Field Biology exam 4 chapters 12, & 15.

Describe an example of how coevolution between a predator and a prey can lead to specialization.

Like the predator-prey relationship, another common example of coevolution is the relationship between herbivore species and the plants that they consume. One example is that of the lodgepole pine seeds, which both red squirrels and crossbills eat in various regions of the Rocky Mountains. Both herbivores have different tactics for extracting the seeds from the lodgepole pinecone; the squirrels will simply gnaw through the pinecone, whereas the crossbills have specialized mandibles for extracting the seeds. Thus, in regions where red squirrels are more prevalent, the lodgepole pinecones are denser, contain fewer seeds, and have thinner scales to prevent the squirrels from obtaining the seeds. However, in regions where crossbills are more prevalent, the cones are lighter and contain thick scales, to prevent the crossbills from accessing the seeds. Thus, the lodgepole pine is concurrently coevolving with both herbivore species.

Relatively large parasites, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoans, are referred to as ________.

Macroparasites

Which of the following interactions would be considered predation? A) + - B) + 0 C) - - D) - 0

A) + -

Hummingbirds are attracted to red flowers with long tubes. What might you predict would happen to flowers if hummingbirds become the predominant species on a remote island? A) Flowers would become gradually more red. B) Flowers would develop shorter tubes. C) Hummingbirds would develop longer beaks. D) Hummingbirds would become extinct.

A) Flowers would become gradually more red.

Which of the following is a potential response by a plant host to a parasite? A) formation of a gall B) allelopathy C) increased production of lymphocytes D) more rapid growth of tissues

A) Formation of a gall

On a dare, a student challenges another student to lick a California newt (Taricha torosa). From which population of newts should the student grab an individual to reduce his or her risk of a toxic dose? A) from a population with no garter snakes B) from a population with a low abundance of garter snakes C) from a population with a medium abundance of garter snakes D) from a population with a high abundance of garter snakes

A) From a population with no garter snakes.

While foraging on grass, white-tailed deer occasionally ingest snails or slugs that host larvae of the meningeal worm. The worm larvae mature inside the deer and eventually are passed out with the feces. The snails acquire the larvae as they come into contact with deer feces on the ground. The snails are an example of a(n) A) intermediate host. B) direct host. C) definitive host. D) macrohost.

A) Intermediate host

Which of the following symbiotic mutualisms involves a fungus? A) lichens B) legume-Rhizobium interactions C) corals and zooxanthellae D) gut microbe-ruminant interactions

A) Lichens

The presence of a mutualist might allow what to happen in terms of population dynamics? A) The species could surpass its carrying capacity. B) The growth rate would decrease. C) The competition coefficient would become negative. D) N would go to 0.

A) The species could surpass its carrying capacity

How are fleas transmitted between hosts? A) via direct transmission B) via an intermediate vector C) through multiple hosts D) via water

A) Via direct transmission

The globeflower can host A) at least six coexisting species. B) a single coevolved species. C) three different coexisting species. D) not a single insect species.

A) at least six coexisting species.

Which of the following is the definitive host? A) deer B) soil C) snail D) free living stage

A) deer

An invasive bullfrog consumes a Taricha newt and dies immediately. What can you say about the toxin? A) It is toxic to general vertebrate predators. B) It is specifically toxic only to the garter snake. C) It likely evolved to kill the bullfrog as well after years of coevolution. D) It is an ineffective antipredator defense.

A) it is toxic to general vertebrate predators.

When one species reduces or adversely affects the population of another, but the affected species has no influence in return, the relationship is referred to as ________.

Amensalism

Discuss the inflammatory responses of plants to parasitic attacks.

An immune response to parasites, specifically worms, triggers an IgE response. IgE elicits an immune response by binding to Fc receptors on mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, causing degranulation and cytokine release. In atopic individuals, IgE is also made to allergens. IgE is at low levels in the blood

The meningeal worm matures into an adult in the white-tailed deer. The deer are referred to as A) an intermediate host. B) a definitive host. C) an intermediate vector. D) a definitive vector.

B) A definitive host

What might happen over time if two bird species competed for the same seed resource and one preferred larger seeds while the other species preferred smaller ones? A) Species would repeatedly switch between small and large seeds. B) Beak sizes might shift over time. C) Both species would die out via competition. D) Seed size will shift larger over time.

B) Beak sizes might shift over time.

A remora feeds on the scraps that escape from a shark's mouth while feeding. It has no clear positive or negative impact on the shark. This is an example of A) competition. B) commensalism. C) amensalism. D) neutral.

