FINAL EXAM 2

An advertisement for the Honda Civic Hybrid featured gas mileage in the subheading (49 city/51 highway). The copy also noted that owners of this automobile may be eligible for a clean-fuel tax deduction. At the time this ad appeared, gas was over $3.00 per gallon, which made the information important to consumers. This is an example of which type of appeal?

utilitarian appeal

When consumers do not directly experience a reward or punishment to learn but instead observe the outcomes of others' behaviors and adjust their own accordingly, which type of learning has occurred?

vicarious learning

When considering consumers' ideal levels of performance on attributes when using a multiattribute attitude model, which attitude index is best?

0

The capacity of STM is thought to be in the range of __________ bits of information.

5 to 9

Which of the following statements adequately reflects the concept of attitude component consistency?

A change in one attitude component tends to produce related changes in the other components.

Which of the following statements is true regarding subliminal stimuli?

A subliminal ad is different from a "normal" ad in that it "hides" key persuasive information within the ad by making it so weak that it is difficult or impossible for an individual to physically detect.

Which term is used to refer to the liking/disliking aspect of a specific feeling?

Affect

Janice and her mother were visiting an art gallery, and they were looking at modern art. When they came to one painting, Janice said, "I like that." When her mother asked her why she liked it, all she could say was, "I don't know, I just like it." Which component of attitude does this represent?

Affective

SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin) is used to assess which component of attitude?

Affective

__________ motives deal with the need to reach satisfying feeling states and to obtain personal goals.

Affective

Generally speaking, compared to attitudes formed under the peripheral route, attitudes formed under the central route tend to be

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is not a way emotional ads may enhance persuasion?

All of these choices are ways emotional ads may enhance persuasion.

__________ attempts to create an association between a stimulus (e.g., brand name) and some response (e.g., behavior or feeling).

Classical conditioning

Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes all except which of the following?

Cognition

Lori reads three newspapers a day and is always reading a book in the evening. She has a high need to engage in thinking, and she actually enjoys it. She likes to complete crossword puzzles and do other types of word games. Lori has a high need for

Cognition.

The willingness to buy a particular product or service is known as

Demand.

A loyal consumer will often use __________ to protect their brand by reducing the importance they put on a given attribute.

Discounting

__________ are(is) the use of previously stored experiences, values, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings to interpret and evaluate information in working memory as well as to add relevant previously stored information.

Elaborative activities

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with emotions?

Emotions are often triggered by environmental events.

Strong, relatively uncontrollable feelings that affect our behavior are known as

Emotions.

Consumers have described Apple's iPod products, such as the iPod Touch and the new HomePod player, as imaginative and up-to-date. The brand is also considered to be daring, changing the traditional media models. Based on this description, which dimension of brand personality best describes the iPod?

Excitement

Which of the following is false regarding ad avoidance?

Females are more likely to avoid ads than males.

Appeal characteristics represent __________ a message is communicated.

How

Which of the following statements is false regarding humorous appeals?

Humorous ads are low risk because they tend to translate well across situations and cultures.

James begged his mother to buy him some high-top Converse shoes. When asked why he wanted these shoes, he said that he wanted them because they are comfortable. He really wanted them because his two best friends have them, and if he had them, he would be considered "cool," but he didn't want to tell his mother that. Wanting to appear "cool" to his friends represents which type of motive?

Latent

When asked why he bought a specific automobile, Jeremy replied that is has good gas mileage, is rated one the best cars in terms of safety, and was in a moderate price range. These reasons reflect Jeremy's __________ motives.

Manifest

__________ is the total accumulation of prior learning experiences.

Memory

A consumer who buys a product because a close friend bought one may be fulfilling a __________ motivation.

Modeling

James is interested in just about any type of electronic equipment, such as digital video recorders, computers, smart TVs, and digital cameras. He subscribes to several magazines devoted to these types of products, and he visits several different websites to learn more about these products. Which individual factor affecting attention is influencing James to attend to information about these products?

Motivation

The energizing force that activates behavior and provides purpose and direction to that behavior is known as

Motivation.

Which term is often used interchangeably with the term "motivation"?

Need

Which of the following statements is false regarding schemas?

Once an associative link is formed, it is permanent.

