final

Robert Jensen and Journalist as The Thinker

"As a teacher, I reject both the retreat to illusory neutrality and any assertion of aggressive advocacy. My goal is open and honest engagement with students based on critical self-reflection and mutual respect."

Interpretative Investigative Reporting

(1) Fundamental difference between original investigative reporting: O.I.R uncovers information that has never been gathered by others to inform the public. Interpretative reporting develops as the result of careful thought and analysis of an idea as well as pursuit of facts to put together information (2) Interpretative is sometimes condemned as polemics rather than journalism, suggesting authors had abandoned the role of engaged, independent observer

Difference between film reporting and the written page?

In film reporting, you have to explain the information in simple terms, unlike print were a reader can go back and forth to understand the information

Jackie's Story to Rolling Stone

In her freshman year Sept. 2012, she was invited to fraternity party by a third-year student who worked as a life guard at the aquatic center. She was brought upstairs were she was raped one by one by seven boys.

What are our three legal tools used to acquire information?

(1) FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) (2) PIA (Texas of Publication Act): Applies to state agencies and records (3) TOMA (Texas Open Meetings Act): Applies to state and local agencies

What is a null hypothesis? Why is it useful? Give an example.

In layman's terms, it is a formal method of maintaining an open mind. Useful because it forms a discipline mind when taking in information, making us as consumers. "eliminate" possibilities of what might be wrong until we identify the problem, or false information Getting numerous tests done at the doctors office.

When did newspapers switch toward sense-making news? Why?

In the 1960's; because it was no longer sufficient for a morning newspaper to repeat what people had heard the anchor say on TV the night before.

FB and Twitter have the ______ amount of trust in _____.

the least amount of trust in media report

What was the the upper house of Congress known as?

the most reactionary body in America because they were elected by state legislatures and not people(millionaire's club)

Sam Adams

sensationalist writer of 'Journal of Occurrences' and Boston Gazette that was anti-British rule

How was Maria Stewart treated?

switched journalism to education and founded her own school for African American kids

Caves of Lascaux

symbolize the attempts of early man trying to tell stories

What you find for yourself that is ____ and ___ speaks to the ____ of the story

real, genuine, essence

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

reporters of Washington Post that discovered Watergate scandal

What were some of the topics that the journalists were fighting to show?

revealed true ingredients in medicine and others revealed the unsanitary ways some people prepared food

Lucretia Mott 1855 stated that the press went through what three stages?

ridicule, report them without comment, openly advocate for them

Awareness Instinct

the desire to know news beyond our community

Fundamentalism

Any intellectual, political, or moral position that asserts a certainty in the truth of a belief system.

o Analytical

- the organization of that data in a meaningful fashion

Standard Oil expose : Ida Tarbell in the Chautauquan

"History of the Standard Oil Company" described how the trust had achieved its position through John D. Rockefeller's shrewd and ruthless approach to competition, he had created a system of secret-and illegal-agreements with railroads to give him preferential treatment, was being hailed as one of the most courageous women in American History

o Historically

- the recognition of the different ways people over time have understood human nature and organized their societies

Founding of the weekly women's rights paper The Revolution (1868)

"Men, Their Rights and Nothing More; Women, Their Rights and Nothing Less"

Ladies Magazine, first publication aimed exclusively toward women but published by a man. quotes published?

"To make her husband happy and contented will ever be her wish, not to say her greatest pleasure." "The number of women with good judgement is very small" pg 33 Warned women that they would have to fight off their silly desires of wanting to shop and gossip.

How did the Hutchins Commission define journalism?

"a truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day's events in a context which gives them meaning" "the first requirement is that the media should be accurate. They should not lie." (pg. 38)

example of talking point

"message of the day" given in Washington to all government departments from the White House to saturate public conversation on policy or programs.

What was Bin Laden's true motivation?

(1) Bin Laden had grievances toward our foreign policy (2) US Military has been on Arab soil for 7 years (3) Believed US wanted to make Israel the dominant power in the Middle East.

What does the news help us with?

(1) Define our communities (2) Helps us create a common language and common knowledge (3) Helps identify communities goals, heroes, and villains.

Five Recommendations for Improving News Coverage of African Americans

(1) Embrace the idea that fair and accurate news coverage of African Americans is the responsibility of every journalist - not just African American journalist (2) Learn the meaning of diversity in news coverage (3) Counteract Unconscious racial assumptions with historical context and facts (4) Work at diversity everyday (5) Use the definition of diversity in News Coverage to establish a goal; Convert the "Diversity in News" Chart to a codebook that can be used to conduct regular news audits to assess achievement of the diversity goal.

Five Stage Evolution of Mainstream News Coverage of Racial and Ethnic groups by Wilson and Gutierrez

(1) Exclusionary (2) Threatening issue (3) Confrontation (4) Stereotypical Selection (5) Integrated Coverage

o Philosophically

- the search for knowledge and truth that is (potentially) universal

Robert Jensen: "There are two ways to acknowledge questions"

(1) Ignore them and dominate through will, rhetoric or power, acknowledge the questions (2) Offer themselves as knowledge specialists who can transcend the political sphere by following special procedures and practices. OR (3) Recognize that our knowledge seeking inevitably is shaped by our theological and political commits, which is simply a part of being human

Original Investigative Reporting

(1) Involves reports themselves uncovering and documenting activities that have been previously unknown the public. (2) Similar to police work: shoe-leather reporting, public records searches, use of informants, and even undercover work.

What did Bush say to the American people that the Iraqis were doing?

(1) Iraq sent bomb-making experts to al-Qaeda (2) Iraq aideding terrorists, including operatives of al-Qaeda

What policies did the jail fail to do?

(1) Jailers didn't receive two hours of mental health training in the past year (2) Did not complete a visual face-to-face observation of Bland for more than 60 minutes.

Principles of Journalism

(1) Serves as a watchdog (2) Push people beyond their self-satisfaction (3) Offer a voice to the forgotten

"Cato's Creed"

(1) Truth is the ultimate defense (2) Ben Franklin brought this concept to the colonies (3) John Peter Zenger's Defense (1776) (4) Free press became the first Amendment

What are the four basic questions about a claim?

(1) What are the unstated assumptions behind the claim, and how do those assumptions affect our understanding? (2) How are terms being defined, and might those definitions favor one position over another? (3) What is the quality of the evidence being offered, and is the full range of evidence being acknowledged? (4) Does the evidence lead in logical fashion to the claim being made?

In order to fulfill this purpose, journalists must:

(1) make the truth their obligation (2) its first loyalty is to citizens (3) its essence is a discipline of verification (4) its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover (5) it must serve as a monitor of power (6) it must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise (7) it must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant (8) it must present the news in a way that is comprehensive and proportional (9) its practitioners have an obligation to exercise their personal conscience (10) citizens have rights and responsibilities when it comes to the news as well -- even more so as they became producers and editors themselves.

Journal of Occurrences

(1768-1769) America's first systematic gathering and distribution of news by Sam Adams. It covered the misdeeds of the British soldiers shipped here to watch over the colonies.

Boston Massacre

(1770) Young colonists threw snow at soldiers until one of the young boys got shot, it escalated and became a massacre.

Boston Tea Party

(1773) Organized by The Sons of Liberty. Sam Adams was a part of this group, who wrote for the "Boston Gazette." No taxation without representation.

Emergence of Modern Journalism

(17th Century) Through pubs and coffeehouses, then British Newspapers emerged

Maria Stewart

(1831) Wrote for "The Liberator," but many disapproved of her bold writings. Started a school for young African American children afterwards.

Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy and his variations of "The Observer"

(1837) His abolitionist weekly got himself killed, which sparked another level to the abolition movement. He began "The Observer" and "The Alton Observer." Had to move to Illinois to protect himself from the mobs.

13th Amendment

(1865) Abolished Slavery

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

(1966) Any person has a right of access to federal agency records

Committee of Concerned Journalists

(1997) U.S. non-profit organization of journalists, media owners, academics, and citizens worried about the future of the profession.

"Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders"

(1998) Osama Bin Laden makes clear he is a heroic defender of Muslims and wanted to fend of Western Invasion

Who leaked the Pentagon Papers and When?

(June 1971) By Daniel Ellsberg, a military analyst

FOIA Reform Bill signed by Obama (Freedom of Information Improvement Act)

(June 30, 2016) (1) Creation of a single online portal to enter FOIA requests (2) Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is strengthened (3) Restricted B-5, which allowed privileged information to be held indefinitely by the government

o Ideology-as-insult

- An ideology is understood as a belief system that is abstract, rigid, impractical or fanatical

Work at diversity everyday

- RB Brenner

o Empirical

- data produced through our inquiry

Reasons for Crisis in Journalism

- erosion of public trust - lack of advertising and traditional revenue - government has own press and can create own narratives - erosion of news value - new communication technology - profit over public interest

o Ideology-as-power

- ideology as the beliefs of a ruling group, which are imposed on a subordinate group so as to make the ruling ideas appear to be self-evident ♣ Tool of the powerful that obscures the truth of social relations

o Ideology-as-worldview

- ideology as the set of social, political, and moral values. Attitudes, outlooks, and beliefs that shape a social groups interpretation of the world

Elements of Woodstein's Reporting

- skeptical about sources - needed multiple pov - built story from ground up - solid evidence - verified information - had support from editor and publisher

o Normative

- the articulation of social norms to guide our lives

o Sociologically

- the identification of patterns in the distribution of power in our society today

In "The Elements of Journalism", what professional journalism norms are outlined? (p.172)

-Independence -Verification -Primary allegiance to citizens rather than political faction or corporate interests -Dedication to consideration of events, rather than a commitment to forcing a specific outcome or policy solution (see p.223)

What tipped Woodward to the story?

-was in the court room and heard something unusual

Journalist have to above all... (4)

...look at the world & sees what is there ...know what media says ...know what politicians say ...know what friend says

Mickiko Kautami says epistemological devolution exists because....

...we create our own template where credibility and perception replace the objective truth.

Sources

1) Audience as witness (public event) 2) Journalist as witness (firsthand reporting) 3) Journalist as credential expert (doctor writing on medical matters) 4) Sources as Witnesses: Firsthand accounts (eyewitnesses) 5) Sources as witnesses: Secondhand accounts (Japan 3/11, participant but not witness)

Source Triangle

1) Find multiple, independent sources and see if the stories overlap in areas. 2) The farther away from an original source, the less reliable it is. 3) Why is a source offering information and what's their motivation?

Steps for verification

1) Is there enough evidence to prove the case? 2) Are the accounts of the story disapproving given a fair hearing? 3) Does coverage continue so we know if there's disclosure? 4) Are unclear elements talked about?

The 10 Standards

1) Journalims' first obligation is the truth. 2) Its first loyalty is to the citizens. 3) Its essence is a discipline of verification. 4) Its practicers must maintain an independence from those they cover. 5) It must serve as a monitor to power. 6) It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise. 7) It must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant. 8) It must present the news in a comprehensive and proportional way. 9) Its practicers have an obligation to exercise personal conscience. 10) Citizens have rights and responsibilities when it comes to the news- even more as they become producers and editors themselves.

Steps to Reading the News Rationally. (4 things)

1) Keep a rational mind 2) Be aware of own bias 3) Beware of believing something to be true w/o knowing it to be true 4) Avoid "Confirmation Bias"

The news would hold by from answering the Why for two reasons? In the end, they would follow who?

1) People need time to adjust to what they are hearing and seeing. 2) The news feared looking anti-gov. They would blindly follow the Government.

Why would Bush build a case for war? (4)

1) Wanted to go against the axis of evil. 2) Saddan was behind attacks and linked to Al Qaeda 3) Press didn't stop him 4) Weapons of mass destruction

Way of Skeptical Knowing

1) What kind of content am I encountering? 2) Is the information complete; and if not, what is missing? 3) Who or what are the sources, and why should I believe them? 4) What evidence is presented, and how was it tested or vetted? 5) What might be an alternative explanation or understanding? 6) Am I learning what I need to?

