Final Anatomy Exam Review

which are correct concerning thick skin?

-more limited in its distribution than thin - has sweat glands

Which of the following is NOT true of endochondral ossification.

-starts with mesenchyme -results in formation of flat bones

electrical conduction system order

1) SA node 2) through the atria 3) AV node 4) bundle of His 5) right and left bundle branches 6)Purkinje fibers 7) through the ventricles

steps of endochondral ossification

1) cartilage model develops 2) blood supply invades cartilage 3)ossification center forms in diaphysis 4) ossification centers form in the epiphyses 5)Primary and secondary ossification centers grow until only an epiphyseal plate remains 6)Growth of the diaphysis occurs at the epiphyseal plate until full size when plate ossifies

Place the structures in order of the flow of CSF around the brain after the production in the choroid plexus of one of the lateral ventricles.

1) interventricular foramen 2) third ventricle 3) cerebral aqueduct 4) fourth ventricle 5)apetures (entrances) to subarachnoid space 6) arachnoid villi 7) superior sagittal sinus

flow of electrical impulse through heart

1) sinoatrial node in roof of R atrium 2) AV node in wall between atria and ventricles 3)AV bundle down interventricular septum 4) Purkinje fibers

Place the order of events that occur during a withdrawal reflex in the correct order.

1) stimulus activates a sensory receptor 2)Impulse travels through sensory neuron to CNS 3) information is processed by interneuron 4)motor neuron transmits an impulse to effector 5)effector responds

events of axon regeneration

1) trauma severs axon 2) proximal seals off, distal dies 3) neurilemma and endoneurium form regeneration tube 4) axon regenerates and remyelination occurs 5) innervation to effector restored

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal and travel through an intervertebral foramen above or below the vertebra of the same number. The exception is

C8

Select all of the following statements that are correct regarding the differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.

Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not. Cardiac muscle cells will contract without external stimulation; skeletal muscle cells will not Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell.

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate

Cells are anucleate most superficial stratum cells are dead

which of the following are NOT properties of smooth muscle?

FAST SPEED OF CONTRACTION MULTINUCLEATED STRIATED VOLUNTARY

When muscle is eccentrically contracted, it

LENGTHENS

Which feature is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Large amount of extracellular matrix

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

Left bicuspid valve

Projection tracts

Link the cortex with the inferior structures like the brainstem and spinal cord

The space that contains the heart, the major vessels emerging from the heart, the esophagus, and the trachea is the

MEDIASTINUM

The pacemaker of the heart that begins each contraction is the

SINOATRIAL NODE

which is NOT correct regarding the ovaries?

The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium.

Which letter is associated with the line that serves as an attachment site for the ends of the thin filaments?

Z

What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Vitamin A

activates osteoblasts

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of _________________ connective tissue.

areolar

Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?

attach, pivot, detach, return

------------promotes calcium deposition in bones

calcitonin

The structure in the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the

cerebellum

This part of the brain contains the arbor vitae

cerebellum

Which structures are part of the vulva?

clitoris labia minora mons pubis

what gives bone its tensile strength and the ability to stretch without crumbling into mineral fragments?

collagen

The postcentral gyrus

contains the primary somatosensory cortex

The inferior end of the spinal cord, which tapers to a point, is called the

conus medullaris

another name for skin is the ------------ membrane

cutaneous

A short strands of pia mater that extends to the lateral side of the vertebral canal to help anchor the spinal cord is a ____.

denticulate ligament

during crossbridge cycling, ATP is required for

detachment of myosin from actin energizing the myosin head for recocking after a powerstroke

The metacarpophalangeal joint or the knee joint, is functionally classified as a _______________ and structurally as a ____________.

diarthrotic, synovial

Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?

diencephalon

When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.

does not

albumin

drive osmosis and maintain blood volume

Which are considered special characteristics of all muscle cells?

elasticity, extensibility, conductivity, contractibility, excitability

The order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis is

epididymis ductus deferens ampulla ejaculatory duct urethra

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial?

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

tissue types from deep to superficial

epithelial tissue connective tissue smooth muscle connective tissue epithelial tissue (Serosa)

which tissue is avascular?

epithelium

Each skeletal muscle is composed of _____________, which are bundles of muscle fibers.

fascicles

The extra-cellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of ________.

fibers and ground substance

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?

fibrocartilage

during a bone repair, soft cartilage is composed of

fibrocartilage

What are the three structural classes of joints?