__________ is an individual's characteristic response tendencies across similar situations.

Personality

__________ motives emphasize the individual as striving to maintain equilibrium.

Preservation-oriented

__________ involves incorporating brands into movies, television programs, and other entertainment venues in exchange for payment or promotional or other consideration, with the goal being to add realism to the scene, give subtle exposure to the brand, and influence consumers in an unobtrusive manner.

Product placement

In regulatory focus theory, __________ motives revolve around a desire for growth and development and are related to consumers' hopes and aspirations.

Promotion-focused

Which of the following statements is false regarding short-term memory (STM)?

STM is a static structure.

Ads that encourage consumers to remember past personal experiences and use language such as "you" and "your" in the copy are using the strategy of __________ to enhance message involvement.

Self-referencing

__________ meaning is the conventional meaning assigned to a word such as found in the dictionary.

Semantic

Barbara is an individual who usually feels restful, serene, comfortable, and soothed. Which emotion is Barbara experiencing?

Serenity

Banana Republic is promoting high-end accessories in its "The Company We Keep" collection. This may help consumers recognize Banana Republic's personality dimension as __________?

Sophistication

Which of the following is false regarding how emotional responses to advertising influence consumer behavior?

While emotional content in advertisements may increase attention, emotional messages have not been found to be processed more thoroughly than neutral messages.

Skippy is a well-known brand of peanut butter that recently introduced a line of snack bars bearing the Skippy name. This is an example of

a brand extension.

A consumer's propensity to pursue differentness relative to others through the acquisition, utilization, and disposition of consumer goods is exhibiting

a need for uniqueness.

The likelihood and ease with which information can be recalled from long-term memory is termed

accessibility.

For a period of time, Energizer Batteries used mock commercials for seemingly boring, mundane products. A few seconds into the mock commercial, viewers heard the distinctive drumbeat of the Energizer Bunny before it marched across the screen. Several viewers said that when they heard the drums, they looked at and attended to the commercial because they liked the bunny. However, over time, viewers stopped paying attention to the commercial. What theory suggests that if a stimulus doesn't change, over time we adapt or habituate to it and begin to notice it less?

adaptation level theory

In an attempt to alter consumers' cognitive component of their attitude toward Pepsi brand of cola, a freshness date was added on the cans. Pepsi wanted consumers to consider this attribute that was never a consideration before. Pepsi was using which strategy to alter the cognitive structure of a consumer's attitude?

add beliefs

Nike has several models of athletic shoes, and most have high functionality. However, several models are also sleek looking and can actually make a fashion statement for the wearer as well as performing the functional aspects of the product. By going beyond the cognitive associations of functionality and attempting to tap consumers' affective reactions, Nike and other marketers are developing products with

aesthetic appeal

Denise tends to experience emotions more strongly than most people, so much so that there are some ads that she cannot even watch because they make her cry. This trait is known as

affect intensity.

Kimberly-Clark is interested in mothers' emotional reactions to their Huggies brand of disposable diapers, which usually have popular characters or cute designs printed on them. Which component of attitude is Kimberly-Clark interested in?

affective

When Joan sees an ad with a kitten or puppy, she always pays attention because seeing them makes her feel so happy. This emotional or feeling response triggered by the ads is known as

affective interpretation.

Madeline has a(n) __________ toward Coke, whereby she simultaneously really likes the taste but also is really negative about the brand because it has high calories.

ambivalent attitude

Swiss Miss instant hot chocolate uses images of winter Olympic athletic events with athletes and fans warming up to a mug of their instant cocoa. While Swiss Miss is not an official sponsor of the winter Olympics, consumers viewing the ads might reasonably infer that they were. What type of marketing is this?

ambush marketing

Consumers who actively complain when a product is not satisfactory are probably fulfilling __________ need.

an assertion

High-involvement learning often involves

analytical reasoning.

The most complex form of cognitive learning is

analytical reasoning.

The simplest form of message framing where only a single attribute is the focus of the frame is known as

attribute framing.

The tendency of many consumers to discount claims made by sales people can be explained in part by

attribution theory.

Marketers must promote __________ rather than __________, especially for less knowledgeable consumers and for complex products.

benefits, features

The repositioning of the Johnnie Walker whiskey brand with the Jane Walker whiskey special promotion may lead to consequences of

brand equity erosion and customer alienation.