Ch 6 Verification

1) Work your way from the bottom up 2) Review your reporting. Where are there holes? 3) Go back to sources, repeatedly, if necessary. 4) Get all the documents you can.

Rolling Stone Learned To:

1. Not use Pseudonyms (fake names) 2. Check derogatory information: they did not check on what Jackie's friends really said 3. Confront subject's with details (lifeguard's real name) 4. Balancing sensitivity to victims and the demands of verification 5. Corroborating survivor accounts 6. Holding institutions to account

'Journal of Occurrences'

1st systematic gathering and distribution of news created by Sam Adams that depicted sometimes false stories of Redcoat soldiers brutality

"Crisis" in the Pennsylvania Journal

Paine's writings about his time in the Continental Army. "These are the times that try men's souls." Also written in a common man language.

What are the 8 essential dimensions/functions that the new news consumer requires from Journalism? (p.175-181)

1. Authenticator: requires that the press helps to authenticate for us what facts are true and reliable 2. Sense Maker: to put information into context and to look for connections so that as consumers, we can decide what the news means to us 3. Investigator: watchdog role. It exposes what is being kept hidden or secret. Central and essential. 4. Witness Bearer: monitoring function of journalism, less prosecutorial than the watchdog/investigator function. Certain things should be observed, monitored, scrutinized. 5. Empowerer: press should give us tools as citizens to achieve new way of knowing. Big part of this is viewing the public as part of the process of the news and not just an audience for it. Mutual empowerment. etc 6. Smart Aggregator: patrols the Web on our behalf to help us harness the power of the Web. Should comb the information landscape, monitoring on behalf of its audience what other information might be helpful 7. Forum Organizer: journalists should help create conversation and discourse for citizens to actively participate. 8. Role Model: journalists serve as role models for citizens who want to bear witness themselves and operate at times as citizen journalists. People will look to journalists to see how this work is done, to imitate them.

The basics of Postman and "Media Ecology Basics" 1. different media forms convey information in..... 2. Print media is good for....Electronic/TV media is good for.... 3. Big electronic media is popular with consumers in ____,_____, and even ___ (different genres of writing) but sadly has ____ effect on media and turns it into ______. 4. TV sacrifiice ____ for _______, society gets ______ cuz of its own ______. 5. "Amuse ___ to _____''

1. Diff media forms convey information meaning w/varying degrees of depth and success 2. Print = presenting a vehicle for rational discourse. Electronic/TV media is good for conveying emotions 3. politics, public affairs, and even religion, but it has a watered down effect that makes media a packaged commodity 4. quality for entertainment, society gets dumber cuz of our own wants 5. "Amuse ourselves to death."

What are the three levels of meaning?

1. Direct or literal definition, or "signification" of information; called "denotative" 2. "Connotative", words extended meaning: what the words suggest in our minds in the context they are written or spoken 3. Emotive or "annotative"; the value we place on what we're learning, whether we consider it good or bad

two issues with firsthand witnesses

1. Faulty recollection due to the passage of time. 2. Whether an account has been corroborated by others; the more stories with similar accounts is more reliable.

What are the four distinct models of content?

1. Journalism of Verification 2. Journalism of Assertion 3. Journalism of Affirmation 4. Interest-group Journalism

Maria Stewart

1st Black female writer for 'The Liberator'

'Freedom's Journal'

1st Black newspaper created by Rev. Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm

The New Newsroom: how must that change? (p.184-190)

1. The Level of Proof Must Be Higher: providing a new level of proof will explain how that can happen. it means that everything discussed in the book- evidence, verification, sourcing, and other items that add to a story's completeness- is even more important and more challenging 2. Journalism Must Be More Transparent: the press must become more transparent about how it verifies the news, so that the public can know why the press should be trusted and can develop their own process of verification. omniscient narrator- simply assuring audience- is now insufficient. press no longer only source of news so its authority must come from how it gathers and authenticates its facts 3. The Press Must Develop or Access More Expertise: press must gain more information from different sources. new technology increases ability to find more experts, more viewpoints, more data, more stories. For example, Public Insight Journalism (see p.186). "Crowd sourcing" - produces gripping personal stories as well as a broader array of expert opinion, which often results in unexpected new story possibilities. 4. The Newsroom Must Be Reorganized and New Skill Sets Added: journalism must be more than storytelling. Information must come in different forms- statistical, graphic, audio, visual. Newsrooms (print and radio): consists of storytellers and former storytellers who supervise them. Photographers, some graphic artists, technology staffers. dominated by narrative storytellers Television newsrooms: has power and central role of pictures. organised in teams. elite being producers are very influential. power residues in show producers and network executives. Modern newsrooms: must be far more complex and accommodating. Skill sets that must be honored are: programmers, database managers, information managers (formerly called librarians) and information gatherers. Must have access to local historians 5. The Editor Will Become More Important, Not Less: editors must do more than simply edit narratives. They must understand which of the new tools on an expanding list should be used to communicate. They must curate the expanding dialogue with audiences as well as the material available throughout the Web. 6. The Definition of News Must Change: the news is more complex than people generally consider it. press must be far more conscious of what function each story or piece of content that is produced plays. Press must ask, "how are people going to use this content?" "how will it help them?" "what is its value?" "what else can be done instead?"

The "frames" of HIV coverage in media:

1. Victimization 2. Deviance and abnormality 3. Blame attribution 4. Power of modern medicine to develop a miracle cure... US vs THEM mentality

Questions, concerns, and rules for VR and Immersive Journalism

1. Viewers can get bored 2. Virtual Reality is more of an add-on 3. Narratives that are similar to documentaries will confuse the viewer 4. Manipulation of thought-processes

The difficulties in Virtual Reality

1. every camera and media card must be numbered in sequence 2. cameras must have identical setting 3. battery life is a limitation

Think of Information and Media as an invasion 1. the info is _____. 2. fake new is considered a _____ _______ 3. we now live in a post ____ world

1. flooding in 2. new phenomenon 3. post-truth world

What are Schneider's 6 classifications of content?

1. news 2. propaganda 3. advertising 4. publicity 5. entertainment 6.raw information

Journalists should consider using VR in their story telling for:

1. places that are hard to get to or where people are unlikely to go 2. where being in the space deepens one's understanding of a story 3. where turning your head side-to-side is crucial instead of just seeing the front and center

Scientist Carl Sagah says 4 things. 1. 2. ??????? 3. ??????? 4. ???????

1. self-thinking is the guide to humanities abilities to learn and build, as well as, have an understanding of how the universe works. 2. internal mechanism 3. 4.

What are the 8 epochal transformations in communication prior to the Internet?

1.art (cave drawings) 2.oral language 3.written word 4.printing press 5.telegraph 6.radio 7.television 8.cable

Where and when were the earliest known cave drawings? What did they represent?

15,000 B.C; represented the first time humans tried to reach out beyond face-to-face; express the two kinds of knowledge

representation

1764 taxes without ________?

is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775-76 that inspired people in the Thirteen Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain in the summer of 1776.

1776 Common Sense Paine

What happened during and after the Civil War?

1861-1865 more than 600,000 Americans died but in December 1865, the 13th amendment was signed

When was radio invented? How was it different than newspapers? How did newspapers respond?

1920's; gave people the ability to hear events for themselves. Newspapers responded by becoming more analytical, sensational, and the "tabloid" era began, used other technology to enhance photographs.

When was TV invented? How did it differ from radio? Was it the first time news and pictures were combined?

1940's; gave people the ability to see the news and hear it; no-was used in newspapers-first time pictures and sound were combined

What were the characteristics of the news industry in the 1970s? How does that compare to what you see now?

1970's: cautious, checked for facts, accurate, honest, trustworthy, informational. Today: untrustworthy, prefer immediacy vs. accuracy, affirmation-al, opinionated vs. just telling the story.

African Americans displayed as athletes in the media:

1978-1990: Sports dominated all photographs of African Americans. African American males were represented in 21 percent of Olympian news in 2000, but they won only 15 percent of medals.

AIDS emerged as a health threat in...

1981

When were all 7,000 Pentagon Papers shown to the public?

2011

When did oral language begin?

30,000 to 100,000 years ago

When did the written word begin? How was it expressed?

5000 B.C.; first in the development of numerical symbols, used to measure, record, and distribute the wealth individuals communicated

How many Pulitzers did the NYTimes recieved for 9/11?

7

How many residents were displaced because of the Olympics?

70,000

The Director of Zero Days would point out that there is a lack of communications between different government groups causing some terrible results. What is an example of this and why?

9/11, because CIA knew that the terrorist that flew the planes were in American, but they wouldn't tell anyone because it was "Classified information". If homeland security had known, it is possible that 9/11 may have never happened.

The threat of AIDS began to rise in the...

90s

Which newspaper criticized Facebook over this decision?

A Norwegian newspaper, Aftenposten

What is the trend in the amount of straight news coverage in the media?

A shrinking amount, even from traditional content providers

How was it depicted in the early 80s by media, religious leaders, and politicians?

A disease brought by homosexual men

How did they know if they were on the right track?

A lot of people would wink or nod saying they were right, but they never actually said it. (at least on the US side, Israel was proud of what they did).

What photo illustrates the horror of modern warfare during the Vietnam War?

A naked, 9 year old girl fleeing napalm bombs during Vietnam War in 1972.

Journalism of Assertion

A newer model that puts the highest value on immediacy and volume and in so doing tends to become a passive conduit of information.

What is the essential purpose of a newsroom? Other than generating revenue? (p.190)

A news gathering organization is a place that accumulates and synthesizes knowledge about a community, either a geopolitical community or a community of subjects and interests, and then makes that knowledge available and interactive in a variety of ways

George Bush would wanted use 9/11 as what?

A political advantage to take down Iraq cause it was u.S. greatest obstacle.

Virtual Reality is...

A powerful empathy generating tool

Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP)

A program established by the Printing Act that provides public access to federal government information.

Politifact

A project of the Tampa Bay Times to help you find the truth in Washington and the presidency by using a spectrum of "telling the truth" to "Pants on fire." A watchdog.

Blogging/The New Hybrid

A vehicle for journalism, combination.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist editor for 'The Liberator' that would sent papers to pro-slavery editors in order to gain interest

News is what someone doesn't want you to know. The rest is _______________

Advertising

Segregation in Reporting

African Americans were three times more likely in reporting a story with Black focus than white reporters were; Also, very few photographs of racial diversity.

Who was reporting the Sandra Bland case in the Texas Tribune?

Alana Rocha and Jonathon Silver

"Diversity in News" chart exclusion:

Anglo Americans

What TV Stations would earn the Edward R. Murrow Awards?

All of them would earn the award.

Zero Day Exploit

Allows the code to spread without you having to do anything

"The author of nature has placed the balance of power on the side of the male, by giving him not only a body more large and robust, but also a mind endowed with greater resolution, and a more extensive reach."

American Museum pg 32

Virtual Reality

An artificial environment experienced through sensory stimuli

Framing

An exercise of power the media has that affect's peoples understanding of its posture and their relationship with the social and political world

What is a gatekeeper?

Anchorman that were thought of as filters for the news; "gatekeepers" of public knowledge that could verify knowledge before it was printed or broadcasted.

The Q

Are any questions raised about the event in the audiences mind? Questions open inquiry, and journalism should open inquiry. Look for journalism that has the humility to ask questions that cannot yet be answered!

Post-WWII Dominance?

Are our stable systems going through inevitable periodic corrections or are they running down?

What are talking points? Give an example.

Are preconfigured phrases and political-marketing buzzwords developed by communications specialists to manipulate public perception and designed to avoid conflicting descriptions of a program, idea, belief, or a product. (pg. 89) Example: "message of the day" given in Washington to all government departments from the White House to saturate public conversation on policy or programs.

What are the argument culture and the answer culture?

Argument culture: criticism, attack, or opposition are the predominant ways of responding to people or ideas. Answer culture: hosts are not staging crossfire-style debates and are not neutral moderators; in the answers they have already arrived at before the show has begun → offering answers.