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

satellite cells

filters nutrients and protects cell bodies in CNS

astrocyte

filters nutrients and provides structure in CNS

Keratinocytes are

found through all epidermal strata sometimes alive and sometimes dead the most abundant cell type in the epidermis

The term diarthrosis refers to a joint that is

freely mobile

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

frontal/coronal

Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation?

functional layer of endometrium

fibrinogen

functions in blood clotting

Electrical synapses are made up of junctions called

gap junctions

_______ connect cardiac muscle cells and allow them to share electrical charge and beat in synchrony (with the same rhythm).

gap junctions

The joint between the teeth and the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible is referred to as a _____.

gomphosis

The protein that carries oxygen in erthryocytes is ____.

hemoglobin

What gives bone its compressional strength and rigidity? collagen

hydroxyapatite

microglia

immune protection

which of the following is true of smooth muscle?

involuntary requires calcium for contraction nonstriated

The external urethral sphincter

is composed of skeletal muscle fibers -is controlled by the somatic nervous system

In body regions with high mechanical stress, which type of epithelium is likely to be present?

keratinized stratified squamous

Which autonomic function is not controlled by a center in the medulla oblongata?

kidney function

which feature is found in both cartilage and bone?

lacunae

Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

long post ganglionic axon

Which nerve plexus innervates anterior, medial, and lateral muscles of the lower limbs?

lumbar

The right coronary artery gives rise to the

marginal artery

The stem cell in bone marrow that is involved in the formation of platelets is a

megakaryoctye

Which skin gland produces a thin, watery fluid that functions to thermoregulate the body?

merocrine

A _________ _________ is a single neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

motor unit

which of the following is not true of goblet cells?

multicellular

oligodendrocytes

myelin sheath in CNS

Which of the following is an appendage of the integument?

nails hair suderiferous glands

Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to the

nephron loop

The _________ nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh.

obturator

Sensory impulses from all of the senses except _____________ converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei.

olfaction

Which condition is specifically associated with aging and/or extreme exercise and is commonly called "wear and tear arthritis"?

osteoarthritis

calcitonin promotes calcium deposition in bones and inhibits:

osteoclasts

parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone reabsorption by-----------

osteoclasts

------------ increases blood calcium

parathyroid hormone

The _____________ is the connective tissue covering of a fascicle.

perimysium

The connective tissue layer surrounded a fascicle in a nerve is the

perineurium

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity ______________ to the sterum.

posterior

The function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles is to

prevent the cusps of atrioventricular valves from being forced back into the atria

Vitamin D

promotes calcium and phoshpate absorption through the GI tract

Vitamin C

promotes collagen production

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

pulmonary veins

In an EKG, the T wave denotes

repolarization of the ventricles

Adipose tissue performs the following functions EXCEPT ________.

resist tension

Which condition is specifically associated with an autoimmune attack on synovial membranes?

rheumatoid arthritis

The gall bladder is typically found in the _____region of the abdominopelvic cavity.

right hypochondriac region

The nerve plexus that supplies the posterior lower limbs is the ____ plexus.

sacral

Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the

sacral spinal cord

Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose?

seminal vesicle

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.

sensory

Which is NOT an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the ____________ system.

skeletal system

Which of the following statements is TRUE? smooth muscle cells have many nuclei skeletal muscle cells are short and uninucleate smooth muscle cells are shaped like long cylinders skeletal muscle cells fire without stimulation from the nervous system smooth muscle cells have myofilaments

smooth muscle cells have myofilaments

The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the _________ _______ division.

somatic sensory

globulins

some may be antibodies, aid in transport of lipids

Megakaryocytes are

stem cells that form platelets

The cells that produce melanin are found in the ____________ ____________ of the epidermis

stratum basale

In which layer of the epidermis are cells synthesizing large amounts of keratin before undergoing cell death? stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

sympathetic

The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a_______.

syndesmosis

According to the structural classification, the articulation between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae is a ___ joint.

synovial joint

Of the following types of vessels, which contains the majority of the body's blood volume when at rest?

systemic veins and venules

The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

tentorium cerebelli

Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?

terminal cisternae

Serum is plasma minus

the protein that is part of the clotting process

Which serous membrane covers the external surface of an organ?

the visceral layer

a major difference between compact and spongy bone is that

there are no osteons in spongy bone

The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.

third

___________________ are strong cell junctions that function to prevent leakage of solutes and water. Essentially, they seal the paracellular pathway.

tight junctions

A plane or section that divides the body into superior and inferior halves is

transverseThe gall bladder is typically found in the _____region of the abdominopelvic cavity.

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to

troponin

Based on the number of possible movements, the elbow is functionally classified as a _______ joint.

uniaxial joint

Nerve impulses involving pain stimuli travel along

unmyelinated axons

Parasympathetic innervation to the heart is carried by the

vagus nerve

What part of the brain is associated with a loss of speech function (aphasia) associated with sensory speech (fluent aphasia)?

wernicke's area