Final Cultural Anthropology
Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of an immediate return system?
Foraging for plant foods in a forest
Clifford Geertz emphasized studying the _________ dimensions of religion.
symbolic
An example of a successful extractive reserve in the rainforest is
tapping rubber from trees in protected areas.
The term used to refer to the study of how images, speech, people, and things become socially significant as they are communicated, especially focusing on the physical human senses, is the anthropology of
mediation
A __________ derives their authority from the scripture and occupational position in a formally organized religious institution, while a __________ derives their authority from their direct connection to the divine and ability to convince others through charisma.
priest, prophet
Anthropologists refer to full-time religious practitioners as
priests
The term indigenous media refers to media
produced by and for indigenous communities often outside of the mainstream commercial market.
Anthropologists focus on three phases of economic production, which are
production, exchange, and consumption.
How might performance produce social reality?
All of the answer choices are correct
Legitimacy to rule may be reinforced in which of the following ways?
All of the answer choices are correct
According to the Perspectives textbook, which of the following is true about an "audience?"
All of the answer choices are correct.
How do foraging societies accommodate any potential conflict between women's work and their pregnancies/childbirth?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?
There is no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property.
After marriage in Dobu, Papua New Guinea, couples would practice bilocal residence, meaning they would
alternate years living in the husband's village and in the wife's village.
At the level of the state, the law becomes increasingly
formal.
____________ is a set of expectations regarding proper behavior and appearance for a particular gender.
gender role
____________ is a position a person can occupy in the social order that is directly related to maleness or femaleness.
gender status
Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates
generalized reciprocity.
People whose gardens supply the majority of their food are called
horticulturalists.
When researching the American lawn, Julie Sharp found that the strongest indicator of whether a household's lawn was intensively managed with toxic chemicals was
how well the household members knew the names of their neighbors.
The word used to describe culturally-recognized ties between members of a family is
kinship.
The perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership is called
legitimacy.
In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as
lineage
_________ refers to ritual practices that are believed to have effects on particular situations.
magic
Bilateral cross-cousin marriage refers to marriage of a
man to the daughter of his father's sister and his mother's brother.
The method that puts cameras into the hands of local participants so they can make their own representations of their lives is called
photovoice.
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is
polygyny
Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting is called a/an
status
A society in which elites, who are a numerical minority, control the strategic resources that sustain life is referred to as a
stratified society.
Marvin Harris argues that Hindu religious taboos against eating beef developed due to
the economic and ecological importance of cows to subsistence in India.
Media practices are
the habits or behaviors of the people who produce, interact with, and consume media.
How do anthropologists understand the difference between cultural performance and performing culture?
A cultural performance is a bounded performance (such as a concert or ritual), while performing culture refers to ways our everyday practices can be studied as performances.
Which of the following sentences are performative, and not only descriptive?
A police officer says, "You are under arrest."
According to our text, what is the correct relationship between a state and a nation?
A state is a coercive political institution; a nation is an ethnic population.
What are the characteristics of a bounded "performance," such as a play or concert?
All of the answer choices are correct
Which of the following offices can be found representing leadership in a state society?
All of the answer choices are correct
Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Why did cultural anthropologists after WWI avoid the study of media?
Both answer choices are correct.
What are the four distinct phases of a social drama, and in what order do they occur?
Breach, crisis, redress, and reintegration or schism
Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children?
Bridewealth
Which of the following modes of production is characterized by subsistence food-getting, egalitarianism, and labor organized on the basis of kinship relations?
Domestic production
All of the following statements are correct about subsistence types, EXCEPT
Each society practices only one of the four subsistence types.
What is the distinction between "front spaces" and "back spaces" in terms of social impressions?
Front spaces are designed to control others' impressions, while back spaces are private zones where social actors can do away with pretense.
____________ is the process of learning how to act according to the gender norms of a society.
Gender Socialization
______________ power refers to the dominance of ideas or culture, such that the status quo is maintained.
Hegemonic
Which statement best represents the practice of horticulture?
Horticulturalists move their gardens periodically, use simple tools, and largely consume their own crops.
____________ refers to people whose bodies have variations of sex characteristics, around 1 percent of most populations.
Intersex
Who wrote the 1949 book Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World?
Margaret Mead
All of the following are hallmarks of agriculture EXCEPT
NOT -a division of labor, resulting in slavery and indentured labor in some cases. -reliance on a few staple crops.
Foragers have a broad spectrum diet, that is, they
NOT -eat all types of animals, from small to large game.
In subsistence studies, the term domestic economy refers to
NOT -how a nation-state regulates its economy in terms of production and distribution of food.
Of the following, social scientists interested in eco-justice might choose to focus on
Of the following, social scientists interested in eco-justice might choose to focus on
What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies?
Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence.
