Final Anatomy Exam Review
which are correct concerning thick skin?
-more limited in its distribution than thin - has sweat glands
Which of the following is NOT true of endochondral ossification.
-starts with mesenchyme -results in formation of flat bones
electrical conduction system order
1) SA node 2) through the atria 3) AV node 4) bundle of His 5) right and left bundle branches 6)Purkinje fibers 7) through the ventricles
steps of endochondral ossification
1) cartilage model develops 2) blood supply invades cartilage 3)ossification center forms in diaphysis 4) ossification centers form in the epiphyses 5)Primary and secondary ossification centers grow until only an epiphyseal plate remains 6)Growth of the diaphysis occurs at the epiphyseal plate until full size when plate ossifies
Place the structures in order of the flow of CSF around the brain after the production in the choroid plexus of one of the lateral ventricles.
1) interventricular foramen 2) third ventricle 3) cerebral aqueduct 4) fourth ventricle 5)apetures (entrances) to subarachnoid space 6) arachnoid villi 7) superior sagittal sinus
flow of electrical impulse through heart
1) sinoatrial node in roof of R atrium 2) AV node in wall between atria and ventricles 3)AV bundle down interventricular septum 4) Purkinje fibers
Place the order of events that occur during a withdrawal reflex in the correct order.
1) stimulus activates a sensory receptor 2)Impulse travels through sensory neuron to CNS 3) information is processed by interneuron 4)motor neuron transmits an impulse to effector 5)effector responds
events of axon regeneration
1) trauma severs axon 2) proximal seals off, distal dies 3) neurilemma and endoneurium form regeneration tube 4) axon regenerates and remyelination occurs 5) innervation to effector restored
Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal and travel through an intervertebral foramen above or below the vertebra of the same number. The exception is
C8
Select all of the following statements that are correct regarding the differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not. Cardiac muscle cells will contract without external stimulation; skeletal muscle cells will not Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell.
Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate
Cells are anucleate most superficial stratum cells are dead
which of the following are NOT properties of smooth muscle?
FAST SPEED OF CONTRACTION MULTINUCLEATED STRIATED VOLUNTARY
When muscle is eccentrically contracted, it
LENGTHENS
Which feature is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Large amount of extracellular matrix
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?
Left bicuspid valve
Projection tracts
Link the cortex with the inferior structures like the brainstem and spinal cord
The space that contains the heart, the major vessels emerging from the heart, the esophagus, and the trachea is the
MEDIASTINUM
The pacemaker of the heart that begins each contraction is the
SINOATRIAL NODE
which is NOT correct regarding the ovaries?
The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium.
Which letter is associated with the line that serves as an attachment site for the ends of the thin filaments?
Z
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine
Vitamin A
activates osteoblasts
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of _________________ connective tissue.
areolar
Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?
attach, pivot, detach, return
------------promotes calcium deposition in bones
calcitonin
The structure in the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the
cerebellum
This part of the brain contains the arbor vitae
cerebellum
Which structures are part of the vulva?
clitoris labia minora mons pubis
what gives bone its tensile strength and the ability to stretch without crumbling into mineral fragments?
collagen
The postcentral gyrus
contains the primary somatosensory cortex
The inferior end of the spinal cord, which tapers to a point, is called the
conus medullaris
another name for skin is the ------------ membrane
cutaneous
A short strands of pia mater that extends to the lateral side of the vertebral canal to help anchor the spinal cord is a ____.
denticulate ligament
during crossbridge cycling, ATP is required for
detachment of myosin from actin energizing the myosin head for recocking after a powerstroke
The metacarpophalangeal joint or the knee joint, is functionally classified as a _______________ and structurally as a ____________.
diarthrotic, synovial
Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?
diencephalon
When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.
does not
albumin
drive osmosis and maintain blood volume
Which are considered special characteristics of all muscle cells?
elasticity, extensibility, conductivity, contractibility, excitability
The order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis is
epididymis ductus deferens ampulla ejaculatory duct urethra
Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial?