Steffen's impact via Tweed Days in St. Louis

As a result of the St. Louis article, St. Louis district attorney Joseph Folk gained the public support he needed to prosecute dozens of city officials for stuffing the ballot boxes to padding contracts (Folk ended up becoming governor of Missouri)

Ideology-as-power

As the beliefs of a ruling group, which are imposed on a subordinate group so as to make the ruling ideas appear to be self-evident.

How should we evaluate anonymous sources?

Ask who is the source? If that can't be answered, then ask why should we accept the validity of this source? Journalists are asked to discern: is this news newsworthy? Could this information be acquired in another way? Does the source have a record of reliability? If it is hinted why the source must remain anonymous. See if the source is corroborated by other non-anonymous accounts.

Why did she go to jail?

Assault towards a public servant.

What is the role of facts in the journalism of assertion versus journalism of affirmation?

Assertion: incomplete and fragmentary; facts lack the whole picture. Affirmation: stories move too quickly to speculation and opinion, creating an absence of facts, or careful cherry picking of facts, to make a simple case.

What were men thought of if they supported women's rights?

Aunt Nancy's, were homosexual or dominated by their wives

Since the Web provides information, the modern journalist's duty is to:

Authenticate, make sense of, bear witness, and watch over news being given.

Gatekeeper

Press decides what information can and cannot be shared.

Near versus Minnesota

Forbade the government from restraining publication of any journal except when the story threatened "grave and immediate danger to the security of the United States"

Alan Greenspan, Chair of the Federal Reserve (1987-2006)

Bears much of the blame for 2008 financial meltdown; "i. "I do have an ideology. My judgment is that free, competitive markets are by far the unrivaled way to organize economies." However, now ideological framework can guarantee a correct answer to every question in such a complex world.

Why is this a problem?

Because Stuxnet is shown as an offensive attack by America to Iran...this can start a war

Why has journalism failed in covering racial and ethnic groups?

Because coverage has been saturated with stereotypes. A majority of these stereotypes have been used for African Americans.

Why was Bland irritated with Encinia when she was pulled over?

Because he was speeding behind her, and she moved out of his way.

In the 1850s the women's rights movement...

Began to gain more momentum; hundreds of women's rallies, meetings, petitions drives, and public lectures erupted all over the country

Awareness Instinct

Being aware of events beyond their direct experience provides a sense of security, control, and confidence.

Economic Fundamentalism

Belief in the moral and efficiency claims of Capitalism and the corporation; Capitalism is the best way to organize economic activity.

Watchdog Reporting (Investigative)

Big allegations call for big evidence; serious stories that show wrongdoings.

What was Bush wrong about in regards to Iraq?

Bin Laden disagreed with Iraq secularism, so he would have never cooperated with Iraq. Therefore, he went after the wrong country/system. AND Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.

Why did the government not expand "Why?"

Bin Laden's grievances would have rationalized the tragedy

Who were the two reporters on the Watergate story?

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

What are telltale signs of interest group journalism?

Bold statement, such as conservatives don't care about social justice. The totality of the coverage conveys; the information won't be comprehensive or proportional → leaving out convenient details. Funding sources that aren't genuinely and thoroughly transparent. All the stories point in the same direction or to a single repetitive conclusion. Look at the full history of people involved, where they worked and how much of that was related to political activism.

was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry.

Boston Massacre?

(Sam Adams) The Boston Tea Party (initially referred to by John Adams as "the Destruction of the Tea in Boston") was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773.

Boston Tea Party 1773

PARBU

Bow Tie Productions is financed by this company; stands for Parliamentary Broadcasting Unit

England's Parliament also uses pools, which is controlled by...

Bow Tie Productions: Controls robotic cameras in the House of Lords and House of Commons

Who pulled over Sandra Bland, When, Why?

Brian Encinia; July 10, 2015; allegedly failing to use signals when changing lanes

What is the journalism of aggregation?

Built on harnessing and organizing existing information. Social media sites. Feeds go out and collect information from other sites and package it for you; can be specific or general information

How would the government react to a press that isn't answering the why?

Bush would go on TV and make a simple "Easy-to-understand" response to the attacks. Terroist = bad Ammerican = Good

How can you be a critical thinker?

By making normative claims and providing empirical evidence instead of spouting opinions.

What is the commercial television news station that mainly uses these pools and subsidies?

C-SPAN

A sources reputation?

Can tell us whether they are worth talking to, but it doesn't mean what they tell us is correct.

Interpretive Reporting

Careful thought and analysis of an idea/facts to bring together new, more complete context that provides a deeper understanding; reveals a new way of looking at something.

What is an "interlocking public"? (p.200)

Categorization of public engagement, interest, and knowledge into 3 groups: 1. Involved public: direct personal stake in an issue and a strong understanding 2. Interested public: no direct role but a recognition that we are affected and we pay some occasional attention 3. Uninterested public: pays little attention

Attacks towards the The Post intensified once they reported that __________ participated in the political corruption.

Chief of Staff Haldeman

Civic Literacy and News Literacy (p.202)

Civic Literacy: is a curriculum that would teach what we need to know to function as citizens of a community. Something beyond civics, something more engaged News Literacy: subset of civic literacy. differs from media literacy. A curriculum developed mostly from a left-leaning perspective that teaches how the media in all its forms manipulates us on behalf of commercial and establishment interests. Skills of how to read the news- the discipline of skeptical knowing

What is watchdog of prosecutorial journalism? Give examples.

Classic notion of investigative reporting, deeply embedded into journalism's history; usually reporting that something isn't as it should be, requires high levels of transparency, greater detail about sources and methods to validate its independence as a piece. High proof → highly prosecutorial nature; could be years or months of building a case

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine

Colonists deserve much more than being British subjects

Mario Andrada

Communications director of Rio 2016; Had to answer for the mistakes and calamities of the Olympics in front of media corps. EX: Green diving pool, bullet landing in the equestrian media center

Who are the leaders of these pools and what subsidies to they provide?

Congressional committee leaders; provide technology and coordination

According to Jensen, what does contemporary journalism fail to do?

Contemporary journalist are impatient and fail to report complex, multifaceted issues that aren't tied to specific events

Why does context matter when you are consuming content?

Context effects expectations you form when information is presented: When encountering a news story, you will expect an independent description with what has happened, with the basic facts offered in a way that everyone can agree with. When encountering an analysis or argument, you might actually have lower expectations for how the information is presented, or expect it to be outlined more fully with evidence to back up info and anticipation of objections or potential responses.

Professor Kevin Robbins covered:

Covering the Olympics: How You Stake Out a Big Story

American Women Suffrage Association

Founded in January 1870; a less radical org and had a lot of business

The American Crisis was a series of pamphlets published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution by eighteenth century enlightenment Philosopher and author Thomas Paine. The first volume begins with the famous words 'These are the times that try men's souls'. There were sixteen pamphlets in total together often known as 'The American Crisis' or simply 'The Crisis'. Thirteen numbered pamphlets were published between 1776-1777 with three additional pamphlets released between 1777-1783. The writings were contemporaneous with the early parts of the American Revolution, during the times that colonists needed inspiring. They were written in a language the common man could manage and are indicative of Paine's liberal philosophies. Paine signed them with one of his many pseudonyms 'Common Sense'. The writings bolstered the morale of the American colonists, appealed to the English people's consideration of the war with America, clarified the issues at stake in the war and denounced the advocates of a negotiated peace." Source(s):

Crisis papers?

National Women Suffrage Assocation

Founded in July 1869; a radical organization

Collier printed a cartoon about patent medicines

Death's Labratory pg 85 pulling out their ads from these companies cost them $80,000

T or F: Newsrooms in the future will be as diverse as the population will be.

Debatable, since it's possible that newsrooms will shrink enough to make it incapable for them to see equal diversity.

Lippoman and "The Public Opinion"

Democracy is fundamentally flawed; people do not put the effort in understanding their world and what is happening.

John Dewey and "The Public and It's Problems"

Democracy is not the means, but the ends. We must improve education and skills of the press, and not give up on the public.

What was she struggling with?

Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder

What is the "two‐touch" rule and how has it affected content?

Every story would be touched only twice between its submission by the reporter and its posting online or in print

How is fake new today compared with fake new of the 1900s?

Everything appears faster shear volume of the news click bait fake titles

Who was the executive editor and who was the publisher?

Ex. Editor Ben Bradlee and publisher Katherine Graham

What were the visual messages used by magazines towards poverty?

Despite African Americans representing less than 1/3 of poor people in the US, the news would most likely use an African American to display poverty for the news

Reporting on Investigations

Develops from a discovery or leak of information from an official investigation already underway- staple in DC.

So, in conclusion, the Rio Olympics...

Displaced 2 million and wasted 6.8 million dollars on a road to nowhere, while all the money being made went towards big companies. The Olympics turned Rio into a marketing convention.

The New Atomic Unit of News (p.192)

Does not shift news away from narrative storytelling. Could be something much closer to a Wikipedia page than a daily story. Call it a "knowledge page". The knowledge page would have a running account of everything a news organization knows on a subject, and it would be built on rather than replaced. Living encyclopedia entry (see p.193)

World War One reporting

During the entire 19th months, the government prohibited any photos of Americans dead.

Guest speakers for reporting on opinion, print, or multimedia

Dylan Baddour (Houston Flooding, Gregg Abbott and ISIS, Trump Teen and Grass Roots Campaign), Doyin Oyeniyi (Austin While Black, The Right to Bear Arms, MLK Justification), Katie Hayes Luke (OK Tornado, Ernie Lopez comes home, Children with Autism Visit Dentist), Reihaneh Hajibeiji (Red Cross, Wimberly Flood)

Who am I? asks what these three things and what are they?

Ecological: What is my relationship to the non-human world? Societal: What principles do I have and how do they define me? Personal: what aspects make up who I am centrally.

Journalism of Aggregation

Editing and sorting informative evaluation of content.

Who is Gardner Selby?

Editor of Politifact

Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy

Editor of abolitionist paper 'The Observer' who died protecting his printing press

What suffers the most when we are unable to have fulfilling conversations face-to-face when we are focused on our phone?

Empathy is lost

3 Types of Inquiry

Empirical: data produced Analytical: organization of that data in a meaningful fashion Normative: the articulation of social norms

When did the scene escalate?

Encinia asked Bland to put out her cigarette, but she refused.

What is active skepticism?

Evaluating information from the press and other sources so that we can become participants in the new age of information rather than victims. Being part of an informed public

What do we look for with expert sources or analysts?

Expect more information about who the experts talking to us are and what their real role is in relation to the events they are analyzing. Ask what kind of information is the moderator or reporter seeking from these experts? If they are being asked questions of fact, that is a sign that the inquiry is apart of the journalism of verification, vs. being asked for their opinion.

expert sources or analysts

Expect more information about who the experts talking to us are and what their real role is in relation to the events they are analyzing. Ask what kind of information is the moderator or reporter seeking from these experts? If they are being asked questions of fact, that is a sign that the inquiry is apart of the journalism of verification, vs. being asked for their opinion.

What did Susan Greenfield study in "Mind Change"

Expert online gamers have a great capacity for short-term memory, to multitask, to switch flexibly between tasks and to quickly process rapid information.

Sandbox

Explore the scene and visit different beacons in any order

T or F: It'll be incredibly difficult for journalists to create VR for their viewers

FALSE: There are online video tutorial sites like DigitalTutors (3D focused)

T or F: Men condoned the women's rights movement in the beginning

FALSE: They paid no attention to it

T or F: Video is an objective representation of reality

FALSE: Video provided to the public is tampered and controlled by political agents and anything significant is behind closed doors

T or F: The video provided by authorities had audio glitches.

FALSE: Visual glitches

True or False: One can be a neutral observer of the world.

FALSE: We can learn to identify and assess our assumptions, but we cannot view the world as a blank slate.

T or F: There is one dominant pool of information the government provides.

FALSE; there are multiple pools through the houses

How does this conflict show Facebook's tricky position in the world and news?