B) Commensalism

When the trunk or limb of a tree provides the substrate on which an epiphytic orchid grows, the arrangement benefits the orchid, which gets nutrients from the air and moisture from aerial roots, while the tree is unaffected. The relationship is referred to as A) amensalism. B) commensalism. C) competition. D) parasitoidism.

B) Commensalism

Which of the following best explains the figure? A) Conspicuous behavior leads to high infection intensity. B) High intensity infection leads to more conspicuous behavior. C) There is no relationship between conspicuous behavior and infection intensity. D) Only infected individuals exhibit conspicuous behavior.

B) High intensity infection leads to more conspicuous behavior

When a species of bird preys upon the seeds of a plant and favors the smallest seeds, A) the prey species functions as an agent of natural selection on the predator. B) natural selection favors individual plants that produce the largest seeds. C) the plants compensate for their losses by producing proportionately more smaller seeds. D) the bird species is unaffected when directional selection favors plants that produce the largest

B) Natural selection favors individual plants that produce the largest seeds.

When infected by a parasite, an animal typically A) grows more rapidly than a healthy individual. B) produces fewer offspring than a healthy individual. C) behaves less conspicuously than a healthy individual. D) is less likely to be preyed on than a healthy individual.

B) Produces fewer offspring than a healthy individual

Which of the following are symbiotic with corals? A) polyps B) zooxanthellae C) silica D) clownfish

B) Zooxanthellae

A food web is a better representation of a community than a food chain because most interactions among organisms A) are specialized between particular individuals. B) are diffuse across a range of contexts. C) are limited to trophic levels. D) are related to phylogenetic history.

B) are diffuse across a range of contexts.

In comparison to desert habitats, urban landscapes on average have a A) higher number of bird species. B) lower number of bird species. C) similar number of bird species. D) the same type of bird species.

B) lower number of bird species.

What does the following formula represent? dN1/dt = r1N1(1 - (N1 + N2)/K1) A) population growth of species 1 in absence of species 2 B) population growth of species 1 in presence of species 2 C) carrying capacity of species 1 in absence of species 2 D) population size in the presence of species 2

B) population growth of species 1 in presence of species 2

Which of the following is an endoparasite? A) flea B) tapeworm C) tick D) mosquito

B) tapeworm

The production of antibodies that results from the entrance of a foreign object such as a virus or bacterium, into the bloodstream of a host is referred to as A) allelopathy. B) a behavioral response. C) an inflammatory response. D) an immune response.

C) An inflammatory response

When the relationship between two interacting species is detrimental to the populations of both species, the interaction is referred to as A) parasitism. B) mutualism. C) competition. D) amensalism.

C) Competition

Which of the following factors is most strongly reduced with increased forest size? A) density of nymphs B) percent nymphs infected C) density of infected nymphs D) density of deer infected

C) Density of infected nymphs

When the bacteria Wolbachia infects the wasp Nasonia vitripennis, what happens? A) The wasp dies immediately. B) Female wasps produce less offspring. C) Females wasps produce more offspring. D) Female wasps are unable to produce offspring.

C) Females wasps produce more offspring

Which of the following are always photosynthetic? A) macroparasites B) microparasites C) hemiparasites D) holoparasites

C) Hemiparasites

You see a killifish jumping around on the surface before it is consumed by a bird. You conclude the fish was A) trying to scare off the predator. B) hunting for flying insects. C) infected with a trematode. D) starving to death.

C) Infected with a termatode

In an area with high soil nutrient availability, mycorrhizal fungi are A) commensal. B) competitive. C) parasitic. D) neutral.

C) Parasitic

Which of the following uses a mosquito as a vector? A) Anopholes B) Parelaphostrongylus C) Plasmodium D) Borrelia

C) Plasmodium

If the competition coefficient α is positive, that likely means A) that the two species are strong competitors. B) that the two species are predator and prey. C) that the species are mutualistic. D) that only one of the species will survive.

C) That the species are mutualistic

Which of the following is a macroparasite? A) virus B) bacterium C) tick D) protozoan

C) Tick

Which of the following is an ectoparasite? A) virus that inhabits the lymphatic system B) bacterium that attacks the brain C) tick that attaches to the skin D) fluke that inhabits the bloodstream

C) Tick that attaches to the skin

The process whereby one species gives rise to several others that exploit different features of the environment is known as A) exponential growth. B) coevolution. C) adaptive radiation. D) competition.

C) adaptive radiation.

Urbanization impacts A) all species positively. B) all species negatively. C) most species negatively, but a few positively. D) most species positively, but a few negatively.

C) most species negatively but few positively.

Adaptive radiation is often the result of A) lack of predation. B) excess nutrients. C) resource competition. D) abiotic factors.

C) resource competition

The neurotoxin that Taricha spp. possess to ward off predators is A) TTG. B) taricha venom. C) tetrodotoxin. D) thamnophis poison.