The value consumers assign to a brand above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product is known as

brand equity.

Many consumers associate Mercedes automobiles with status, luxury, quality engineering, and high price. This is an example of Mercedes'

brand image.

When Honda introduced its Odyssey mini-van, its advertising merely claimed, "It's the Honda of mini-vans." This is an example of

brand leverage.

A set of human characteristics that become associated with a brand is referred to as

brand personality.

Addison is a brand manager and wants consumers to form attitudes that are strong, resistant to counterpersuasion attempts, more accessible from memory, and more predictive of behavior. Which route of the elaboration likelihood model should he encourage consumers to take?

central route

Using the toll-free number 1-800-FLOWERS to help consumers remember the phone number is an example of

chunking

Coca-Cola does not advertise during the evening news because the marketer does not want the often negative information reported on the news to create a negative feeling toward the brand. Which type of learning creates an association between the brand and some response?

classical conditioning

Which type of learning encompasses all the mental activities of humans as they work to solve problems or cope with situations?

cognitive learning

Which of the following is not a step in the information-processing model?

comparison

Which of the following are abstractions of reality that capture the meaning of an item in terms of other concepts?

concepts

Which of the following is an individual factor that can influence attitude change?

consumer knowledge

Color and the nature of the programming surrounding the brand's advertisement are examples of __________ present in the situation that can play a role in consumer interpretation independent of the actual stimulus.

contextual cues

Beverly went to the store to purchase instant hot chocolate mix for her family. A sign near the hot chocolate directed her to a specific aisle where she could purchase marshmallows. This is an example of a(n)

cross-promotion.

Attention generally __________ across repeated exposures, and repetition often __________ recall.

decreases; increases

Which of the following is a theory about how attitudes are formed and changed under varying conditions of involvement?

elaboration likelihood model

A television commercial for Senseo brand of coffee maker that can make coffee similar to what consumers purchase at coffee shops (e.g., Starbucks) encourages viewers to remember the experience of drinking their favorite coffee drinks at these types of shops. This coffee maker allows consumers to experience that sensation at home. What is this marketer trying to encourage?

elaborative activities

Which type of ad is designed primarily to elicit a positive affective response rather than to provide information or arguments?

emotional ad

Consumer ability to effectively cope with stressful situations relates to the concept of

emotional intelligence.

Shirley and Bud have been married for almost 50 years, but Shirley can remember their wedding day so clearly. She remembers how happy she felt that day and how wonderful it was to celebrate their marriage with all of their family and friends. She even remembers walking down the aisle, seeing her future husband waiting for her, and her father kissing her as he placed her hand in Bud's. Which type of memory does this represent?

episodic memory

Which of Maslow's needs reflects individuals' desires for status, superiority, self-respect, and prestige?

esteem

Individuals' interpretation of stimuli tend to be consistent with their expectations, an effect referred to as the

expectation bias.

Which of the following is an individual characteristic that influences interpretation?

expectations

Which type of memory is characterized by the conscious recollection of an exposure event?

explicit memory

In conditioned learning, forgetting is often referred to as

extinction.

Which of the following is not a factor accounting for inconsistencies between measures of beliefs and feelings and observations of behavior?

failure to consider negative reactions

A long-running television commercial for Dial soap would show an individual in various situations with other people (e.g., car pool or elevator). This individual would join the others and look around, appearing to be in discomfort. Then a voice over would say, "Aren't you glad you used Dial... don't you wish everyone did?" Which type of appeal does this illustrate?

fear appeal

The idea behind __________ is that different parts of our brain are better suited for focused versus non focused attention.

hemispheric lateralization

Pat is purchasing new tires for his car. Since he expected to spend $400 or more for these tires, he started researching on the Internet. He spent several days learning about this product and studied several consumer magazines (e.g., Consumer Reports). He decided to purchase Yokohama tires because they were rated the best tire value. Which type of learning situation does this illustrate?

high-involvement learning

Thomas is studying for a vocabulary exam by merely repeating the words and their definitions over and over. Which type of cognitive learning is this?