FB has resisted being called a media entity, but the Vietnam War photo proved the control it has over what news people consume.

Examples of Information we are allowed to acquire:

FBI Files, Law Enforcement Records, Public School Records (budgets, salaries, bonds, bids, and test scores), school bus driver safety records, Tax records: city, county, state, federal

How do social media users discover news?

Facebook is an important source of website referrals for many news outlets, but the users who arrive via Facebook spend far less time and consume far fewer pages than those who arrive directly. Visitors who go to a news media website directly spend roughly three times as long as those who wind up there through search or Facebook, and they view roughly five times as many pages per month

Who is the powerhouse among social media sites?

Facebook, with Youtube being in second place. Many people get news from these two sites.

Straight News Accounts

Facts about the event (Water break in Washington)

True/False: Sense making is the same thing as interpreting the news (p.177)

False. Each one of us can arrive at meaning only for ourselves. But sense making does imply looking for connections among facts to help us answer questions on our own. It implies looking for information that explains why or how things happened, etc.

True/False: Journalism is becoming more obsolete (p.182)

False. It is becoming more complex

True/False: The point of democracy is a perfect government (p.199)

False. It is self-government

True/False: Objectivity suggests neutrality (p.172)

False. Its true meaning is that the press should employ an objective and transparent method of gathering and verifying the news

True/False: Professionalism in the news is now obsolete, and storytelling is irrelevant (p.175)

False. They are both simply insufficient

What are two issues with firsthand witnesses?

Faulty recollection due to the passage of time. Whether an account has been corroborated by others; the more stories with similar accounts is more reliable.

Columbus _____ America is an example of ???

Filling in this blank is an example of saying you can't be neutral because the word you pick will hold some type of political power or ideal.

What is a first hand account versus a secondhand or third hand account?

Firsthand account: the person was at the scene and witnessed the event themselves; eyewitness Secondhand account: the person at the scene told their neighbor; the neighbor is a second hand account. A source who is a direct participant in the story, but not a witness. Ex: police investigating a murder, firefighter who is investigating how a fire started, paramedic who rushed to the scene Third hand account: the neighbor is the contact of a journalist; the journalist is the third hand account

William Lloyd Garrison versus Francis Todd

Francis Todd's shipment of his slaves and the overall treatment proved they were treated terribly.

appealed the idea of woman's suffrage ultimately getting it passed.

Frederick Douglas

Who was the most important African American leader of 19th century?

Frederick Douglas with his North Star weekly 1847 NY

What was the first black newspaper?

Freedom Journal 1827 in NY (Cornish and Russwurm)

Journalism must shift from being a product to a service, and a lecture to public dialogue. What does that mean? (p.175)

From a product (one news organisation's stories or agenda) to being more of a service (one that can answer the audience's questions, offer resources, provide tools) From a lecture (telling the public what it should know) to becoming a public dialogue (with the journalist informing and helping facilitate the discussion)

What are the hallmarks of journalism of assertion?

Fundamentally stenographic, work in which the journalist is a conduit, an enabler for sources and newsmakers, inherent passivity. Reporters, hosts, and anchors rarely provide answers, they arrange discussions, they pose questions, partisan sources arguing over possible answers, talking points on both sides were offered-but only the polarized edges, talking points aren't examined for accuracy.

Define the skeptical way of knowing.

Fundamentally, amounts to asking and knowing how to answer a series of systematic questions. The process involves asking the following: 1.what kind of content am I encountering? 2.Is the information complete and if not, what is missing? 3.Who or what are the sources, and why should I believe them? 4.What evidence is presented, an how was it tested or vetted? 5.What might be an alternative explanation or understanding? 6.Am I learning what I need to?

What happened 4th Of July 1854?

Garrison burned the constitution in Framingham Mass.

GRID

Gay Related Immune Deficiency

The White House answers the fifth W (Why?)

George Bush states that Bin Laden attacked because terrorists are bad and Americans are good

What is new-paradigm reporting? Give examples.

Goes beyond a single situation or event; involves sifting through larger shafts of data and finding bigger patterns in events, institutions, or settings. Examples: Work that John Crewdson does, Malcolm Gladwell's work in the New York Times, football concussions and how they have shaped new design of gear, "Drive to Distraction" by Matt Richtel documenting the dangers of talking/texting while driving

Earlier Terms for Fake News

Gossip, Rumors, phony stories, innuendo

What was Catt's"winning" plan and what happened?

In 1916 was to pressure the House of Representatives into passing the 19th amendment in 1918, it passed August 1920

The App Generation

Grew up with phones in hand and apps at the ready. It tends toward impatience, expecting the world to respond like an app, quickly and efficiently.

What other powerful image helped gain support for a campaign?

Harper Weekly's campaign against Boss Tweed.

How has the Internet impacted mainstream news? Why?

Has created a significant loss of revenue; it has decoupled advertising from the news → people are connecting on sites such as Craigslist, don't need the news anymore

How did the Director come about in to his fame?

He did an appertanceship (SP) to learn the trade and to understand how to combine fictional interest with real/factual data.

What did Eli say about taking on a heavy load?

He said getting one story or photo is hard enough, so to take the time to get the perfect story. Plus, if you try to do to much at once you will miss the important details

What were George Bush's intentions during 9/11?

He wanted a justification to go to war with Iraq.

"Rule of Three"

In a conversation among five or six people at dinner, you have to check that three people are paying attention before you give yourself permission to look down at your phone.

What happened to Lovejoy's newspaper establishments?

His first three newspaper establishments were burned down by rioters, he stored money for his fourth one but then he got shot (1837)

Homer Bigart and "Portable Ignorance"

Homer Bigart invented this strategy while covering events in Vietnam: Act like you know nothing to make everyone demonstrate and prove their point.

Epistemological devolution?

How do we know what we know and how have we learned what we have learned.

The Awareness Instinct

Hunger for news remains consistent over time, we want to know what's happening "When the flow of news is obstructed, darkness falls and anxiety grows."

What are the shared steps to examine and evaluate evidence?

Identify what evidence is offered and understand the nature of that evidence (much as we parsed through the basis of how source might know something) Know how that evidence was vetted or tested and whether the countervailing evidence has been explored. Identify what conclusions have been drawn from the evidence (explicitly and implicitly), and whether or not those conclusions are supported. Ask whether this evidence could be used to draw different conclusions.

What are the six steps in the "way of skeptical knowing"?

Identifying the kind of content one is encountering. Identifying whether a news account is complete. Assessing the sources. Assessing the evidence. How the piece and public interact with the evidence. Evaluating the news by exploring whether we are getting what we need from the news.

Privacy of the government officials

Identity theft, medical confidentiality, student records, financial information, law enforcement photos and addresses

Smart Aggregator/Sense Maker/Authenticator (p.180)

In the same way that the press is an authenticator and sense maker, the aggregation it engages in should save people time and steer them to trusted sources (They are all similar but smart aggregator should save people time and direct them to trusted sources)

What is sense-making news?

Includes stories that don't just tell you what was said yesterday, but how what was said relates to previous statements, their meanings, and potentially changing meanings. Adds a new element that helps facts take on a greater and deeper meaning. (pg. 65)

To Avoid Unlawful wars we need ___.

Independent News and Press

Can technology save us, after all?

Industrial agriculture degraded the fertility of topsoil, but yet the solution would be intensifying the industrial approach.

Stuxnet

Infiltrated and sabotaged real-world power plants and factories

Other roles of the journalist

Intelligent aggregator, forum leader, empowerer, role model, community builder

Original Reporting

Involves reporters themselves uncovering and documenting activities that have previously been unknown to the public.

What happened?

Iran got a hold of Stuxnet and found out that America originally made the malware

What is journalism's ultimate purpose?

Is the deliberation of public life.

Who is in alliance with the US?

Israel

Since the Civil War, how has war been reported?

It is idealized and warped for the love of our country, when in reality it is bloody and devastating. Senator Hiram Johnson: "The first casualty, when war comes, is truth"

What does the "Age of fact" mean?

It means that after WW2 everyone would have access to books, TV, and films.

Seven Minute Rule

It takes at least seven minutes to see how a conversation is going to unfold.

America sets a precedent (sp) that we can do whatever we want and get away with it. How does this Affect other countries?

It tells other countries that they can too, meaning they can do whatever they want without problems

What was "off" about the arrest?

It was done off-camera, and we did not see Bland resisting arrest.

What are the benefits to the written word over spoken language?

It was preserved-more reliable and precise; oral language could be forgotten or altered with each retelling of the story

Does the marketplace of ideas/truth work as adequate post‐publication correction for the journalism of assertion? Why or why not?

It works if the inquiry into a subject is robust and prolonged, but for a good deal of news, the press and public attention simply move on-and in the era assertion, the tendency to move has accelerated.

Who was Gutenberg? What was his contribution to communication? Why was it important?

Johannes Gutenberg was a fifteenth-century Europe craftsman who perfected a machine for moveable type → the printing press → made it possible to quickly produce mass quantities of books and pamphlets

Who was Morse? What was his contribution to communication? Why was it important?

John Morse used electric signals of dots and dashes to transmit language electronically over wires → made it possible for the first time for people to learn things almost instantly across very long distances. Created news as a factual product independent of the observer writing it.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Joined Lucretia Mott in hosting the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York

Women's paper not aimed at middle-class white women:

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin's Woman's Era 190-97 (african-american lady from Boston) Pg39

TD's Rule

Journalism needs to be fair at whatever level of complexity it operates.

What news model does "traditional" journalism follow? What is its first principle?

Journalism of Verification; its first principle is getting things right over opinions.

Which of the two strands of knowledge is akin to journalism of affirmation? What about journalism of verification?

Journalism of affirmation: Faith and belief Journalism of verification: observation and experience

What should you look at to know if a story is ultimately complete?

Journalism that has the humility to ask questions that can't yet be answered, that acknowledges what it does not know, and that does not infer conclusions it can't prove.

Reporting Fundamental Principle

Journalists must serve as an independent monitor of power.

What is the fundamental principle of investigative reporting/journalism?

Journalists must serve as an independent power.

What is the rare cancer a group of white, homosexual men were diagnosed with?

Kaposi's Sarcoma

First women's magazine

Ladies Magazine (1792)... quote: "the number of women who have solid judgement is very small"

Effects of The Jungle

Ladies' Home Journal was the leader of against drugs, Editor Bok fired the first salvo in 1904 by urging reader to boycott patent medicines, printed a bill people could take to their congressmen and many people did, President Roosevelt advocated a law regulating food and drugs, passed the Pure Food and Drug Act Pg. 85

"Lean forward" experience Vs. "Lean backward" experience (p.174)

Lean forward: where we look for things we are interested in- for answers to our questions Lean backward: where we put our feet up and have an anchorperson tell us what's happening or flip through the newspaper

Who was the first muckraker?

Lincoln Steffens, joined the New York Evening Post covering Wall Street and city police 1902, he went to McClure's(the greatest of the muckraking journals), he started to investigate the state of municipal government in the U.S., he digged through public documents and then interviewed city officials

Crewdson

Looked into medical kits on airplanes and was full journalism because it went past the basic questions.

William Lloyd Garrison and "The Liberator"

Lovejoy's death proved that America was not only against slavery, but the defense of free press. This fueled Garrison to create this newspaper.

How did the advent of TV impact newspapers? How did newspapers respond?

Made the surviving papers more deeper and analytical, targeting a more affluent and educated demographic, also giving more influence to advertisers; morning and Sunday paper entered the Golden Era, creating an easy, lucrative business, so papers were slow to react with creative thinking about their content until they were at risk of being relegated to a niche position by TV, as the radio had been

How do you speed up the process of receiving documents due to the Freedom of Information Act?

Make your request as crucial as possible through a compelling argument.

Who was the first defiant African American journalist?

Maria Stewart, Liberator

In 1777, the country sought her out to print the first official copy of the Declaration of Independence

Mary Katherine Goddard pg. 31

The 1st Direct Quote was by Mayor _____ saying ____?