C) tetrodotoxin

________ occurs when two species undergo reciprocal evolutionary change through natural selection.

Coevolution

When the interaction is detrimental to the population of both species (- -), it is referred to as ________.

Competition

The process in which a network of species undergoes reciprocal evolutionary change through natural selection is referred to as ________.

Diffuse Coevolution

What is the difference between a parasite and a parasitoid? A) A parasite is larger. B) A parasitoid is harmless to the host. C) A parasite has only one host. D) A parasitoid typically always kill its host.

D) A parasitoid typically always kill its host

Which of the following transmission modes is available for plants? A) direct B) intermediate vector C) multiple hosts and stages D) all of the above

D) All of the above

Mycorrhizal fungi have a mutually beneficial relationship with plants in environments with soils that A) are saturated with water. B) have a high clay content. C) are acidic. D) are low in nutrients.

D) Are low in nutrients.

The length of a butterfly tongue perfectly matches the nectar tube of a flower it pollinates. This is an example of A) competition. B) amensalism. C) phenotypic plasticity. D) coevolution.

D) Coevolution

Which of the following is associated with the increased incidence of Lyme disease? A) decreased tick population B) decreased deer population C) decreased white-footed mouse population D) decreased forest patch size

D) Decreased forest patch size

The most debilitating external parasites of birds and mammals are spread by A) a vector. B) an intermediate host. C) a definitive host. D) direct contact.

D) Direct contact

Microparasites are usually characterized by A) a large body size. B) a long generation time. C) a long time of infection relative to the host's expected life span. D) direct transmission from one host to another.

D) Direct transmission from one host to another

Plant parasites that are photosynthetic but draw water and nutrients from their host plant are referred to as A) mycorrhizae. B) vectors. C) parasitoids. D) hemiparasites.

D) Hemiparasites

The red line in the figure (the furthest to the right) represents A) low-toxicity Taricha individuals. B) high-toxicity Taricha individuals. C) highly vulnerable garter snake population. D) highly resistant garter snake population.

D) Highly resistant garter snake population

Following infection, a typical first-line defense of the host's immune system is A) reduction in white blood cell count. B) release of antibodies. C) forming cysts. D) inflammation.

D) Inflammation

Which of the following mutualists cannot survive without the mutualistic interaction? A) facultative B) subordinate C) dependent D) obligate

D) Obligate

Which of the following mutualisms is a cleaning mutualism in which one species removes ectoparasites from another? A) corals and zooxanthellae B) bees and flowers C) ants and acacias D) oxpeckers and large mammals

D) Oxpeckers and large mammals

The intimate and protracted association between two or more organisms of different species is referred to as A) mutualism. B) parasitism. C) commensalism. D) symbiosis.

D) Symbiosis

A flower is not ideally matched with a pollinator that visits it daily. Why might that be? A) The flower does not need pollination. B) The flower is imperfect. C) The flower does not have sufficient nutrients. D) The flower has several other pollinators with differing traits.

D) The flower has several other pollinators with differing traits.

In most plant-pollinator interactions, plants species are pollinated by A) one animal species, and each animal species pollinates one plant species. B) one animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species. C) multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates one plant species. D) multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species.

D) multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species

As two competing species approach their respective carrying capacities, the growth rate of the other species A) accelerates. B) is unaffected. C) is doubled. D) slows down.

D) slows down.

________ transmission occurs when a parasite is transferred from one host to another without the involvement of an intermediate organism.

Direct

Discuss the differences between direct and indirect transmission of a parasite.

Direct contact transmission occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person. Indirect contact transmission occurs when there is no direct human-to-human contact. Parasitic infections can be spread in a number of ways. For example, protozoa and helminths can be spread through contaminated water, food, waste, soil, and blood. Some can be passed through sexual contact. Some parasites are spread by insects that act as a vector, or carrier, of the disease.

The host species in which a parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity is referred to as a(n) ________ host.

Definitive

The outcome of an infection is called a(n) ________.

Disease

Parasites that live on the skin of their host are called ________.

Ectoparasites

A lichen consists of a(n) ________ and an alga (or, in some cases, a cyanobacterium).

Fungus

Plants often react to attacks on their leaves, stems, fruit, or seeds by forming abnormal structures called ________.

Galls

After infection occurs, the second line of defense for a host against a parasite, which is elicited when a foreign object, such as a virus or bacterium, enters the bloodstream, is referred to as a(n) ________ response.

Immune

Define diffuse coevolution. Do most interspecific interactions occur exclusively between two species? Provide an explanation for your answer.