iconic rote learning

A market researcher asked Carl about his recollection of a specific exposure event, such as seeing an advertisement, or experience, such as driving or riding in an Acura automobile, which was the brand the researcher was interested in. While Carl could not recall a specific ad and has never traveled in an Acura, he seemed to "know" quite a bit about this brand. Carl described the brand as "reliable," "high-performance," "luxury," and "expensive." Which type of memory does this represent?

implicit memory

Donald has just learned that he has Type II diabetes, so he wants to learn as much as he can to manage his health. He reads health magazines, visits health-related websites, and reads product nutrition and ingredient information on packages. Donald's strength of learning is most likely to be strong due to which factor that affects the strength of learning?

importance

An advertiser that surrounds its ads with positive programming

increases the chances that their information is evaluated in a more positive light.

A series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored is called

information processing.

Sometimes consumers have difficulty retrieving a specific piece of information because other related information in memory gets in the way, which is an effect referred to as

interference.

Perception is a process that begins with consumer exposure and attention to marketing stimuli and ends with consumer

interpretation.

The minimum amount that one stimulus can differ from another with the difference still being noticed is referred to as the

just noticeable difference.

Zipping, zapping, and muting are simply mechanical ways for consumers to selectively avoid exposure to advertising messages, often referred to as

just noticeable difference.

Any change in the content or organization of long-term memory or behavior is known as

learning.

Which side of the brain is primarily responsible for verbal information, symbolic representation, sequential analysis, and the ability to be conscious and report what is happening?

left

Which of the following is not an advertising tactic used to communicate brand personality?

length of the ad

Kay was watching American Idol on television when a commercial for toilet tissue came on. She was not motivated at all to process the information provided in the ad. Which type of learning situation does this represent?

low-involvement learning

Which of the following refers to the continual repetition of a piece of information in order to hold it in current memory for use in problem solving or transferal to long-term memory?

maintenance rehearsal

Simply presenting a brand to an individual on a large number of occasions to make the individual's attitude toward the brand more positive is known as

mere exposure.

What are the major individual factors affecting attention?

motivation and ability

Which of the following is used to understand a consumer's cognitive component of attitude?

multiattribute attitude model

Shelby wears Tommy Hilfiger clothing and drives an expensive automobile. He likes these types of brands because he feels they communicate his image to others. These brands are satisfying Shelby's

need for expression.

Which need results in the consumer's playing various roles and gaining pleasure from adding new, satisfying roles and by increasing the significance of roles already adopted?

need for identification

Toyota offers a hybrid version of its popular Highlander mid-sized SUV. The advertising for this car features the positive benefits of owning a hybrid, but it fails to mention that the Hybrid is considerably more expensive than the conventional version of the model. This is an example of a(n)

one-sided message.

Erin is very imaginative and appreciative of all types of art. She is very creatively talented, and others come to her for novel solutions to problems because she tends to "think outside the box." Which core trait best describes Erin?

openness to experience

Which type of conditioning requires that consumers first engage in a deliberate behavior (i.e., trying the product) and come to understand its power in predicting positive outcomes that serve as reinforcement?

operant conditioning

Changing behavior prior to changing affect or cognition is based primarily on

operant conditioning.

Which of the following is not an individual characteristic that influences interpretation?

organization

While any given advertisement for a product may focus on only one or a few purchasing motives, the

overall campaign should attempt to position the product in the schematic memory to correspond with the target market's purchase motives and advertising campaign needs to cover all the important purchase motives of the target market.

A consumer's need for reinforcement is

passive and external.

Nick looked up a phone number in the telephone directory, and instead of writing it down, he kept repeating it to himself over and over until he could punch the numbers and make the call. Which of the following describes what Nick was doing?

perceptual mapping

Which of the following is considered a stimulus factor affecting attention?

position

The decision by a marketer to try to achieve a defined brand image relative to competition within a market segment is called

product positioning.

Which of the following is a situational factor affecting attention?

program involvement

Which of the following is (are) designed to provide information on latent motives?

projective techniques

Which of the following is a strategy to reduce competitive interference?

provide external retrieval cues

Anything that increases the likelihood that a given response will be repeated in the future is considered

reinforcement.