Mayor Rudolph Guilani saying a shit ton of lives were lost.

Ideology-as-insult

Means saying "don't be so idealogical" and putting down someone else beliefs, abstract, rigid, impractical, or fanatical

Give an example of the journalist as an expert. What do we look for?

Medical journalists. We look for familiarity (has written reports/stories before), the sources that the journalists rely on; the more specific the source, the more trustworthy account.

Professor Paula Poindexter covered:

Minorities and The Media

Example of watchdog of prosecutorial journalism:

Mistreatment of veterans at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in 2008, Connections between sedative thalidomide and birth defects, Unsafe contraceptives, Spying of General Motors on Ralph Nader

What did Watergate expose in the presidency?

Misuse of campaign contributions, laundered money, political sabotage, deception, immorality, and any number of illegal activities.

Mary Katherine Goddard (1777)

Most respected printer; printed the declaration of independence

What are the hallmarks of journalism of verification?

Multiplicity of sources, skepticism of sources, evidence the journalists has not accepted things at face value but has gone through the process of digging down into what has happened. Stories that do not claim to have all the answers, stories that clearly signal what isn't known, stories that maintain a clear line between facts and analysis → Empiricism and humility

How is journalism of affirmation different than traditional opinion/partisan journalism?

Opinion/partisan journalism primarily engaged in the contemplation of news, not daily coverage. Tradition of opinion has sat squarely within the realm of the journalism of verification-getting the facts right and following them where they lead; involved in contemplating the meaning of events after they've occurred.

What is journalism of affirmation? What previous historical period in journalism does it compare to?

Neo-partisan form of news-the news of the talk show star posing as an anchor, of one-sided or lopsided broadcast segments, of cherry picked facts. Affirming the preconceptions of the public, assuring them, gaining their loyalty and using it as advertising revenue. (Different) Its compared to the 18th and 19th century, when newspapers were controlled by political figures and operated with little or no expectation of financial return-to rally political support, extend ideas, and influence the ballot box. Political vs. commercial contexts-today's affirmation journalism is largely corporation's justifying their product in economic terms.

Give an example of sourcing where the journalist was a witness.

New York Times, Dexter Filkins, story of the Mardan Hospital. Any reporters sent out to war/conflict zones, devastating weather coverage, etc.

journalist was a witness

New York Times, Dexter Filkins, story of the Mardan Hospital. Any reporters sent out to war/conflict zones, devastating weather coverage, etc.

Backlash towards the Women's Rights Movement

New York World, Utica Herald, New York Tribune name called these women and the women's rights movement

What is the journalism of assertion model and how did it come about?

Newer model that puts the highest value on immediacy and volume and in so doing tends to become a passive conduit of information. Started with CNN (cable news network), 24/7 news, shift of technology and speed, and function of economics.

1990's Journalism

News companies withheld traditional journalistic virtues and go towards commercialization to appease investors.

What is the economic/competitive climate like for newspapers since the start of the 21st Century?

Newspapers saw nearly half their ad revenue disappear. 1/3 of newsroom jobs vanished. Audience and revenue for network news were less than half than what they were 20 years earlier

Interested Public

No direct role on the issue, but responds with first hand experience.

What is the new way of knowing? How does this change the idea of citizenship?

No longer a lecture by professional authorities, but a dialogue, with all the strengths and weaknesses that implies; a partnership between all of us as consumers of news and information and the former gatekeepers we once relied on to verify and vet information for us. We as citizens are responsible to discover this truth in order to discern our own beliefs and actions.

What the biggest struggle for Alex Gibney in making this documentary?

No one would talk about stuxnet, despite the fact the media was talking about it... in the beginning he was unable to get any information until the "whistle blowers" behind the project began speaking up

North versus South

North: Industrialization and urban-based factories South: Relied on production of cotton and tobacco

Is fake news a real phenomenon? Why or why not?

Not really because we have things such as War of Wards happening in 1938, which caused public. Even today we are questioning how much the public actually panicked.

African Americans underrepresented in media:

Not represented as victims; Day to day challenges have no representation

The press abused their power in the women's rights movement by...

Not talking about the movement or criticizing the movement, and women who wrote publications were not supported therefore their newspapers were short-lived

According to Robert Jensen, what is a journalist's task?

Not to settle these questions but rather help circulate the ideas; to identify and amplify the relevant competing points of view.

Technology: older medium Vs. digital platform (p.182-183)

Older medium/newspaper story can offer 6 elements in covering an event (see p.182 for list) Digital platform draw on far more diverse array of elements, up to 50. (see p. 182-183 for list)

The Olympic Bubble

Olympians and family members were not exposed to Rio. They were in their little "bubble" with security.

Societal Question

On what principles should my relationships to others be grounded, and how do those relationships define me?

Ecological Question

On what principles should the relationship to the non-human world be grounded, and how does that relationship define me?

What were "news books"?

One-time reports of a current event, the first newspaper soon followed in Germany, France, and England in 1604

Our job isn't to _____ but to _____ why they are saying it.

Our job isn't to judge but to understand why they are saying it.

Nut Graf

Part of a news article that talks about what it's about, why it's timely, why it's important, why now and what's at stake; Provides intellectual motor, summarizes the story.

How has each of these transformations changed communication?

Patterns: new community and democratization, political reorganization, tension between fact and faith. Made the exchange of information easier, more textured, more meaningful. Had a democratizing influence: as more people became knowledgeable, they also became better to question their world and the behavior of people and institutions that directed their lives.

Uninterested Public

Pays little attention and will join if information has been laid out.

How did Yahoo and Reuters alter the news distribution model?

People now had access to news and information virtually anywhere and anytime; websites can chart news consumption throughout the day, with noticeable spikes at lunch and in the evening

Who are "staff methodologists"? (p.187)

People who can look at data and help reporters know what kinds of statistics make sense and which don't, which kind of data analysis is logical and which is flawed

What did Encinia plead not guilty towards?

Perjury; But he was lying about Sandra resisting arrest and other circumstances.

Involved Public

Personal stake on an issue and strong understanding

Who's reputations were tarnished due to this story?

Phi Kappa Psi of UVA and Nicole Eramo the Associate Dean of Students

Three Things to Answer when looking at the complex world?

Philosophically: search for knowledge and truth Historically: recognize how different time periods/people work and organize society Sociologically: ID of patterns in the distribution of power in our society

Once a candidate it nominated in the Campaign Trail...

Photographers are told where to stand, sound is available only through a multi-box connected to the podium, and they cannot talk to the president

Examples of authentication stories:

PolitiFact: project of the Washington bureau launched to monitor the accuracy of the candidate's rhetoric during the 2008 presidential election but has gone on to fact-check the political debate in general (pg. 69). ProPublica: media watchdog project called Eye on the Stimulus-represented a whole body of authentication reporting investigating the impact of the government spending package designed to stimulate the economy; focused on job creation, spending, transparency at the federal, state, and local levels. Swine flu false report: 29 cases vs. hundred thousand actually reported.

What is interest group journalism? Why can it be harmful to consumers?

Political groups influencing political dialogue in the news. Producing effects in political outcomes. Harmful because the intent behind the work substantially affects what gets covered in the news-watch for the agenda.

How have African Americans been portrayed by the media?

Poor, criminals, athletes, or entertainers or celebrities.

African Americans displayed as criminals in the media:

Portrayed as perpetrators of crime despite statistics do not support that statement.

Investigative Reporting

Press as activist, reformer, and exposer; after patriotic reporting of World War II, the style of journalism changed.

How did the international media display Rio during the Olympics?

Produced inaccurate reporting that Rio is full of criminals, since they only cover the country negatively; foreign coverage has "an arrogant point of view"

Purpose of Journalism

Provide people with the information they need to be free and self-governing.

Theory of Interlocking by Dave Burgin

Providing a wide range of content, and audiences will decide what they prioritize and what they will disregard.

What did Erdley say about how UVA handled rape cases?

Rapes are kept quiet because the administration is less concerned with protecting students than it is with protecting its own reputation from scandal

Who was the first straight male celebrity known to die from AIDS?

Rock Hudson (1985); showed that the AIDS epidemic is mainstream

Who were Jackie's friends that she called?

Ryan, Alex, and Kathryn

The leading muckraker magazine and what it did:

S.S. McClure focused on tracing the history, leaders, and inner workings of corporations, McClure chose Standard Oil, which was supplying an astounding 90 percent of the oil to light American homes and power factories/he chose a serious-minded woman, Ida Tarbell pg 81

Print Periodicals in Europe in the Early Seventeenth Century:

SPIE and SCOUT granted their constitutional freedom through investigative reporting.

Who wrote the article "A Rape on Campus: Brutal Assault from Justice at UVA"

Sabrina Rubin Erdley

systematic gathering & distributing of news, Journal of Occurrences

Sam Adams created first ____?

How come pool videos have become increasingly popular?

Saves money because they are sharing resources

What are the characteristics of the 19th Century press?

The press became increasingly independent of any political party, gaining further momentum from advertising. Developed a progressive philosophy of reform.

According to Quigley, how would Watergate be covered today?

Search social media profiles for the burglars once you have their names, screen shot everything, run online criminal backgrounds, look up private information via online, live blog and tweet the proceedings from court hearing and use hashtags >> people might reach out to you because of this

Pentagon Papers

Secret Department of Defense study about Vietnam from 1945 to 1967

Guided

See the incident from each perspective in a fixed order

Ideology-as-worldview

Set of social, political, and moral values that shape a social group's interpretation of the world.

Pool Video

Shared by multiple news organizations

How do social media users participate in news?

Sharing news stories, images or videos, and 46% discussed a news event.

What gave Jackie away that the life guard was not real?

She was unsure of the last name and did not know how to spell it; how can you not know the full name of the attacker you fear?

Who was Susan Sontag?

She would say maybe we deserved the attack because of our alliance and actions.

When Stuxnet was founded by the Symantic Research Labs, who was their main target?

Siemens PLCs: Programmable Logic Controller, which is a small computer attached to motors and pumps

Why did Israel do that?

Since their country is close to Iran, they knew that Iran was going to threaten them with nuclear bombs...therefore they were showing Iran what they are capable of doing

How does social media impact the discussion of news events?

Social Media doesn't really facilitate conversation about news. Some don't want their social media audience to disagree with them.

"You can't be neutral on a moving train." means

Society is changing and evolving over time and you have to pick a side.

Bear Witness

Sole observer to monitor and ask questions.

The capacity for empathic conversation goes hand in hand with the capacity for ________.

Solitude

Authentication Stories

Sort out what can/can't be believed (Politifact)

What do the authors mean by "red" media & "blue" media? "Red" truth & "blue" truth?

Speculating new information, in this new information age reality is simply a matter of belief, not anything objective or verified. Rather than trying to find out what was going on, they already decided what is what → different definitions of what is truth

Committee of Public Information (1917) under Woodrow Wilson

Spread war fever by suppressing bad news, equating dissent with disloyalty, and demonizing the enemy.

What were the two associations that were created?

Stanton and Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association only for women in July 1869 and Lucy Stone and her husband formed the less radical American Woman Suffrage Association in January 1870

Stitching

Stitching together the files from multiple camera arrays --> the hardest part about making VR

What is straight news?

Straight news is content that offers us new facts about what happened what was learned yesterday, or what is scheduled to take place today; simple recitation of facts. (pg. 61)

Taught school for 15 years before committing her life to reform efforts, created a partnership with Stanton, they did meetings, petition drives, lectures, a national convention almost every year from 1850 until the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 pg 35

Susan B. Anthony

Interest-group Journalism

Targeted websites or pieces of work, often investigative, that are usually funded by special interests rather than media institutions and designed look like news.

Why are traditional news media suffering in the Internet age?

Technology has decoupled advertising from the news, causing a significant loss of revenue; advertisers no longer just need the news to reach their audience

Who was Ted Turner? What was his contribution to communication? Compare Turner's model to the Associated Press model.