In diffuse coevolution, also called guild coevolution, whole groups of species interact with other groups of species, leading to changes that cannot really be identified as examples of specific, pairwise coevolution between two species. One possible form of coevolution is cospeciation, the coordinated branching (speciation) of interacting species (such as host and parasite). ... Diffuse or guild coevolution occurs when the genetic change in at least one species affects its interaction with two or more other species.

Define adaptive radiation. Explain how it might come about using a specific example.

In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches. Adaptive radiation is the relatively fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor. Adaptive radiation generally occurs when an organism enters a new area and different traits affect its survival. An example of adaptive radiation is the development of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs.

After infection occurs, the first line of defense for a host against a parasite is the ________ response.

Inflammatory

A host species that harbors a developmental stage of a parasite, but in which the parasite does not reach maturity, is referred to as a(n) ________ host.

Intermediate

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit is called ________.

Mutualism

When each of two species benefits from their interaction, the relationship is referred to as ________.

Mutualism

Discuss the difference between mutualism and commensalism.

Mutualism is the interaction between two or more organisms where both organisms can benefit from the interaction. Commensalism is when two species interact and one benefits, but the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited. Therefore, the major difference between mutualism and commensalism is that both organisms benefit in mutualism while only one organism benefits in commensalism but the other one is not affected. Mutualism-both species involved benefit from the relationship.

Explain how parasitism differs from mutualism and what the distinction is between an infection and a disease.

Mutualism is the interaction between two or more organisms where both organisms can benefit from the interaction. Parasitism is the interaction between two species where only one benefits from the other organism and the other is harmed in return. Infection, often the first step, occurs when bacteria, viruses or other microbes that cause disease enter your body and begin to multiply. Disease occurs when the cells in your body are damaged — as a result of the infection — and signs and symptoms of an illness appear

Under certain conditions, ________ fungi live in the roots of many species of plants and have a mutually beneficial relationship with the plants.

Mycorrhizal

Describe two examples of mutualisms involving the transfer of nutrients.

One example of a mutualistic relationship is that of the oxpecker (a kind of bird) and the rhinoceros or zebra. Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The oxpeckers get food and the beasts get pest control. ... Organisms in a mutualistic relationship evolved together. Describe two examples of mutualisms involving the transfer of nutrients. ... The fungi assist the plant with the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil, in return, the plant provides the fungi with carbon.

Explain how parasites may impact the survival, reproduction, and population size of their hosts.

Parasites also influence host behavior and fitness, and can regulate host population sizes, sometimes with profound effects on trophic interactions, food webs, competition, biodiversity and keystone species. These interactions suggest that parasites are integral components in shaping community- and ecosystem structure. Competition and predation can influence rates of parasite infection by altering population densities of hosts and vectors (Raffel et al. 2010). These traits increase the contact rate between individuals of the same or multiple species and therefore increase the likelihood of being infected

When one species feeds on another prey species, typically killing it, the relationship between the two interacting species is referred to as ________.

Predation

Define five types of species interactions based on their reciprocal effects.

The five major types of species interactions are:• Competition - an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms and species are harmed. Limited supply of at least one resource used by both can be a factor. Competition both within and between species is an important topic in ecology, especially community ecology.• Predation - the ecological process in which an animal (or an organism) kills and feeds on another animal (or an organism).• Parasitism - a symbiosis in which one organism, the parasite, causes harm to another, the host, which the parasite utilizes as habitat and depends on for resource acquisition.• Mutualism - describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction.• Commensalism - relationship between organisms where one organism benefits from the association while not harming the other.

Describe three types of responses by animal hosts to minimize the impact of parasites.

The strategies for controlling both parasites and pathogens in mammals living in nature include: avoiding external parasites, such as flies by fly switching; removing ticks, fleas and lice by grooming; using nest fumigation to repel and kill fleas; defecating in certain areas, and avoiding faeces in foraging

Calculate the growth rate of species 1 given the following information: r1 = 0.2, N1 = 1000, N2 = 1000, β = 0.5, K1 = 3000, K2 = 2000. What would it be if N1 = 2000? Why is the rate different?

Therefore, the growth rate of species 1 if N1 = 1000 is 144, and if N1 = 2000, the growth rate is 196

Some parasites are transmitted between hosts by an intermediate organism, or ________.

Vector

A heavy load of parasites is termed a(n) ________.

infection

Draw a graph that illustrates the impact of one species on the carrying capacity of another according to the Lotka-Volterra models of mutualism.

look at book

The mutualistic fungi that can live within the roots of certain plants are called ________.

mycorrhizae

A(n) ________ lives on or within the host organism for some period of its life.

parasite

The mutualistic algae that live within the tissues of corals are called ________.

zooxanthellae