How can accessibility of information stored in long-term memory be enhanced?

repetition, rehearsal, and elaboration

Which type of memory structure is a complex web of associations?

schema

Which of the following is not a specific learning theory?

schematic

Maria was raised as a Catholic, but she has not been attending church regularly since she moved out of her parents' home into her own apartment. However, when she does attend mass, she remembers the sequence of events and what she must do (e.g., sit, kneel, stand, which prayer to say, etc.). Her memory of how an action sequence should occur is known as a(n)

script.

When asked what the concept "New Year's" meant to Holly, she mentioned the following: party, holiday, new beginning, football, fun, resolution, and winter. Holly's basic knowledge and feelings she has about this concept comprises her

semantic memory.

The physiological ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli is called

sensory discrimination.

Procter & Gamble, the maker of Crest brand toothpaste, has modified this brand to include whiteners. To encourage consumers to adopt this brand, P&G gave away free samples along with a high value coupon on the purchase of a tube. The hope was that consumers would try the brand, purchase it at a discount, and finally buy it at full price. This is an example of

shaping.

Which component of memory is also referred to as working memory and is that portion of total memory that is currently activated or in use?

short-term memory

Which of the following characteristics influencing interpretation represents factors beyond the stimulus itself?

situational

Many store brands use packaging and labeling that is similar to the more expensive national brand. The hope is that the look-alike package will elicit a similar response in consumers that encourages them to purchase the cheaper store brand. This is an example of

stimulus generalization.

Attention is determined by which factor?

the stimulus, the individual and the situation

How does mere exposure enhance attitudes?

through enhanced familiarity

The size, shape, and color are specific __________ of the stimulus that can affect interpretation.

traits

Kevin is shy and doesn't really like to be around others. Most of the others from his high school that went to the same college he did got involved in student organizations, such as fraternities and sororities, business organizations, and religious groups, but Kevin didn't join anything. Kevin has a low need for

Affiliation.

Low-involvement learning often involves

All of these choices are correct

__________ occurs when the stimulus activates one or more sensory receptor nerves, and the resulting sensations go to the brain for processing.

Attention

Caleb learned from his parents that littering was bad, so when he sees someone doing it, he forms an unfavorable impression of that person. Caleb's learned predisposition to dislike someone who litters represents his

Attitude.

Which of the following statement is true regarding comparative advertising

Audience characteristics, especially brand loyalty associated with the sponsoring brand, are important.

Elizabeth is 15 years old and is asking her parents for more freedom. She wants to make more of the decisions that affect her, such as the clothes she wears, how late she can stay out, and what school she attends. This is an example of Elizabeth's need for

Autonomy

Which of the following is not a reason why celebrity sources are effective?

Celebrities are physically attractive, and research has shown that individuals will agree with a physically attractive person regardless of the message or their own initial attitude.

__________ involves presenting an incomplete stimulus with the goal of getting consumers to complete it and thus become more engaged and involved.

Closure

In McGuire's classification of motives, which ones focus on the person's need for being adaptively oriented toward the environment and achieving a sense of meaning?

Cognitive

Mitch likes Toyota automobiles because he thinks they have the highest reliability of all automobiles. His belief about Toyota's reliability represents which component of Mitch's attitude?

Cognitive

__________ is a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning.

Cognitive interpretation

__________ involves presenting the stimulus in such a way that it is perceived as the focal object to be attended to and all other stimuli are perceived as the background.

Figure-ground

Which of the following statements is true regarding stimulus position and attention with respect to advertising?

For U.S. readers, high-impact zones in print ads and other print documents tend to be more toward the top and left of the ad.

Which core trait in the Five-Factor Model of personality is manifested by an individual being moody, temperamental, and touchy?

Instability

__________ is the assignment of meaning to sensations.

Interpretation

Which of the following is a motivational state caused by consumer perceptions that a product, brand, or advertisement is relevant or interesting?

Involvement

__________ refers to presenting one of two equivalent value outcomes either in positive or gain terms or in negative or loss terms.

Message framing

Which of the following statements is false regarding situational factors affecting attention?

Motivation and ability are two major situational factors affecting attention.

Kelly is hungry, and this inner force is making him search for the type of food he wants to eat. He decides that an Arby's roast beef sandwich will satisfy his hunger. This inner force that is compelling him to search for food is known as a(n)

Motive.