Ted Turner started CNN network, and began offering local stations a bargain: if they shared their local footage with him, he would share his CNN footage, ending the 3 (NBC, CBS, ABC) networks strangle-hold over national and international news. Introduced cable, idea of 24 hours of news. Compare Turner's model to the Associated Press model: Networks tightly controlled information, determined what Americans could and couldn't see, these networks didn't share footage with their own affiliated stations until after it was aired

What do studies show about the Olympics?

That the Olympics create no economic benefits, yet cities and nations still fight to host them

Explain the difference between "trust me" news and "show me" news.

The "me" in "trust me" refers to the journalist. The "me" in "show me" refers to the audience, the news consumer.

Robert Quigley covered:

The Digital Revolution helps us dig and Watergate

Professor Wanda Cash covered:

The Freedom of Information Act and The Struggle for Information

Despite the words of praise toward New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune from the coverage of 9/11, what were they missing?

They did not cover what motivations Bin Laden had towards the attack

Newspaper "Appeal to Reason" paid Upton Sinclair $500 to live among Chicago stockyard workers while writing about the conditions; The Jungle

The Jungle wrote about people falling into huge vats so people were unknowingly eating flesh" it was fiction that made people think. Pres Roesvelt sent people to double check claims pg 83

What was the name of the newspaper Stanton and Anthony printed and what happened with it?

The Revolution, the masthead, "Men, Their Rights and Nothing More; Women Their Rights and Nothing Less.", circulation never exceeded 3,000 and only survived until 1870 and leaving 10,000 in unpaid bills

Steffen's tangible legacy?

The Shame of the Cities and it helped usher in the city-manager form of government pg 79

Crystallized Intelligence

The ability to use products of lifelong education that have been stored in long-term memory. It is the ability to make analogies and comparisons about things you have studied before. This accumulation is key to understanding and wisdom.

What is the Q of the story?

The added element to the five W's and one H: any questions raised about the event (in the audience's mind? Are those questions mentioned in some way?) May be the most important part as it opens further inquiry.

What was their first suspicion that inspired them to investigate Watergate?

The address books of two of the burglars contained the name E.Howard Hunt. Also, one of the books had "W.H." and in the other, "W. House"

What should guide the way of skeptical knowing?

The amount of effort we can detect that the journalist or presenter made to com through the sources and the evidence and the degree to which they did so with an open and skeptical mind.

When revealing information you should look at ____ and ____ before do so?

The benefits of releasing the information and who is could potentially harm if you do so.

Empirical Data

The data on which we build our attempts to describe the world

Ideology-as-worldview

a set of social, political, and moral values, attitudes, outlooks, and beliefs that shape a social groups's interpretation of the world.

What did Erdley fail to do?

The editors and Erdley went ahead with the article despite not knowing the life guard's name or existence

The government uses ___________ and _________ as an excuse to ________ from the american people

The government uses classified and dangerous as an excuse to hide information from the public.

What is journalistic objectivity?

The idea of the journalist as an independent broker who has verified the news that is published and who offers multiple points of view

What was the American's public perception of the mainstream news media in the 1970s? How does that compare to now?

The public perception of mainstream news was that it was always right, always the truth, idolized anchors like Walter Cronkite. Compared to now, people are unsure of who to believe, and no longer idolize news anchors; too many ways of getting information, have to find the truth for yourself.

What was the purpose of the NSA Character?

The purpose of the NSA character was to create a simple story to understand and hide the identities of those that shared information with them.

Sense-making News

The meaning of the facts (Women war hero)

When you choose not to take a side, you are apart of what side?

The more powerful

Question of evidence

The most complex, challenging and important element of sifting through the news about the world around us; evidence is interlinked with sources; quality of sources is evidence.

What did the African American press cover?

The necessity for advancements in education, entrepreneurial achievement, and remedies for poor living conditions that have worsened due to bureaucratic neglect.

Why has investigative reporting been called Advocacy Reporting?

The news outlet is taking an implied stance on the issue that some wrongdoing has occurred; "Reporting with a Sense of Outrage" Les Whitten

Analytical Question

The organization of that data in a meaningful fashion

What is clerkism?

The practice of uncritically accepting the official version of things

Clerkism

The practice of uncritically accepting the official version of things.

"Vietnam Syndrome"

The reluctance of many Americans to the United States becoming involved in a military conflict unless assured of a quick victory

What do we mean by "voice of God" sourcing?

The telling of information directly, as if the media knew this information on its own authority.

What are the two strands of knowledge or ways of trying to understand existence?

The tension b/w knowledge based on observation and experience and knowledge grounded on faith and belief

What is triangulation?

The use of multiple reference points to verify an account.

Kurt and Gladys Lang (1953) studied...

The way television production alters the message and favors the dominant ideology

What does Poindexter believe?

There are two dimensions of mainstream reporting towards racial and ethnic groups: exclusion and inclusion

Problems with firsthand witnesses

They can have faulty recollection; collaboration could have occurred.

The News answered which of the 5 W and Hs? And Why did they or didn't they?

They didn't answer the why, because they feared it would seem like they are going against the government. The audience would also have to understand the complex and multifaceted international issues, such as, cultural and regional difference that create relationships between us and others.

Obviously, the Iraq War was stupid and shouldn't of happened, what DIDN'T happen to the officials who okayed it?

They haven't been held accountable for their actions

What did Facebook do when the iconic photo was shown on their website?

They removed it because it violated their standards about nudity on social media.

What did Iran do with the Stuxnet virus?

They responded to America and Israel's attack by 1. shutting down the biggest oil company in the world (in the US) and wiping out the software and 2. Blocking Americans from using their banks such as Bank of America, PNC, and Wells Fargo)

What does the Director of Zero Days think is the next step for American to get more information?

They should be aware of what is going on and demand that their representative to more to release the information hidden from them.

Why should the press had answered the why element?

They should have said why, because it lets the public understand the event and how the country should respond to it.

What did they do?

They took the code and launched it, and instead of hiding they let Stuxnet be known and it shut down computers

How would Zero Days find witness(S) or sources?

They went out and talked to other people at conferences or events to spread the news of what they were trying to do. Those that wanted people to know the truth would step forward.

Strobel and Landay did what for 9/11?

They worked to find evidence that said the gov. white house stories and press release had plot holes.

How would Zero Days create a main character with the code?

They would create visual context by using what the experts found or told them.

Journalists are neutral expect when they aren't, what does this mean and who is an example?

This means that they say they aren't picking sides, but they lean towards one thing or pick sides on certain topics. Don Rather's would be an example because he's "neutral" to politics, but not about American's going war.

Who are "news grazers"? (p.173)

Those who acquire information from multiple platforms at different times

How do you build the characters and buildings?

Through 3D modeling programs

How is VR experienced?

Through a head mounted display or smartphone using Google Cardboard of Samsung's Gear VR

How do these leaders control the video pools?

Through camera placement and guidelines in how a hearing can be presented; floor activity is monitored by robotic cameras

What is the two-source rule?

To not go with an anonymously sourced story unless it was corroborated by a second source

Purpose of Journalism

To provide people with information to be free and self-governing.

Sense Maker

To put context in a way that turns information into knowledge.

What were the politician's first response in dealing with AIDs?

To regulate gay men's sexual behaviors

Why was Erdley and the editors so lenient on Jackie in giving solid information?

To respect the victim. The memory might be too painful for the victim to talk about therefore they were patient and flexible in how much information they can have

What was Stuxnet originally used for?

To shut down Iran's machine's that were making nuclear bombs --> Pipeline explosions and assassinations of nuclear scientists in Iran

Where does most of the money being made from the Olympics go?

To the wealthy and the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Faux Watchdogism

Too often the stories focus on risks to personal safety or consumer pocketbooks, not to citizens' freedoms; based on day-to-day circumstances such as the dangers of opening doors and what not to put in your washing machine.

Journalism of Verification

Traditional model that puts the highest value on accuracy and context.

Why do we care about open government?

Transparency and Accountability (how and why is our money being spent?)

T or F: Almost half of adult Americans rely on Facebook as a news source

True

True/False: In an age when the press is no longer a monopoly it must earn its authority by providing knowledge (p.186)

True.

True/False: News consumption has become a more proactive experience (p.174)

True.

True/False: The newsroom, as an abstraction, disseminates knowledge in one highly restricted form- the individual story

True.

True/False: Transparency comes closer to conveying the original meaning of what came to be called "objectivity in news" (p.185)

True.

New Paradigm Reporting

Try to make sense of events beyond a single one; data reporting (database)

What are authentication stories?

Try to sort out for the audience what can or can't be believed about past events; primary purpose is not to provide new facts to help derive new meaning, but to verify facts so that audiences can determine what facts or competing claims they can trust; stories about proof , trying to prove a case → must be enough evidence

National Fundamentalism

US is self-interested but advances toward creating a just and peaceful world.

Watchdog

Uncover wrongdoing.

Ideology-as-insult

Understood as a belief system that is impractical or fanatical.

Technological Fundamentalism

Use of high-energy/high technology is a good thing and any problems can be remedied by more technology.

What are the hallmarks of journalism of affirmation?

Using evidence and attitudes toward those whom you disagree with. An anchor tipping his hand by affirming one side of an argument or another. Graphics at the bottom of the screen that affirm a particular view of news, even if the narrator sounds more neutral. When hosts only invite guests that they agree with. Segments that always allow one side to get the last word. Occurring when an interviewer uses guests as foils or targets. Host battles guest whom he imagines the audience despises (ex. Do you still beat your wife?).

21st century civil rights activism

Using technology, social media and a decentralized organizing strategy to hold authorities accountable and agitate for change.

Immersive Journalism

VR pieces will complement other forms of reporting than replace them

What's the news experience like on Facebook?

Very diverse topics, roughly half FB users see six different topics. The most common news is entertainment (73%)

Which jail was she taken to, when was she found dead, and how did she die?

Waller County Jail in Houston; July 13; by committing suicide through hanging (using a plastic trash bag)

Initial Questions Asked? (2)

Was this a new cyber weapon? How does the code work?

Examples of Sense Making News:

Washington Post story →explained why people might not be able to identify the names of George W. Bush's cabinet members in his second term → president's agenda has been narrowed and most key decisions are now being made in the West Wing. New York Times story → woman who supports abortion, but after genetic testing still decides to carry her Down syndrome baby to term → explains how genetic testing can defy expectations. Jessica Lynch (pgs. 67-68)

Who played a leading role in exposing Nixon?

Washington Post's Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

Abolitionist Argument

We are all God's children, therefore slavery is a sin.

Having personal beliefs is fine, but we have to agree on _____.

We have to agree on a set of truths.

Pro-slavery Advocate Argument

We provide food, shelter, water, and any other necessity for the slaves.

What 4 expectations should consumers have for sense-making news? (pg.118)

We should expect that there should be enough evidence to reasonably prove the case (we should expect to be shown evidence and be able to decide for ourselves). We should expect that the accounts being disproved be given a fair hearing (we should see evidence that the null hypothesis or alternative understandings of the events has been explored). We should expect the unclear or unanswered elements to be acknowledged. We should expect the coverage of a subject to continue in some form to keep us informed of what impact, if any, its disclosure has had.

With the Iraq War, why shouldn't we have gone to war?

We shouldn't have gotten to war because the UNITED Nations Article 39 and 51 did not apply to the United States and wasn't voted for in the United Nation Committee. We used 9/11 as an attack on U.S. (although no one was invading or otherwise harming us) to go to war.

Personal Question

What aspects of my unique personality are most central to who I am?

What question is the most complex, challenging and important element of sifting through the news?

What evidence is presented, and how was it tested or vetted? The question of evidence requires discipline and patience

snowballs and guns and guards,

What happened when British troops were sent?

Questions we should ask when encountering news?

What kind of content? Is the information complete and if not, what's missing? Who, What, Where, When, Why and How?

Colonies would create their own laws but the royals would still have veto power

What shocking idea was introduced?

journal entries in Journal of Occurrences that had stories of what British troops did

What was created against the British troops?

What is the Socratic method? What other method does it sound similar to?