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
tissue types from deep to superficial
epithelial tissue connective tissue smooth muscle connective tissue epithelial tissue (Serosa)
which tissue is avascular?
epithelium
Each skeletal muscle is composed of _____________, which are bundles of muscle fibers.
fascicles
The extra-cellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of ________.
fibers and ground substance
What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?
fibrocartilage
during a bone repair, soft cartilage is composed of
fibrocartilage
What are the three structural classes of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
satellite cells
filters nutrients and protects cell bodies in CNS
astrocyte
filters nutrients and provides structure in CNS
Keratinocytes are
found through all epidermal strata sometimes alive and sometimes dead the most abundant cell type in the epidermis
The term diarthrosis refers to a joint that is
freely mobile
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal/coronal
Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation?
functional layer of endometrium
fibrinogen
functions in blood clotting
Electrical synapses are made up of junctions called
gap junctions
_______ connect cardiac muscle cells and allow them to share electrical charge and beat in synchrony (with the same rhythm).
gap junctions
The joint between the teeth and the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible is referred to as a _____.
gomphosis
The protein that carries oxygen in erthryocytes is ____.
hemoglobin
What gives bone its compressional strength and rigidity? collagen
hydroxyapatite
microglia
immune protection
which of the following is true of smooth muscle?
involuntary requires calcium for contraction nonstriated
The external urethral sphincter
is composed of skeletal muscle fibers -is controlled by the somatic nervous system
In body regions with high mechanical stress, which type of epithelium is likely to be present?
keratinized stratified squamous
Which autonomic function is not controlled by a center in the medulla oblongata?
kidney function
which feature is found in both cartilage and bone?
lacunae
Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
long post ganglionic axon
Which nerve plexus innervates anterior, medial, and lateral muscles of the lower limbs?
lumbar
The right coronary artery gives rise to the
marginal artery
The stem cell in bone marrow that is involved in the formation of platelets is a
megakaryoctye
Which skin gland produces a thin, watery fluid that functions to thermoregulate the body?
merocrine
A _________ _________ is a single neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
motor unit
which of the following is not true of goblet cells?
multicellular
oligodendrocytes
myelin sheath in CNS
Which of the following is an appendage of the integument?
nails hair suderiferous glands
Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to the
nephron loop
The _________ nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh.
obturator
Sensory impulses from all of the senses except _____________ converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei.
olfaction
Which condition is specifically associated with aging and/or extreme exercise and is commonly called "wear and tear arthritis"?
osteoarthritis
calcitonin promotes calcium deposition in bones and inhibits:
osteoclasts
parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone reabsorption by-----------
osteoclasts
------------ increases blood calcium
parathyroid hormone
The _____________ is the connective tissue covering of a fascicle.
perimysium
The connective tissue layer surrounded a fascicle in a nerve is the
perineurium
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity ______________ to the sterum.
posterior
The function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles is to
prevent the cusps of atrioventricular valves from being forced back into the atria
Vitamin D
promotes calcium and phoshpate absorption through the GI tract
Vitamin C
promotes collagen production
Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
pulmonary veins
In an EKG, the T wave denotes
repolarization of the ventricles
Adipose tissue performs the following functions EXCEPT ________.
resist tension
Which condition is specifically associated with an autoimmune attack on synovial membranes?
rheumatoid arthritis
The gall bladder is typically found in the _____region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
right hypochondriac region
The nerve plexus that supplies the posterior lower limbs is the ____ plexus.
sacral
Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the
sacral spinal cord
Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose?
seminal vesicle
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.
sensory
Which is NOT an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the ____________ system.
skeletal system
Which of the following statements is TRUE? smooth muscle cells have many nuclei skeletal muscle cells are short and uninucleate smooth muscle cells are shaped like long cylinders skeletal muscle cells fire without stimulation from the nervous system smooth muscle cells have myofilaments
smooth muscle cells have myofilaments
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the _________ _______ division.
somatic sensory
globulins
some may be antibodies, aid in transport of lipids
Megakaryocytes are
stem cells that form platelets
The cells that produce melanin are found in the ____________ ____________ of the epidermis
stratum basale
In which layer of the epidermis are cells synthesizing large amounts of keratin before undergoing cell death? stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?
sympathetic
The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a_______.
syndesmosis
According to the structural classification, the articulation between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae is a ___ joint.
synovial joint
Of the following types of vessels, which contains the majority of the body's blood volume when at rest?
systemic veins and venules
The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the
tentorium cerebelli
Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
terminal cisternae
Serum is plasma minus
the protein that is part of the clotting process
Which serous membrane covers the external surface of an organ?
the visceral layer
a major difference between compact and spongy bone is that
there are no osteons in spongy bone
The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.
third
___________________ are strong cell junctions that function to prevent leakage of solutes and water. Essentially, they seal the paracellular pathway.
tight junctions
A plane or section that divides the body into superior and inferior halves is
transverseThe gall bladder is typically found in the _____region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to
troponin
Based on the number of possible movements, the elbow is functionally classified as a _______ joint.
uniaxial joint
Nerve impulses involving pain stimuli travel along
unmyelinated axons
Parasympathetic innervation to the heart is carried by the
vagus nerve
What part of the brain is associated with a loss of speech function (aphasia) associated with sensory speech (fluent aphasia)?
wernicke's area