______________ power involves the use of words, relationships, and actions that influence others.
Persuasive
The study of the human power dynamics within ecosystems, such as how governments and corporations establish systems that constrain local behavior, is referred to as
Political Ecology.
Which of the following practices would be considered a ritual, as the chapter in Perspectives defines it?
Praying towards Mecca five times a day
Rites of affliction are:
Rituals directed at alleviating suffering or resolving a problem
According to Durkheim, __________ objects or ideas are set apart from the ordinary, while __________ objects or ideas are ordinary and may be treated with disregard or contempt.
Sacred, profane
___________ refers to the biological binary of male and female as physical conditions.
Sexual Dimorphism
__________ is the intentional sense of having a sexual desire around which social identity is built.
Sexual Identity
____________ refers to the erotic domain of life: sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Sexuality
What theory would be best applied to the study of how social media posts affect our sense of self?
Social comparison theory
What does the Perspectives textbook argue about the stability of states?
States tend toward instability, evidenced by the fact that very few states in history have lasted up to 1,000 years.
According to Malinowski's functional approach to religion, which of the following acts would likely require supernatural rituals or ceremonies?
Taking a difficult exam for graduate school
What is purdah?
The seclusion of women from public view in some Islamic countries
In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another?
The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.
Which of the following is a summary of traditional Navajo cosmology?
The world has fourteen levels, or "platters," that were created from the lowest level to the top, where humans emerged.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between agricultural food production and feeding the world's population?
There is enough food produced to feed everyone on the planet, only it is unevenly distributed, and some regions face shortages and hunger.
From an anthropological perspective, what does it mean when someone uses the term to "throw like a girl?"
To throw in a way that evokes gender stereotypes based on patterned cultural conceptions of behavior
Which of the following modes of production is based on farmers or herders producing for themselves and their families, but also giving a portion of their goods or labor to their leaders?
Tributary production
When evaluating the behavior of others, when do we conclude that someone is unsuccessful or a "fake?"
When there is a mismatch between our expectation and the person's execution of the role
The series of steps a food product takes from the field to the store is called
a commodity chain.
An event that has a limited time span, and organized program of activity, a performer (or set of performers), an audience, and a place and occasion may be defined as
a cultural performance.
In Hawaiian kinship terminology, there are
a smaller number of kinship terms, grouping you (Ego), your brothers and sisters, and your cousins together under the term "child."
Adoption in some Pacific Island societies is
a way to honor relatives and create two nurturing sets of parents
People who are disconnected from the production of their food (that is, who do not know where their daily food comes from or how it was produced) are most likely to be in which kind of society?
agricultural
The cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies such as irrigation, draft animals, mechanization, and chemical inputs such as fertilizers is known as
agriculture
General purpose money is
all of the answer choices are correct
Bruno Latour made the argument that the discipline of anthropology is uniquely qualified to provide insight into key components of current environmental crises by
all of the answer choices are correct.
In a patrilineal system,
all of the answer choices are correct.
Marriages integrate family groups in tribal societies by
all of the answer choices are correct.
Media anthropologists study media by
all of the answer choices are correct.
The 2014 AAA Global Climate Change Task Force report highlighted
all of the answer choices are correct.
The main objective(s) of the Kayapo leaders who produced media through the Kayapo Video Project was to
all of the answer choices are correct.
The production of maps by Indigenous communities has served to
all of the answer choices are correct.
What is the most accurate relationship between subsistence activities and other aspects of society?
all the answer choices are correct
The Nura Gili Indigenous Programs Unit at the University of New South Wales has designed software that
allows aboriginal and indigenous communities to share their vast cultural knowledge about astronomy.
In the anthropological study of religion, a revitalization ritual is
an attempt to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine, or poverty, through a supernatural intervention.
In the study of religion, a cosmology may be defined as
an explanation for the origin or history of the world.
The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of
animatism.
The period (epoch) in geological time in which the effects of human activities have altered the fundamental geochemical cycles of the earth is referred to the
anthropocene
The ability to induce or cause the behavior of others to change due to a social or political position is called
authority
When something is given or traded with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specified time period, it shows
balanced reciprocity.
A society that is nomadic and small in size, lacks formal leadership, and generally forages for their living is likely a
band society.
The four levels of socio-cultural integration characterized by Elman Service are
band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.
Requiring students to say the "Pledge of Allegiance" in United States classrooms illustrates how civil rituals can
become part of the way a government asserts power over its citizens.
Which mode of production has these three central features: private property is owned by a business class; workers sell their labor power to survive; and surpluses of wealth are produced?
capitalist production
Which of the three modes of production is the most recent?
capitalist production
The term that anthropologists use to quantify the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population is
carrying capacity.
A society characterized by a permanent political office that belongs to the leader, a redistributive economy, social and political bonds made through marriages and secret societies is most likely a
chiefdom.
