric animals, converts starch into maltose
FALSE: AMYLASE is an important enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion in monogastric animals, converts starch into maltose
After entering the enterocyte, the short chain fatty acids are re-synthesized into triglycerides. True or False
False
What's the difference between Free water and metabolic water?
Free water is NOT chemically bound, Metabolic water is chemically bound and released when nutrients or tissues are broken down by metabolic processes
Niacin (B3) function and deficiency
Function: Reduce Ketosis and increase milk protein percent Deficiency: Reduced growth
Cobalamin (B12) function and deficiency
Function: Coenzyme for isomerases, dehydrases Deficiencies: Poor growth
Pyridoxine (B6) function and deficiency
Function: Coenzyme in protein and nitrogen metabolism Deficiency: Hindered egg laying and hatching
Biotin (B7) function and deficiency
Function: Keratin synthesis (hair), a hard structural protein necessary for hair and hoof production Deficiencies: Chickens: dermatitis
Vitamin D function & deficiency
Function: enhances immunity Deficiency: abnormal skeletal growth/ lameness
Vitamin E function & deficiency
Function: enhances immunity Deficiency: reproductive failure In chicks: hemorrhages
Vitamin A (Retinoic acid) Function and Deficiency
Function: protects against cancer Deficiency: Anorexia
This part of the avian digestive system (chicken, turkey etc.) is very muscular and uses rocks and grits to grind and crush feed.
Gizzard
Combo of carbs and lipids AND ESSENTIAL for normal cellular processes
Glycolipids
What are some typical low energy feedstuffs?
Hay and dehydrated Alfalfa Soybean hulls Wheat or corn bran Beet pulp Brewers dried grains Corn stalks Straw
What is a 6-carbon monosaccharide called?
Hexose (ex. glucose, fructose)
Why is limiting amino acids important?
If we formulate based on Lys (or any first limiting amino acid, we can satisfy all AA needs
Why is ileal amino acid digestibility values advantageous for diet formulation?
Ileal amino acid digestibility is a more accurate estimate of the amino acid availability to the animal
Active transport is the movement of large materials across a cell membrane from ______ to ______ concentration
LOW to HIGH
compound associated with fibrous feedstuffs and dramatically affects the animal's ability to digest cellulose and hemicellulose
Lignin
Organic compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in an organic solvent.
Lipids
important constituents of cells
Lipoprotiens
The second limiting amino acid in most of the practical diets for broiler chicken is?
Lysine
How proteins are digested and absorbed, including enzymes involved.
Microbial populations in the GI tract synthesize microbial protein, which can be digested to provide amino acids to be absorbed and utilized
What are the unsaturated acids? (POLLA)
Palmitoleic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic
what is a 5-carbon monosaccharide called?
Pentose (ex. Ribose, Arabinose)
compounds that contain phosphorus & fatty acids and are constituents of cellular membranes.
Phospholipids
What do 3 or more Monosaccharides make?
Polysaccharide (ex. Starch, Cellulose, pectin)
Which mineral is in intercellular fluid?
Potassium
Phosphorus deficiency
Rickets and Hyperparathyroidism (lameness)
This part of the digestive system absorbs nutrients from digested food
Small Intestine
The primary site of fat digestion in monogastric animals?
Small intestine
Which minerals are found in extracellular fluid?
Sodium and Chlorine
Which of the following groups only contain major (macro) minerals?
Sodium, sulfur and potassium
What is the structure of Starch .vs. Cellulose?
Starch connected by alpha 1,4 linkages; Cellulose by beta 1,4 linkages
How do you form Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose?
Sucrose= Glucose + Fructose Lactose= Glucose + Galactose Maltose= Glucose + Glucose
This mineral is required as a component of organic compounds
Sulfur
Meat is a good source of iron, why is iron required in meat?
Synthesis of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Which one is higher? TID, AID or SID
TID
A 20% loss of total body water could be fatal. true or false
TRUE
T/F Feeding dietary fat diminishes the need for de novo lipogenesis.
TRUE
T/F In monogastric animals, dietary carbohydrates must be converted into simple sugars before they can be absorbed.
TRUE
T/F Nitrogen free extract (NFE) is the only component of proximate analysis not determined by wet chemistry, but by a simple calculation.
TRUE
T/F Starch is found in grains, tubers, and other roots, easily digestible.
TRUE
T/F Water is the most important nutrient
TRUE
T/F When ruminants are born they are functionally monogastric animals.
TRUE, their microbes in the rumen haven't developed yet.
When dietary carbohydrate levels exceed the animal's ability to digest it, diarrhea may occur. ???
The food becomes food for microbes, and they begin to multiply, however the bad microbes tend to outproduce the good, therefore they cause the food that comes in to be expelled as diarrhea because they negatively affect the intestinal lining,
What is ascorbic acid?
Vitamin C
Pantothenic Acid (B5) function and deficiency
a component of co-enzyme A and Reduced Growth
Importance of various feed processing methods
all cereal grains need to be processed to improve efficiency, digestibility, and mixing
why is amylopectin digested faster than amylose?
b/c highly branched (more endpoints for enzymes) the straight-line linkage allows enzymes to be able to attack the links easier it affects the integrity of the structure of amylopectin
6 classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins (amino acids), vitamins, minerals, water
What are macronutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Riboflavin (B2) function and deficiency
coenzyme and reduced growth rate
Chlorine deficiency
depressed growth rate
What do 2 monosaccharides form?
disaccharide (ex. lactose, maltose, cellobiose)
Sources of Water
drinking water, water in feed, metabolic water, free water
Composition of fats?
fatty acids of varying lengths combined with a glycerol molecule.
Pancreatic lipase breaks fats down into two digestive products
free fatty acids and monoglycerides
Based on our discussions in class, why is the pellet diet better than the Meal diet for swine.
if a feed is too fine it can cause ulcers and other issues within the animal. It is also easily digestible
Potassium deficiency
kidney lesions
What are the 2 fatty acids essential for mammals?
linoleic acid (C18:2) omega 6 fatty acids & linolenic acid (C18:3) omega 3 fatty acids. Omega 3 is found in fish and Linoleic/Linolenic are found in corn and soybean oils
An example of sulfur-containing essential amino acid
methionine
Simplest form of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Primary source of amylase
pancreas
Most common feed analysis?
proximate analysis
Calcium deficiency
rickets, osteoporosis
What type of animals are best at digesting crude fiber?
ruminants
What is NOT true about linoleic acid?
saturated fatty acid
The 2 polysaccharides found in plants
starch and cellulose
Main fat used for body metabolism?
triglycerides
What are micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
What nutrient composes 71% to 73% of the animal's fat-free body weight?
water
Sodium deficiency?
weight loss
When is maltose produced?
whenever starch breaks down
