final

Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?

A prestigious medical journal published a paper reporting a link, but was later retracted for falsifying data.

A person who avoids public places or situations because they are viewed as not "safe" would most likely be diagnosed with:

Agoraphobia

What is the system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Elise exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans

Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has ____.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which disorder is characterized by constant worry over minor and catastrophic events, alongside of common complaints of muscle tension, fatigue, and irritability?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Which of the following is the best distinction between hallucinations and delusions?

Hallucinations are sensory/perceptual while delusions are beliefs.

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Lee has a genetic predisposition towards depresssion, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

Ron was in a motorcyle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

Which statement best describes the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system is the command center; the peripheral nervous system carries out the commands.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.

The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.

The phrase "aversion" should be changed to the work "exposure."

How do drugs classified as "SSRIs," such as Prozac, alter neuronal communication?

They increase the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking its reuptake into the axon terminal.

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

above average birth weight

The arrival of a(n)____ causes synaptic vesicles to be released from their protein anchors, allowing the vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and release ____ into the synaptic cleft.

action potential; neurotransmitters

The ________, which is involved in identifying, remembering, and responding to fear and aggression, takes its name from the Greek word for "________."

amygdala; almond

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

In the famous Harry Potter books, one of the main characters is Voldermort. This individual kills at will, thinks only of his own needs, and manipulates people into doing his bidding. He even uses magic to destroy anyone hwo gets in his way. If Voldermort were seeing a psychologist, which diagnosis would be the most appropriate?

antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of _____ disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attachs or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

Which of the following may be the most accurate way to view personality disorders?

as a pervasive pattern of thoughts and behaviors that interfere with functioning

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

The pediatrician tells Danny's mother that his attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is due to underactivity of specific neurotransmitters in his brain. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify?

biological

Dr. Wills treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ____ therapy.

biomedical

For the previous six weeks or so, Carlton's co-workers have noticed that he has seemed very sad much of the time. He has also stopped going to team lunches and stays in his office on his own far more than usual. However, in the last few days, he has seemed very different. He has been in an excited state much of the time, talking more rapidly than usual, and many of his ideas at team meetings seem unrealistic and overambitious. Which of the following disorders are Carlton's symptoms most consistent with?

bipolar disorder

Specific phobias can be categorized by type. Which of the following is a type of specific phobia?

blood-injury type; symptoms include a fear of blood or needles

Etiology is another word for _____

causes

Police Officer Amy Randall suspects that the driver of a car in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. She pulls the driver over and administers a field sobriety test. She asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. This test is performed because the ____ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol.

cerebellum

Synaptic communication between two neurons usually occurs via ____.

chemical messengers

Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light‑dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats' current ____, aka internal clock.

circadian rhythm

What type of therapy helps the client modify maladaptive thoughts and actions?

cognitive behavioral therapy

What is the uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behaviors and attitudes do not match?

cognitive dissonance

The process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts or schemas is known as what?

cognitive restructuring

Nolan has been diagnosed with depression, borderline personality disorder, and a phobia of social interactions. Since Nolan has multiple mental disorders at once, we would say that a high ________ exists in his case.

comorbidity

Luis is 10 years old. He is becoming quite good at arguing with his parents over such topics as what his bedtime should be and whether he has eaten enough of his dinner to have dessert. He loves toys and projects that involve hands-on learning, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts. According to Piaget, Luis is in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

confidentiality

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

conformity

In order for researchers to be able to say that Variable A causes Variable B, they must eliminate the possible influence of ________.

confounding variables

According to Rogers, ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

In Freud's view, it is the job of the ego, or self, to ____.

coordinate the needs of the id with the demands of reality

Christopher has the idea that a secret government organization is hunting him. His belief is hard to change even in the presence of conflicting information. This is an example of a ____

delusion

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Brian feels disconnected from his body, like he is watching a movie of himself. What symptom of dissociation is Brian experiencing?

depersonalization

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to _________ central nervous system activity.

depressant; suppress

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Jory, a six-year-old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Patrick is terrified of spiders. His therapist has him imagine seeing a spider; touch a picture of a spider; and, later, actually hold a spider. Patrick's therapist is using

exposure therapy

Chet was in a car accident in which he could easily have been killed had he not been wearing his seat belt. He is aware of how lucky he was to survive without serious injury. Lately, when he drives past the location of the crash, he has a sudden, intense sensation that he is re-experiencing the accident. On one occasion he had to pull his care over to sit for several minutes until the feeling subsided. Chet is experiencing _____.