______________ power refers to the use or threat of force to make people or groups do things because they feel they have no choice.
coercive
Foraging societies are characterized by
collective ownership of the primary means of production and lower rates of social domination.
Relationships formed through blood connections are called __________, while those formed through marriage are called __________.
consanguineal, affinal.
Environmental anthropologists today argue that the concept of "wilderness" - excluding humans and human activities from nature - is problematic because
conservation efforts should accept that human activities are a part of the natural world, and provide guidelines for how to best engage with nature.
The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called
consumption.
The values and beliefs of communities, states, and/or societies that make the imagining of a particular type of network possible is referred to in the text as
cultural infastructure
A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as
dowry
Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?
dowry
A society in which few differences exist between members in terms of wealth, status, and power is referred to as a
egalitarian system.
A woman who wears a dress, makeup, and high-heeled shoes to work in North America is
enacting a performance of culture.
The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group is called
endogamy
Media anthropologists working in collaborative and participatory media methods have contributed to the development of new approaches to ethnography due to their focus on
ethics, power, and fairness of the process and product.
The study of the use and knowledge of plants, animals, and ecosystems by traditional societies is called
ethnoecology.
When archaeologists explored the collapse of the Maya city of Copan from an environmental perspective, they found
evidence that deforestation coupled with an expanding population led to the city's decline.
The cultural rule that emphasizes the need to marry outside of one's own cultural group is called
exogamy
Compared to those of other species, the physical differences between human males and females are quite large.
false
Cross-cultural research indicates that men are generally sexually stimulated visually and women by words or affection.
false
The notion that women are more emotional and, thus less likely to use reason in decision-making is a cultural notion that has not historically impacted the ability of women to serve freely in the political and economic spheres of U. S. society.
false
The cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating are known as
foodways
A mode of subsistence defined by it reliance on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment is called
foraging
The four modes of subsistence recognized by anthropologists are
foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture.
____________ describes what it means to live as a person with a sex identity in a particular culture.
gender
Anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a
group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support.
All of the following describe the Big Man of New Guinea, EXCEPT
he has the power to coerce others.
Religious beliefs are an important element of social control because they
help to define acceptable behaviors as well as punishments for misbehavior.
Doing digital ethnography with online communities in which participants are protected by anonymity raises the question of
how to balance the participants' need for anonymity while doing research with integrity.
The Perspectives textbook author argues that it's important to take the local beliefs and practices of people into consideration when engaging in conservation projects because
ideas about environmentalism and conservation are views developed in Western nations that need to be adapted to a local context.
The breach phase of a social drama occurs when
individual(s) break a norm or rule that is important to the social group.
The material technological networks that allow for the exchange of goods, ideas, waste, people, power, and finance over space is called
infastructure
Sharing of food and other resources among members of foraging groups
is a survival strategy that reinforces social equality and helps the group get through times of scarcity.
The mode of exchange that is characterized by regulation by supply and demand and transactions that are often impersonal (with strangers) but may be personal (with acquaintances or family members) is
market exchange.
Communication that is sent from one person to many people, that privileges the sender and/or owner of the technology that transmits the media is referred to as
mass communication
The concept that emphasizes the ways in which human social and cultural practices are influenced by basic subsistence needs is referred to as
materialism
The residence pattern in which a couple resides with the wife's mother's family after marriage is called
matrilocal.
Anthropologists have shown that when creators share a piece of media, the way that consumers receive that piece of media
may be interpreted in different ways than the creators intended.
The ideas or values that accompany the exchange of information is how media anthropologists define
meaning
The apparatuses that bring networks of technology into existence is a type of media infrastructure referred to in the text as
mechanical infastructure
Any set of technologies that connect multiple people at one time to shared content is called
media
Religions that worship a single supreme God are called __________, while those that worship multiple gods are called __________.
monotheistic, polytheistic
Which of the following best describes the idea of "gender performativity?"
not -People consciously create external representations of themselves to match gender norms, even when these representations do not match their authentic selves.
______________ power is the most powerful force for social control.
not -Political -Coercive
What was the primary motivation for warfare in early agricultural states?
not -To gain the horses needed for herding -To control technological resources
A ballet folklorico show in Mxico, performed for an audience, is an example of
not -a performance of culture.
A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an
not -endogamous family. -nuclear family. maybe -extended
A family of parents in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, and their minor or dependent children is called a/an
nuclear family.
In a pastoralist society, wealth and status are measured by the
number of animals a person owns.
The 2014 AAA Global Climate Change Task Force concluded that many of the most innovative and creative approaches to addressing and mitigating the effects of climate change are
occurring at the local and regional levels.
The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of __________.
orientation, procreation
The term shaman is used to refer specifically to a/an _____________ who carries out religious rituals to communicate with the supernatural realm.
part-time religious practitioner.