When each person uses personal observations and reason to challenge the assertions or beliefs of another. Then together, in dialogue, people employ reason and experience to compare assertions with observed reality to form knowledge. Similar to empiricism and consensus.

Theory of the Interlocking Public

involved public, interested public, uninterested public

What is incidental news acquisition? How does it occur?

When people learn about things they might not be interested in; occurs because TV viewers could not pick and choose what they wanted to watch; had to watch the programs designed or turn them off-only 4.

Give an example of sourcing when the audience was the witness.

When we watch a live televised event on TV, or if we are there in person, at a game, meeting, speech, etc.

audience was the witness

When we watch a live televised event on TV, or if we are there in person, at a game, meeting, speech, etc.

What is portable ignorance? How is it useful to information seekers?

When you assume nothing, ask everyone to demonstrate/prove anything they said or claimed. Useful for information seekers because it allows the report to be built brick by brick from eyewitness account and other facts are provided to the journalist directly by sources. Provides context and potential foreshadowing.

Authenticator

Which accounts should the audience believe and which should they not.

Who was most famous of the crusading editors?

William Lloyd Garrison(Liberator, a boston weekly he was editor for 35 years and started in 1831)

Lucy Stone created a less abrasive paper: 1870

Woman's Journal, discussed the importance of women's rights and how it would make women want to improve, instead of rhetoric, it was written like a traditional newspaper, 1870-1933, circulation of 6,000, financed through a stock company pg 38

What happened 1907? What happened 1913?

Women's Political Union (Blatch) National Women's Party

Mouth Piece Journalism

Writing stories based on the official statements from the government's army of public relations. The other newspapers were using this form of journalism for Watergate.

Thomas Paine

Wrote for "Pennsylvania Magazine." Introduced a writing style that aimed at extending political discussion in all classes without adding flowery language.

Frederick Douglas

Wrote for the "North Star"

Who was the psychologist and what did she discover in her 2014 study at a kids camp without cellphones?

Yalda T. Uhls; They were able to read facial expressions and correctly identify the emotions of actors in video tape scenes significantly better than a control group.

Can people be grabbed by understandable but broad-based fear?

Yes because they can see the good and bad, making decisions in fear, and having errors in judgement because of fear.

Why is online life so enticing?

You live in a state of perpetual anticipation of the next social encounter.

Journalism of Affirmation:

a new political media that builds loyalty less on accuracy, completeness, or verification than on affirming the beliefs of its audiences, and so tends to cherry-pick information that serves that purpose. Example: talk shows-the host posing as an anchor and affirming preconceptions of the audience, assuring them, gaining their loyalty, and converting it into advertisement revenue (Rita Skeeter of the Daily Prophet)

fluid intelligence nurtures ____

a set of skills that exist in the moment of what is happening, and don't come out of previous wisdom or knowledge. nurtures mental ability to make decisions in the heat of the moment along with mental agility and quick perception.

What did the women's life with childbirth look like?

a woman would normally give birth to a child every two years through her 40s and those children died early and she lost her health as well as her looks by the mid 20s. pg 32

What were some of the hardships that women faced?

a woman's identity was based off her husband, a woman could not vote, could not retain property in marriage, no custody of children

Half of Brazilians were __________ the Olympic games.

against

Information Subsidies are...

an attempt for state entities to control messages being presented to the public; they are "helping" journalists

You work up to a report that ____ and tells _____

an understanding of what is happening and tell the truth

Knowledge Journalism

analyzes problems deductively and a 'political logic' of their peers, criticizing the tendency of journalists to define problems in terms of conflict, drama, and personalities, to falsely balance claims, or to present policy option sin terms of just a few choices"

Who is Deep Throat?

anonymous source would confirm facts

'Common Sense'

anti-British pamphlet urging for social revolution and written by Thomas Paine

evaluating anonymous sources

ask who the source is, if that can't be answered ask why we should accept the validity of the source.see if the source is corroborated by other non-anonymous accounts

How was Garrison being attacked?

at all angels from press around country pg. 22

Even before 9/11, Bush was planning to...

attack Iraq 8 months prior to 9/11: Seeking justice for American deaths or advancing in a political agenda?

What is the key step to investigative reporting

attaining a list of names and addresses persistence is key Deep Through

plus/minuses of having digital communication. 1. attention? 2.conversation? 3. solitude?

attention plus, because we can never get bored, cuz we can put our attention were we want it. convo plus, cuz when the convo dies off you can move to another world that interests you. plus/minus, convos start to be relatively light with no real attraction, so people drop in and out of them solitude minus, students feel a sense of loss

The question is how to we ______ the plus and minus?

balance

John Dewey

believed that the press' role was to better people - "Democracy the ends, not the means"

What happened 1890 involving women's association?

both wings joined to become National American Women Suffrage Association

Garrison, Frances Todd and the black list.

chaining up slaves in his boat to LA. true but Francis sued him for libel and won so Garrison was in jail for 49 days.

What happened after Steffens revealed the corruption that inevitably occurred when elected politicians ran local government?

cities such Toledo, Cleveland, and Detroit opted to hire professional administrators who had training and experience in operating large organizations

Being online is like being a part of the greatest _______ ______ ever and it is going on all the time.

cocktail party

How do digital distractions unplug us from reality? (3) think convos and solitude

conversation is humanizing have a convo w/people but can't be real w/phones solitude, reclaim it to learn and think of ideas of your own.

Why was there magazine growth?

country's rapid growth, the population doubled between 1880 and 1900 and because of advertising

Eternal Truth

covering mundane stories can sometimes lead to big stories

Frederick Douglas

creator of 'North Star' that wrote about his own slavery experiences

Fluid Intelligence

is a set of skills that exist in the moment. It's the ability to perceive situations and navigate to solutions in novel situations, independent of long experience.

Main Achievement of 1800s African-American Press

destroyed mindset that slaves were kind and required the help of white people

The wrong direction with photojournalism is....

doing what you have seen before

Type of writing used by abolitionists

emotional rhetoric like Tom Paine

ida Tarbell and McClure's effect

enlisted by McClure, boosted Mclure's circulation by350 - 500,000 - Congress passed the Hepburn Act which made penalties for preferential arrangements by railroads so severe that the practice quickly ceased, 1911, Standard Oil was ruled to have been violating the Sherman Antitrust Act and was later on forced to dissolve into 38 smaller comp pg 82

what do we look for with expert journalists?

familiarity (has written reports/stories before), the sources that the journalists rely on; the more specific the source, the more trustworthy account.

Good report is need to make a ____

film

William Randolph Hearst started a series "The Treason of the Senate" in Cosmopolitan with Phillips in 1906, what happened with it?

first article focused on senators Depew and Platt about their greed and political favors, Phillips documented that 75 of the 90 senators were controlled by corporations, Cosmopolitan circulation went from 200,000 to 450,000, Phillips proposed that the voters of each state should select senators directly, by 1912, all of the bad 75 senators were gone, 1913, amendment passed that had people vote for senators pg 86

What was the watergate story?

five forgers broke into watergate hotel in June 1972. Atypical burglars carried money into the building burglary was linked to the campaign to reelect Nixon

Bad Journalism of Woodstein

form of getting their information was aggressive to sources and their ethics were slightly skewed

What was Woodsteins first break

found the address book of the burglars with the name E. Howard Hunt

Lovejoy wanted to reform society so he did what?

he established a Presbyterian newspaper in 1834 in Missouri (St. Louis Observer) pg 18

What happened fall of 1837 to Rev. Elijah Lovejoy?

he was shot after trying to protect his fourth printing press due to his fight against slavery

Deepthroat

high-ranking anonymous source for Woodstein Watergate investigation that would steer them away from false leads

Notecards for Chapter 1,3,4,5,6 here:

https://quizlet.com/hannah_jacobson3

look at what people are...

ignoring

*neutrality is an _______.

illusion

Interest-group Journalism:

includes targeted websites or pieces of work, often investigative, that are usually funded by special interests rather than media institutions and designed to look like news. Example: BigGovernment.com, Watchdog.org

Your job as a reporter

is not to judge what they are saying but to understand why people think and act the way they do

when evaluating anonymous sources, journalists are asked to discern

is this news newsworthy, if this information can be acquired in another way and Does the source have a record of reliability

Why would the Founding Fathers have been ashamed?

it turned into a nation of the corporation by the corporation

problems for society due to digital communication (3)

lack of empath little tolerance for solitude low tolerance for boring people or topics

In the mid-80s aids began to be depicted as a ________ disease

mainstream

crystallized intelligence nurtures ____

making a decision based of previous knowledge/wisdom/ nurtures learning to understand the world

journalist as an expert

medical journalists

The "Diversity in News" chart demonstrates inclusion:

minor inclusion, stereotypes, underrepresentation, segregation, and major inclusion.

Journalism of Assertion:

newer model that puts the highest value on immediacy and volume and in so doing tends to become a passive conduit of information. Example: TMZ, tabloids, cable TV, blogging

Challenges to Filming Zero Days:

no one wanted to talk They didn't know how the code worked at first. Didn't know how to make a story with the main character being an inanimate object.

talking points

preconfigured phrases and political-marketing buzzwords developed by communications specialists to manipulate public perception and designed to avoid conflicting descriptions of a program, idea, belief, or a product.

You need to be able to move forward so you can achieve...

progress

Sometimes the story is ____ away.

not far away. Some stories are write down the street.

• Neutrality

o "You can't be neutral on a moving train" - Howard Zinn ♣ this challenges the though of neutrality saying you can either go with the flow or you fight against it - but you are doing something either way o No one is, or can be a neutral observer of the world o No such thing as neutral words when talking about the world ♣ Your word choice implies a judgement o Every attempt to gather information to understand the world is biased on an understanding pf the world and how it works ♣ Ex. Columbus __________ America ♣ Ex. Iraq War vs. invasion and occupation of Iraq • War infers lawful means of war and invasions infers unlawful war o To be neutral between a powerful and powerless actor is not remaining neutral but to side with the powerful

Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention 1848

occurred at home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Elizabeth placed a public notice in the Seneca County Courier , 300 people heeded Stanton's call(Lucretia Mott and Amelia Bloomer were two of them), at the end of the 2 day meeting, 62 women and 32 men signed their names to a Declaration of Sentiments, pg 34

What are the negative consequences of the story

over glorification, everyone wanted wood stein reporting

Good Journalism of Woodstein

participated in shoe-leather reporting, wrote every bit of information down and had multiple sources

What is shoe leather reporting?

persistence is key reporters would not give up

'Crisis' Papers

series of essays published in Pennsylvania Gazette and written by Thomas Paine that were intended to lift troops spirits

Framing is a...

socialization strategy

thirdhand account

the neighbor is the contact of a journalist; the journalist is the third hand account

secondhand account

the person at the scene told their neighbor; the neighbor is a second hand account. A source who is a direct participant in the story, but not a witness. ex: police investigating a murder, firefighter who is investigating how a fire started, paramedic who rushed to the scene

firsthand account

the person was at the scene and witnessed the event themselves; eyewitness

What was the fourth branch?

the press was the fourth branch -took all four branches to bring a close to the watergate story

Saturday Night Massacre

the resignation of Nixon's Attorney General and Deputy General due to them refusing to fire Watergate Special Prosecutor, Archibald Cox

ideology-as-power

the ruling group controls societies beliefs and impose them on to the less powerful

Watergate

the scandal that stemmed from the break-in at the DNC and ultimately ended Nixon's presidency

Four prominent conceptual threads

the subjective nature of feed video, the cooptation for journalism through information subsidies, the uneven treatment of feed images by news organizations and video as a transcription

"voice of god" sourcing

the telling of information directly, as if the media knew this information on its own authority

What did the newspaper's reports during this time show?

they abused their power by slowing the movement with their hateful articles pg 43

How did Lovejoy's death change the abolitionist movement?

they thought they could simply educate slave owners but they then realized they would have to be more aggressive

Walter Lippmann

thought that press must play an agenda setting role

two-source rule

to not go with an anonymously sourced story unless it was corroborated by a second source