__________ attempts to create an association between a response (e.g., buying a brand) and some outcome (e.g., satisfaction) that serves to reinforce the response.

Operant conditioning

Which of the following reflects the relatively stable behavioral tendencies that individuals display across a variety of situations?

Personality

Which of the following is false regarding the central route to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?

Persuasion operates through classical conditioning.

Many victims of hurricane Katrina were left without their homes, food, and water—basic necessities for living. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which motives were activated for these individuals?

Physiological

Which of the following is not a core trait in the Five-Factor Model of personality?

Reliability

__________ involve(s) the use of an unexpected twist or artful deviation in how a message is communicated either visually in the ad's picture or verbally in the ad's text or headline.

Rhetorical figures

Ron owns a small retail establishment and is seeking your advice regarding getting shoppers' attention in the store. What should you recommend to Ron to help him get shoppers' attention?

Ron should use displays with as much information as possible because shoppers will be able to attend to all of it.

Tony the Tiger, the Jolly Green Giant, and the Aflac duck are examples of

Spokescharacters.

Which of the following occurs when a company provides financial support for an event such as the Olympics or a concert?

Sponsorship

A substantial amount of brand switching when the current brand is satisfactory may be explained by the __________ motive.

Stimulation

The owner of a local restaurant wants to enhance consumers' attitudes toward his restaurant by changing the affective component of their attitude. Which of the following is an appropriate approach to achieve this objective?

Use positive music in their advertisements so that over time consumers will transfer the positive affect associated with the music to the restaurant.

Which of the following is true regarding value-expressive versus utilitarian appeals?

Utilitarian appeals are most effective for functional products.

__________ advertising is perhaps the fastest growing alternative media, allowing for exposure to __________ who tend to avoid traditional media, such as TV.

Video game, young males age 18-24

Nikki likes to attend the movies, but she is concerned with how expensive ticket prices are getting and the cost of concessions. She wants to have fun, but she also knows that she needs to save money for college. Which type of motivational conflict is Nikki experiencing?

approach-avoidance

Segmenting consumers on the basis of their most important attribute or attributes is called

benefit segmentation.

Carissa is highly involved is a purchase decision for a new car. She has searched the Internet, visited car dealerships, talked to friends and family, and paid attention to advertisements. According to the elaboration likelihood model, by which route is Carissa likely to be persuaded?

central route

For years, American automobiles did not have the level of quality that foreign, particularly Japanese, automobiles had. However, that has changed, and most automobiles built in the United States have comparable or superior quality than imports. Consumers' attitudes are slow to change, however, and marketers must use which strategy to change the cognitive component of consumers' attitudes?

change beliefs

When a communication leads consumers to believe something about the product that is not true even though it doesn't present a direct false claim, this is known as

claim-belief discrepancy.

An advertisement for AT&T long distance telephone service split the screen in two and showed a person on each screen talking on the telephone. Below each person, there was a running total of the cost of the call. At the end of the commercial, the total cost on the AT&T side was lower than that for the Sprint side. This is an example of which type of ad?

comparative ad

Gwen lives in Dijon, France. To her, French wine is the only wine worth drinking, and she would never consider drinking wine from California. Gwen is exhibiting

consumer ethnocentrism.

Leslie was participating in a market research study, and she was asked to list all of the brands of computer printers that come to her mind. She listed HP, Epson, and Lexmark. These brands represent Leslie's

evoked set.

Carl is doing his homework and has the television on in the background. While it is on, several commercials aired. What stage of the information-processing model does this represent?

exposure

Which of the following stages of the information-processing model constitute perception?

exposure, attention, and interpretation

After a very negative service encounter, Sam vents his emotions and seeks emotional and problem-focused assistance from others. What is this called?

expressive support seeking

Which type of message framing stresses either the positive outcomes of performing a behavior or the negative outcomes of not performing a behavior?

goal framing

Which type of processing involves the recall and mental manipulation of sensory images, including sight, smell, taste, and tactile (touch) sensations?

imagery processing

Duane is attempting to determine consumers' attitudes toward his restaurant by asking them their beliefs about how his restaurant performs on several attributes, such as price, ambience, quality of the food, and friendliness of service. Consumers can rate his restaurant with a score of 1 to 7 for each of these attributes, with 7 being the highest. Duane adds up the scores to see how he performs, using the assumption that a higher total is better. At a basic level, which type of model is Duane using?

multiattribute attitude model

Which set of motives deals with our need to determine who or what causes the things that happen to us?

need for attribution

Stephanie is a working mother of two children. She has a stressful job, so she makes a point of walking two miles on her treadmill each day to help her unwind. By doing this, Stephanie is satisfying her

need for tension reduction.