Rituals are inherently performative because
participating in a ritual makes and marks a social change.
A subsistence system that relies on herds of domesticated livestock is called
pastoralism
Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side. This form of descent is referred to as
patrilineal.
The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called
patrilocal.
Reverse dominance occurs when
people reject any attempts of an individual to exercise power.
Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of a delayed return system?
planting seeds
The study of the means of control in societies is the subject of
political anthropology.
The anthropological approach that contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values is called
political economy
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is
polyandry.
The ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or use or threat of physical force is called
power
A person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate supernatural messages to others is called a
prophet
Short-term uses of physical force that are organized to achieve a limited objective such as the acquisition of cattle, wealth, or abduction of women are called
raids.
Societies that have greater differentiation between individuals and their kin groups, resulting in sumptuary rules that permit higher-status individuals to wear distinctive clothing or other decorations, are called
ranked societies.
William Balee's work in the Amazonian rainforest revealed that
rather than being constrained by the environment, Indigenous peoples had adapted the environment to their needs, modifying an estimated 12 percent of the Amazon.
The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is
redistribution
The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of
redistribution
The work of both Turner (among the Kayapo) and Ginsburg (in Australia) can be seen as an argument to
reject the view that using new technologies to capture indigenous stories or concerns is a form of Western-based imperialism.
According to Clifford Geertz, ___________ is "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men [and women] by formulated conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."
religion
The Nagol land diving ceremony is a dangerous ritual that is meant to create a sense of communitas or unity. Therefore, it can be described as a
rite of intensification.
A ritual moving a person from one social role to another and carried out in three phases - separation, liminality, and incorporation - is known as
rite of passage
A set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status is called a/an
role
Individuals who seek to use magic for their own purposes are referred to generally by anthropologists as
sorcerers.
_________ is mystical evil done by a person who intended for it to happen.
sorcery
A society characterized by a centralized government that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of force, a large diverse population, social stratification, and complex economies is called a
state
A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs is called
structural violence
Roy Rappaport's research among the Tsembaga of Highland New Guinea focused on the relationship between the numbers of pigs in a village and the timing of pig-slaughter rituals in order to show
that slaughtering the pigs was a way to keep the available resources in equilibrium.
One drawback of studying sensory approaches to ethnography is that
the gap can be great between what people experience and what they can describe in language.
Matrilineal descent refers to the recognition of descent through
the mother's line only.
The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers of Central America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and also produce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that
their economic activity is uniquely adapted to the contemporary global economy by utilizing several modes of production simultaneously.
The ideal of the ecologically noble savage puts the success of Indigenous conservation projects in jeopardy because
there is a potential for backlash by the Western media if Indigenous communities lose their symbolic purity.
All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT
they are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men.
Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and an egalitarian set of values are
tribes.
Anthropologists draw important distinctions between terms such as "sex" and "gender."
true
Culture plays a powerful role in determining whether sexual or gender differences are perceived as good, bad, important, or irrelevant.
true
Gerald Murray's Haitian reforestation project succeeded because his project gave Haitian farmers control of when to sell their fast growing trees as a cash crop for charcoal, lumber, and firewood.
true
In Slavonia, where the Perspectives author conducted research, agricultural households were
very large, up to 100 members who had specializations such as sewing or caring for horses.
In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion
was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience.
The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on
baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop."
Participant-driven research
enables individuals to actively shape the direction of the research through the conscious creation of media.
Sustainable development can be defined as
ways that environmental resources can be preserved while utilizing those resources for industry.
_________ is the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in plants, animals, elements of nature, or even all of creation.
Animism
In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of
bilateral descent.
The most common form of descent pattern practiced in the United States is referred to as
bilateral.
The study of traditional uses of plants for food, construction, dyes, crafts, and medicine is called
ethnobotany.
Sex is a social category that is unrelated to issues of equality.
false
A person's attempt to take advantage of another person economically is called
negative reciprocity.
The Western idealized notion that indigenous people are simple and ecologically-minded stewards of their natural environment is the idea of the
noble savage
_________ is a mystical evil done by a person without her or his awareness.
not -Magic
Informal disputes in band societies may involve
ridicule and mediation.
Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called
serial monogamy.
The practice of moving gardens to new areas, cutting down fast-growing trees, burning the undergrowth, and planting crops is called
slash and burn
All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors of the Perspectives textbook call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT
women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary.
____________ is a cultural category that refers to genitial, genetic, and/or reproductive functions of the body.
sex
A subsistence system is
the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food.
The best horticultural crops are
easy to grow, store, and distribute.
Which of the following statements acts as a linguistic framing device?
"A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away..."
What is a fetish?
An object that has mysterious power
Pastoralists raise animals in order to
all answer choices are correct