flashbacks

Amanda and Toni work for a polling institute. They spend hours polling citizens about their positions on various political topics and then the results are compiled. The polling institute then assumes that the trends they see in several hundred respondents apply to the larger population as a whole, suggesting the findings are _________.

generalizable

Renee is starting to spend money quickly to buy the fanciest clothes, car, and hotel rooms because she has an inflated sense of self-importance and self-worth, believing she deserves these things due to her superior powers and abilities. What symptom is Renee displaying?

grandiosity

Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ____ therapy.

group

Noah is 9 years old. He dislikes and often avoids doing things that require sustained mental effort, such as his schoolwork and homework. According to the DSM, ______.

he has met one criterion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

During what time period does the human brain show rapid growth in gray matter?

in the latter months of pregnancy and for the first 18 months of life

Mania, unlike many other disorders, actually ____

increases productive, goal-directed behavior

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Jared, a high school student, is a sensitive person. His first reaction to many things is anxiety, such as the loud noise of a truck backfiring, an unfamiliar dog running toward him, or a teacher unexpectedly calling on him in class. From a biological perspective he would be described as having a high level of reactivity. Toward which end of the continuum of these Big Five traits would he likely fall?

introversion and neuroticism

Jack has no problem falling asleep each night, but he wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Jack suffer?

maintenance insomnia

Celine has been having difficulty sleeping, cannot seem to concentrate at work, is sad most of the time, and seems to have lost interest in things that she always used to enjoy. Which disoder is Celine most likely suffering from?

major depressive disorder

Cognitive behavioral therapy has an excellent record of success, particularly in the treatment of _____.

major depressive disorder

Kareem has been having difficulty sleeping, cannot seem to concentrate at work, is sad most of the time, and seems to have lost interest in things that he always used to enjoy. Which disorder is Kareem most likely suffering from?

major depressive disorder

Callie's data set regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers contains housing expenses. The average is surprisingly low, but then she realizes that many workers are live-in employees and report zero housing expense. A more useful measure of central tendency that would not be as impacted by these extreme, outlying scores would be the __________.

median

The most commonly used medical therapy is ____.

medication

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and beliefs that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?

narcissistic personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by an exaggerated and grandiose sense of self-importance and worth.

narcissistic personality disorder

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as ____.

narcolepsy

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?

negative punishment.

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Kyle is so preoccupied with avoiding germs that he washes his hands as many as 20 times an hour. Kyle most likey suffers from:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Jake makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes somestimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

overgeneralization

What is the most common type of delusion experienced by people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder?

persecutory delusions

Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?

play therapy

Jared has to have a procedure where his physician will inject a radioactive substance into his bloodstream, and then will use that tracer to observe blood flow in Jared's brain while he performs certain tasks. Which neuroimaging study will Jared's physician order?

positron emission tomography (a PET scan)

The most forward part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, known as the ____, is involved with ____.

prefrontal cortex; the planning of behavior, attention, and judgment

The Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two prominent examples of __________ tests.

projective

While there are many types of effective psychotherapies many people decide to add psychiatric medications to their treatment. Why is this the case?

psychiatric medications can enhance the effects of psychotherapies

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kidn of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, _____

race, cultural, and ethnicity in providing treatment

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of ____.

rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles

Junko's grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her ____.

right hemisphere

Following a spinal cord injury, formation of the ____ prevents neuronal regeneration in the ____.

scar tissue from glia; central nervous system

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and catatonia are symptoms of which category of disorders?

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Excessive anticipation and fear about being in a situation with other people is known as ______.

social anxiety disorder

Cory has an intense fear of flying and endures flights with extreme distress. Although she knows her fear is irrational, it is overwhelming and uncontrollable. Cory most likely suffers from:

specific phobia

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

Markita is sitting in the first row of a baseball game, when a foul ball comes streaking at her head. She barely has time to move out of the way, and narrowly avoids getting hit. Which part of her nervous system will go into overdrive and mobilize her energy resources in the face of this near disaster?

the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is an assumption associated with humanistic therapies?

therapy works best when therapists have unconditional positive regard for thier clients

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of _____.

token economy

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Under which situation is diffusion of responsibility least likely to occur?

when the potential helper is the only one present who can help