Eli Reed Reporting in a "Post-Truth" World

• Assertion on fake news o the information flood has strained our capacities to sort fact from fiction o fake news is a new phenomenon o we live in a post truth world o epistemological devaluation is our means of knowing the world more fragile • Arguments against these o The idea of "age of fact" came into prominence after world war 2 ♣ Society was speeding up o Fake news has always been around, just not called that ♣ Fake news: speed, volume, technological tools ♣ Gossip on steroids: facebook, twitter, google ♣ Old fake news: gossip, emotional appeal ♣ New fake news: amplified, social media platforms o Alternative facts were also at work in the lead up to the Iraq War and 9/11 coverage ♣ Rival narratives are nothing new • Ex. Gallileo vs. the church ♣ Commercial interests have faked the news too • Ex. Fredrick Remmingtons pictures on Spanish/American war o Optimistic - people will know when the truth is missing o 1985 Neil Postman (media ecologist) ♣ brought from out of the country to see what we could not • Random Shit from lecture??? o TV sacrifices quality of ideas to entertainment values o Electronic media are popular so talks about politics, public affairs, and religion have become watered down and the news has become a packaged commodity ♣ Thus we "immersed ourselves" to death o Society gets dumber and dumber to its own interests o Sagan ♣ Having your own beliefs is fine but we have to agree on a set of facts for how things work • Kate Starbird o Studies conspiracy programming websites ♣ Many conspiracy tweets are replicated by automatic bots ♣ All sources lead to one spot ♣ Media literacy is the best defense • Sherry Turkle: Plusses and Minuses o pros and cons to technology in communication ♣ Pro • Putting attention wherever you want it to be • When a lull in conversation occurs you can shift your attention to your phone ♣ Both • Conversation is kept light on topics they feel they can drop in and out of ♣ Con • Students felt feelings of loss o Problems for society ♣ Lack of empathy ♣ Low tolerance for solitude ♣ Low tolerance for boring people or topics o Conversation is the most human thing we do • David Brooks: Unkranky View o Fluid and Crystallized intelligence ♣ Fluid intelligence • Set of skills that exist in the moment • Ability to perceive and adapt to situations o Ex. Ability to navigate online • Nurtures mental agility, clever performance, quick perception, and instant evaluation ♣ Crystallized intelligence • Ability to use experience, knowledge of lifelong education • Accumulates and leads to knowledge • Ability to make analogies and connections to past

The journalist as a thinker: Bob Jensen and the Iraq War vs. Invasion and Occupancy of Iraq

• Four basic questions about a claim being made o What are the unstated assumptions behind the claim and how do those assumptions affect our understanding? o How are terms being defined and might those definitions favor one position over another? o What is the quality of the evidence being offered and is full range of evidence being acknowledged? o Does the evidence lead in logical fashion to the claim being made?

Journalism of Verification:

traditional model that puts the highest value on accuracy and context. Example: traditional news, news in the simplest form, stories telling what's new

We can't use neutral terms because we have to use ______.

underlying judgment when choosing the language we use

triangulation

use of multiple reference points to verify an account

Tweed Days in St. Louis article

was a wake-up call to alert the American public to the immorality driving through city officials, his expose of St. Louis reported that city aldermen had crafted a system of governance based on bribery and corruption pg 78

laissez-faire

which often meant adopting no policies whatsoever

Eli said to look at the world with...

with eyes wide open.

Thomas Paine

writer of 'Common Sense' and 'Crisis' papers that extended political discussion to all classes of people

the term muckracking

young Theodore Roosevelt supported journalistic reform but he criticized them for always looking for something bad to print and came up with the term

Journalism of Affirmation

˛¸Çhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bzgo-iv0qV2cRkhWUzNGaloyN00M,.A new political media that builds loyalty less on accuracy, completeness, or verification than on affirming the beliefs of its audiences, and so tends to cherry-pick information that serves that purpose.

Mightier Than the Sword

• 9/11 provided the internet's "great leap forward as a source of information • News outlets steered clear of identifying the motivations of the terrorists (aka the why) because they were afraid doing so might be interoperated as unpatriotic/justifying attacks o Another explanation is journalists were overwhelmed by the challenge of answering the who, what, when, and where ♣ Critics said journalists should've done more to block white house campaign to invade Iraq • Were seen as compliant o News media failed the American public in the coverage of 9/11 o White house provided black and white answers to the attack against Iraq as good guys vs bad guys and media mirrored this • Buying the War: Probes the Press failed o White house says Iraq is axis of evil o Suggested Sadaam Hussain was behind 9/11 o Said Sadaam had links with Al Qaeda and possessed WMDs o Press went along with these ideas as to not appear unpatriotic and avoid criticism • March 19, 2003 we invade Iraq o Reason given for attack: weaken Al Qaeda and Taliban ♣ Bring freedom to people of Iraq ♣ Gain control of world's oil supply ♣ Weaken one of Israel's greatest enemies ♣ Finish what his father started in Persian Gulf '91 ♣ Use easy victory in Iraq to intimidate other nations

Minorities and the Media Poindexter

• Pivotal points in American Journalism o Hutchins Commission report 1947 ♣ What society should expect from journalism • Truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of day's events in context that gives them meaning • A forum for the exchange of comment and criticism • Projection of a representative picture of the constituent groups in society • Presentation and clarification of the goals and values of society • Full access to the days intelligence o Kerner Commission Report ♣ Criticism of the reporting of African Americans • Emphasized the news had not communicated the difficulties and frustrations of being African American in the US and not shown understanding or appreciation of African American culture, thought, or history o 5 reccommendations for improving news coverage of African Americans ♣ embrace idea that fair and accurate news coverage of African Americans is the responsibility of every journalist ♣ learn the meanings of diversity in news coverage ♣ counteract racial assumptions with historical context and facts ♣ use definitions of diversity in news coverage to establish a goal ♣ work at diversity everyday • African Americans have been portrayed as poor, criminals, athletes, or celebrities in the media • Underrepresented o OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS ♣ Stereotyping • A lot of groups are stereotyped in the News • Term coined by Walter Lippman ♣ Gatekeeping • Making decisions on what society sees • Hold a lot of power and responsibility ♣ Social learning theory • Modeling or observational learning • Can be pro-social or anti-social ♣ Agenda setting • Journalists have a lot of power in choosing what gets reported ♣ Framing theory • Choosing the content of news • What gets included/excluded • Can set the frame of what an audience talks about ♣ Implicit bias • Negative associations that people unknowingly hold about groups • Need to be aware of it ♣ Taxonomy • If you report it a that way, the public talks about it in that way • You could possibly be perpetuating the stereotypes o Poindexters advice ♣ Enhance diversity awareness • Know population statistics • Know key history ♣ Cultivate diverse expert and regular sources ♣ Be aware of implicit bias ♣ Familiarize yourself with Hutchins and Kerner commission reports and diversity taxonomy ♣ Avoid stereotyping ♣ Cultivate diversity first ♣ Extend diversity in news to social media ♣ Become informed on issues about people of color ♣ Develop and implement a plan to encourage feedback

Alex Gibney: Zero Days

• Stuxnet o Cyberattack against a nuclear power plant in Iran o Malicious computer virus jointly built by the United States and Israel ♣ Although neither side officially confirms it o Part of a broader plan that could disable Iran's infrastructure • Gibney's worry o Global lack of transparency has prevented society from negotiating necessary treaties and safeguards o When do we decide not to pursue innovation and hold back for the greater good o NOBODY WANTED TO TALK ABOUT STUXNET • Documenting News o Documentaries are a form of reporting o In a film, you have less random access - you need to simplify and lead the viewer opposed to print media o Used a new form of fictional composite character ♣ Allowed sources to feel more protected in coming forward • Main Themes o Have we entered a new nuclear era with a new enemy that we basically have no defense against o What is the larger thing in Iran? Why do we not know more about it?

Reporting 9/11

• The importance of Critical Thinking o Use your rational mind o Be aware of your own biases o Beware believing something to be true without knowing it to be true o Put emotions aside o avoid confirmation bias • Our awareness instinct demands that we put events into context • 9/11 reporters did not supply the why to American public o this was essential for people to understand the event and decide how their country should react o in times of crisis the public can be gripped by understandable but broad-based fears • Strobel And Landay: Film Buying the War o Knight Ridder reporters were skeptical early on o Suspected the info on WMDs was coming from a single source o Found holes in the White House's story ♣ Disproved White House's reasons behind the attack on Iraq • What we can learn from it o Journalism of Verification can save us from error o Verifying accuracy is not an academic exercise o Facts are important but so is putting them in context o Even prestigious gatekeepers can mess up o Skeptical way of knowing is a good way of knowing (importance of internal logic)

These four questions provide starting point for the assessment of how strong an argument is

• Three levels of the question "Who am I" o Ecological: on what principles should my relationship to the non-human world be grounded, and how does that relationship define me? ♣ Reminds us that we are part of nature not separate from it o Societal: On what principles should my relationships to others be grounded, and how do those relationships define me? ♣ Our sense of self is connected to how we understand our relationship to others o Personal: What aspects of my unique personality are most central to who I am? • Understanding our complex world

The digital Revolution: Robert Quigley

• What would happen If Watergate happened today? o Key differences ♣ Anonymity • Key leaks like Deep throat would not have been able to maintain their secrecy in the media age • A media outlet now would not allow a story to be steered so heavily by a nameless source ♣ Blowback • The goofs and mistakes made my Woodward and Bernstein would be picked up by a fact checking media source and would lose their... ♣ Credibility • Due in part by highly publicized and self-inflicted wounds ♣ Deliberate Pace • Watergate then took a long time to mature - but in todays would the White House delay and delay until the media lost interest and moves on? o Then vs Now ♣ Information gathering • Then was going to the courts and record rooms • Now is FOYA requests, the internet, screenshots, social media ♣ Live coverage • Then was large, expensive, heavy complicated equipment • Now is smartphones and live streaming • Hand out shovels: the public can help you dig o Letting everyone in the public get involved can be beneficial o Release the tapes to enough people and let them tag information they know to help • Verifying Information o In the digital age ♣ A lot of information coming through a lot of channels ♣ Open it more by allowing anonymous tips ♣ As you verify this info - you can post small pieces and allow public to piece it together o Digital is not a substitution for traditional verification of information • David Farenthold o Investigated Trumps 6 million dollar "donation" promise o Where did the money go? o Used twitter and social media to publish results as he went o Discovered the Billy Bush and Trump video

Covering Civil Rights: From Money, Mississippi 1955 to Charlottesville

• Why focus on the 1950s? o Origin point of comprehensive news media coverage of civil rights movement and minorities o Important stories raise questions of visibility ♣ How well do we see the realities of our own societies? o Civil Rights movement grew to be the most dynamic American news story of the 20th century o Set the stage for big changes o A good journalist should know history • Gunnar Myrdal o 1944 "An Astonishing Ignorance" o Swedish economist brought to United States o Told us what we could not see about ourselves • Black Press vs White Press o Southern black press was central and first to report civil rights o Northern mainstream press ignored it o Northern press was the best hope at change but people were ignoring the problem o UNTIL... • Important movements o Emmet Till trial ♣ Court case of a young Chicago boy murdered after an altercation in a convenience store while visiting family in Mississippi • The white men put on trial for the beating and dumping of his body were declared not guilty ♣ brought African American press into the white led courtroom ♣ Brought northern white press into the deep south in multitudes for the race story ♣ First massive move by northern mainstream press ♣ Northerners were shocked and shaken by what they read o 1954 Brown v. the Board of Education o Little Rock 9 • A reporters obligation to history o Reporting Techniques ♣ Time Frames • Ex. "Baltimore 1967 to 2015, what has changed and what hasn't" - Time Magazine ♣ Frames of Reference • Ex. Karen Attian "How western media would cover Baltimore if it happened elsewhere" ♣ Generational Frames • Ex. Chicago kids to media "you don't know us" o Stories grow out of older stories and unresolved issues o It is not possible to convey important information to an audience if we don't know the historical context