Feeds and Feeding Exam 1

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Describe protein digestion

1.Chewing/Mastication 2. In stomach --HCl and pepsin denatures the protein 3. Finishes in the small intestine (mostly) --enzymes break protein apart

Which minerals are bone components?

2 MAIN Calcium and Phosphorus, (also magnesium)

How much more energy dense is lipids than carbohydrates?

2.25 times

Why is Iron an important mineral?

60-80% of body Fe is in hemoglobin of red blood cells and Myoglobin in muscle

Assuming that a feed is analyzed and determined to contain 16% moisture. What is the percentage of dry matter?

84%

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What are the 2 forms of starch?

Amylose and Amylopectin

What is a limiting amino acid?

An amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amount needed for protein synthesis

In ruminant animals, the amount of amylase and other enzymes secreted into the small intestine is quite low compared to monogastric animals. What is the result?

As a result, ruminant animals are less able to digest starch in the small intestine.

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B vitamins and vitamin C

When determining which vitamins to add to a sheep's ration, which vitamin is already supplied by the rumen microorganisms?

B12

Why feed are better expressed on dry matter basis?

Because it's easier to compare different feedstuff, and eliminates factors and contents you may find in different feedstuff. Therefore, you ensure the animal is getting the appropriate ingredients

Oils are liquid and fats are solids at room temperature. WHY?

Because of the double bond in unsaturated fats.

Why are Ruminants best at digesting cellulose?

Because of the microbial digestion in their rumen.

The energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C is called?

Calorie

The primary building block in most plant materials and the primary subunit in most carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

What's the primary component found in livestock feeds?

Carbohydrates

Which class of nutrient is an energy source and has no specific requirement?

Carbohydrates

Energy is not a nutrient, but is required by the animal to live. What three feed nutrients are metabolized to supply energy to the animal?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Thiamin (B1) function and deficiency

Coenzyme and anorexia

What are some typical energy feedstuffs?

Corn Sorghum Wheat Barely Rye Oats Milling by-products (what midds, etc) Dried milk products (Lactose) Bakery or cookie by-products Fats/Oils

In the proximate analysis of feeds, the fibrous, less digestible carbohydrate portion of a feedstuff or ration is termed the

Crude fiber

What does DDGS stand for?

Distillers dried grain with soluble

Iodine deficiency

Dry skin, reproduction problems, thyroid issues

Zinc deficiency

Embryonic abnormalities

T/F Fats are an unconcentrated form of stored energy

FALSE, fats ARE concentrated

T/F Amylopectin, an important enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion in monogastric animals, converts starch into maltose

FALSE: AMYLASE is an important enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion in monogastric animals, converts starch into maltose

After entering the enterocyte, the short chain fatty acids are re-synthesized into triglycerides. True or False

False

What's the difference between Free water and metabolic water?

Free water is NOT chemically bound, Metabolic water is chemically bound and released when nutrients or tissues are broken down by metabolic processes

Niacin (B3) function and deficiency

Function: Reduce Ketosis and increase milk protein percent Deficiency: Reduced growth

Cobalamin (B12) function and deficiency

Function: Coenzyme for isomerases, dehydrases Deficiencies: Poor growth

Pyridoxine (B6) function and deficiency

Function: Coenzyme in protein and nitrogen metabolism Deficiency: Hindered egg laying and hatching

Biotin (B7) function and deficiency

Function: Keratin synthesis (hair), a hard structural protein necessary for hair and hoof production Deficiencies: Chickens: dermatitis

Vitamin D function & deficiency

Function: enhances immunity Deficiency: abnormal skeletal growth/ lameness

Vitamin E function & deficiency

Function: enhances immunity Deficiency: reproductive failure In chicks: hemorrhages

Vitamin A (Retinoic acid) Function and Deficiency

Function: protects against cancer Deficiency: Anorexia

This part of the avian digestive system (chicken, turkey etc.) is very muscular and uses rocks and grits to grind and crush feed.

Gizzard

Combo of carbs and lipids AND ESSENTIAL for normal cellular processes

Glycolipids

What are some typical low energy feedstuffs?

Hay and dehydrated Alfalfa Soybean hulls Wheat or corn bran Beet pulp Brewers dried grains Corn stalks Straw

What is a 6-carbon monosaccharide called?

Hexose (ex. glucose, fructose)

Why is limiting amino acids important?

If we formulate based on Lys (or any first limiting amino acid, we can satisfy all AA needs

Why is ileal amino acid digestibility values advantageous for diet formulation?

Ileal amino acid digestibility is a more accurate estimate of the amino acid availability to the animal

Active transport is the movement of large materials across a cell membrane from ______ to ______ concentration

LOW to HIGH

compound associated with fibrous feedstuffs and dramatically affects the animal's ability to digest cellulose and hemicellulose

Lignin

Organic compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in an organic solvent.