Adam was working on a term paper and was exposed to so much information that he devised a classification system to organize the different sources of information he was using. This reflects which cognitive preservation motive?

need to categorize

Kellogg recently dropped Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps as a celebrity endorser. Kellogg's decision was based on

negative behavior involving the celebrity.

Dana is watching television when a commercial for a brand of bathroom cleaner comes on. She is not very interested in the product category, but the ad was entertaining and made her laugh. As a result, she had a positive attitude toward the brand of cleaner advertised. According to the elaboration likelihood model, which route to persuasion influenced Dana?

peripheral route

The voluntary and self-selected nature of online offerings where consumers "opt in" to receive email-based promotions is often referred to as

permission-based marketing.

Some people are known as "super tasters" because they have a higher concentration of taste buds compared to normal people. As a result, they tend to dislike the taste of broccoli because they claim it is too bitter. What type of trait is this?

physiological

Raymond is conducting motivation research. He is using __________, which are designed to provide information on latent motives.

projective techniques

When a teenager says, "It's cool," his friends understand that he's not talking about the temperature. In this case, the meaning of the word, "cool," is based on its __________ meaning.

psychological

Sam doesn't know much about digital video recorders, so when he went shopping for one, he decided on the model that had the highest price and the best warranty as well as one he had seen a lot of advertising for. Sam used these factors as

quality signals.

Which factor affecting attention includes stimuli in the environment other than the focal stimulus (i.e., the ad or package) and temporary characteristics of the individual that are induced by the environment, such as time pressures or a crowded store?

situational factors

Cameron was searching the Internet for information on digital cameras. He went to a search engine (i.e., Google) and searched the key words "digital camera." Unbeknownst to him, several banner ads for brands and retailers of digital cameras appeared on the results page that were activated based on the terms he used in his search. These banner ads are known as

smart banners.

Dr. Thomas, a doctor and local news medical correspondent, has frequently appeared in "Ask the Doctor" segment on local news Radio. Dr. Thomas is highly esteemed in his field and provides up-to-date medical information for viewers and provides answers to callers' questions. Sometimes he recommends specific remedies and products, and Valerie, a regular listener of the segment, trusts what he says or recommends because he doesn't seem to have an apparent motive to mislead listeners. Which characteristic does Dr. Thomas possess?

source credibility

Anne appears in a television commercial for a local chiropractor. She tells the audience how she suffered from migraine headaches several times a month. However, once she started treatment at this particular chiropractor, her headaches disappeared. She claimed, "I kept expecting them to come back, but they didn't. I have a whole new lease on life, thanks to Peavy Chiropractic!" Which type of ad is this?

testimonial ad

Advertisements and packages for Kellogg's Smart Start breakfast cereal include the seal of the American Heart Association, indicating that it is a hearty, healthy choice. This seal can influence consumers to purchase this brand because the American Heart Association has a reputation of trustworthiness and expertise. The seal appearing on packages and in advertisements represents a

third-party endorsement.

For years, L'Oreal hair color would say in their ad that L'Oreal is "expensive, but you're worth it." This is an example of which type of advertisement?

two-sided message

Advertisements for BC Headache Powders usually show blue-collar workers using this product to obtain fast pain relief caused by their job (e.g., heavy lifting). Which advertising tactic is BC using to communicate its brand personality?

user imagery

Instead of featuring any functional benefits of the product or brand in ads for the iPod, this product was introduced by showing a silhouette of a person dancing with the white earbuds and holding a white iPod MP3 player. Which type of advertising appeal does this illustrate?

value-expressive appeal

Barry decided he needs a new car, so he started looking at commercials on television and ads in magazines as well as visiting several websites. What type of exposure does this represent?

voluntary