Lipids

important constituents of cells

Lipoprotiens

The second limiting amino acid in most of the practical diets for broiler chicken is?

Lysine

How proteins are digested and absorbed, including enzymes involved.

Microbial populations in the GI tract synthesize microbial protein, which can be digested to provide amino acids to be absorbed and utilized

What are the unsaturated acids? (POLLA)

Palmitoleic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic

what is a 5-carbon monosaccharide called?

Pentose (ex. Ribose, Arabinose)

compounds that contain phosphorus & fatty acids and are constituents of cellular membranes.

Phospholipids

What do 3 or more Monosaccharides make?

Polysaccharide (ex. Starch, Cellulose, pectin)

Which mineral is in intercellular fluid?

Potassium

Phosphorus deficiency

Rickets and Hyperparathyroidism (lameness)

This part of the digestive system absorbs nutrients from digested food

Small Intestine

The primary site of fat digestion in monogastric animals?

Small intestine

Which minerals are found in extracellular fluid?

Sodium and Chlorine

Which of the following groups only contain major (macro) minerals?

Sodium, sulfur and potassium

What is the structure of Starch .vs. Cellulose?

Starch connected by alpha 1,4 linkages; Cellulose by beta 1,4 linkages

How do you form Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose?

Sucrose= Glucose + Fructose Lactose= Glucose + Galactose Maltose= Glucose + Glucose

This mineral is required as a component of organic compounds

Sulfur

Meat is a good source of iron, why is iron required in meat?

Synthesis of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Which one is higher? TID, AID or SID

TID

A 20% loss of total body water could be fatal. true or false

TRUE

T/F Feeding dietary fat diminishes the need for de novo lipogenesis.

TRUE

T/F In monogastric animals, dietary carbohydrates must be converted into simple sugars before they can be absorbed.

TRUE

T/F Nitrogen free extract (NFE) is the only component of proximate analysis not determined by wet chemistry, but by a simple calculation.

TRUE

T/F Starch is found in grains, tubers, and other roots, easily digestible.

TRUE

T/F Water is the most important nutrient

TRUE

T/F When ruminants are born they are functionally monogastric animals.

TRUE, their microbes in the rumen haven't developed yet.

When dietary carbohydrate levels exceed the animal's ability to digest it, diarrhea may occur. ???

The food becomes food for microbes, and they begin to multiply, however the bad microbes tend to outproduce the good, therefore they cause the food that comes in to be expelled as diarrhea because they negatively affect the intestinal lining,

What is ascorbic acid?

Vitamin C

Pantothenic Acid (B5) function and deficiency

a component of co-enzyme A and Reduced Growth

Importance of various feed processing methods

all cereal grains need to be processed to improve efficiency, digestibility, and mixing

why is amylopectin digested faster than amylose?

b/c highly branched (more endpoints for enzymes) the straight-line linkage allows enzymes to be able to attack the links easier it affects the integrity of the structure of amylopectin

6 classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, proteins (amino acids), vitamins, minerals, water

What are macronutrients?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Riboflavin (B2) function and deficiency

coenzyme and reduced growth rate

Chlorine deficiency

depressed growth rate

What do 2 monosaccharides form?

disaccharide (ex. lactose, maltose, cellobiose)

Sources of Water

drinking water, water in feed, metabolic water, free water

Composition of fats?

fatty acids of varying lengths combined with a glycerol molecule.

Pancreatic lipase breaks fats down into two digestive products

free fatty acids and monoglycerides

Based on our discussions in class, why is the pellet diet better than the Meal diet for swine.

if a feed is too fine it can cause ulcers and other issues within the animal. It is also easily digestible

Potassium deficiency

kidney lesions

What are the 2 fatty acids essential for mammals?

linoleic acid (C18:2) omega 6 fatty acids & linolenic acid (C18:3) omega 3 fatty acids. Omega 3 is found in fish and Linoleic/Linolenic are found in corn and soybean oils

An example of sulfur-containing essential amino acid

methionine

Simplest form of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Primary source of amylase

pancreas

Most common feed analysis?

proximate analysis

Calcium deficiency

rickets, osteoporosis

What type of animals are best at digesting crude fiber?

ruminants

What is NOT true about linoleic acid?

saturated fatty acid

The 2 polysaccharides found in plants

starch and cellulose

Main fat used for body metabolism?

triglycerides

What are micronutrients?

vitamins and minerals

What nutrient composes 71% to 73% of the animal's fat-free body weight?

water

Sodium deficiency?

weight loss

When is maltose produced?

whenever starch breaks down


Set pelajaran terkait

Business Math: Ch. 14 Learnsmart

View Set

Macroeconomics Final Exam Questions (Chapter 12)

View Set

Complex care Chapter 34 (Shock, Sepsis, MODS)

View Set

Lecture Quiz 5 - Nervous System (Intro, Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Brain)

View Set

Nursing 203 chapter81 Pass point Angela_Hussey9

View Set

Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

View Set