final exam 3 the dog
social behavior
-can be + or - -packs -multiople communication can happen at once -play (less stress levels) -leadership/ submission (territorial) change in behavior id first sign of disease (loss of appetite, altered activity)
Sprains or strain
-cause limping -rest, then vet -no tylenol or ibuprofen!!!
MWD War fighter medical challenges
-chemical/bio warfare -trauma/PTSD
Herding group
-control movement of livestock -common in obedience competitions -old english sheepdog profusely coated, lower at withers than loin, cover max ground with min steps
dalmations
-croatian province used as sentinel dogs -modern day intruder detection
dalmations
-croatian province used them as sentinel dogs -modern day intruder detection
health benefits of sterilizing males early
-decr risk of benign prostatic disease -decr fighting, roaming, and spraying -elim "tom cat" odor -elim risk of testicular cancer
health benefits of sterilizing males early
-decrese risk of benign prostatic disease -decrease fighting, roaming, and spraying -eliminate "tom cat" odor -eliminate risk of testicular cancer
Dr. Cassles "BLUF" bottom line up front
-dogs are indispensable working assets -unique challenges and medical conditions -human/animal bond
EN Pros
-easy, fast, less stressful, faster recovery, no accidental litters, elim risks of testicular/uterine/ovarian cancers, decr risk of mammary carcinomas, decr risk of benign prostatic disease, decr spraying, decr fighting/roaming, kittens/puppies are more likely to be adopted from a shelter & N/S before adoption is key
health benefits to females when sterilized early
-elim risk of mammary tumors, uterine and ovarian cancer, and polymetra -elim nuisance behaviors associated with estrus
health benefits to females when sterilized early
-eliminate risk of mammary tumors, uterine and ovarian cancer, and polymer -eliminate nuisance behaviors associated with estrus
Cardiovascular disease statistics
-estimated 1 in 3 dogs have some form of heart disease by age 10 --often breed specific - cardiovascular disease is oftern without any obvious symptoms prior to becoming a servere problem
Trauma related injuries
-explosions (physical/hearing) -high speed ballistics -falls, sharp objects -PTSD
Orphan rearing
-feed warm milk replacer, ~25 kcal/100g BW -volume = 15% BW/d during 1st week -gradually incr to 25% during subsequent weeks -monitor BW daily -must not lose weight -keeppups warm and humid (30 deg C, >50% humid)
Terrier group
-feisty, fearless -wiry coat requires stripping -cairn terrier, irish terrier
Urinary Tract Disorders
-feline lower urinary tract disease -feline urolithiasis/obstruction -spay incontinence in female dogs -UTIs
specialized search dogs: Camp pendleton
-find IED bombs -emergent request -infantry asset -off-leash capability -train at LAFB, YPG
reproductive behavior
-finding a mate, courting and copulation -mark phenmones -various senses are involved marking and humbing are examples
For ALL surgical procedures
-gentle tissue handling -aseptic technique -hemostasis -verified hemostasis at end of procedure
Military working dog breeds
-german shepherd -malinois/belgian shepherd -labrador retrievers -springer spaniels -german shorthaire pointers -smaller breeds (navy)
Korea
-german shepherd -small arms fire training
Myths concerning early-age neutering
-get fat -stunts growth -males prone to urinary obstruction -more prone to developing cancer -develop bone/joint abnormalities -females prone to urinary incontinence or UTIs -anesthesia too risky for pediatric patients to be done routinely in veterinary practice
Assistance dogs
-guide dog (blind/visually impaired) -hearing dog (deaf/hearing impaired) -Service dog (other disability, i.e. seizure)
potential diseases with the circulatory system that cause changes in presure
-heart valve dysfunction -changes in vascular smooth muscle constriction -volume loss (dehydration/ hemorrhage)
classifications of heat injury
-heat stress -heat exhaustion -heat stroke
clinical presentation of heat injury
-heavily panting -body temp >106 deg -bright red mucous membrane -weak pulse -come in stuporous or depressed
Novice Exercises
-heel on leash, figure 8, stand for examination, heel 3, recall, group activity -maintain heel b/t shoulder and nose, no need to drag on leash, growling or aggression bad or moving away bad, dog only moves when called, sit in front of handler, must be w/in reach
The Golden Retriever Study Cruciate infury
-higher incidence in EN females and males
osteosarcoma
-highly malignant; overall .2% -incr w/age and weight -neutered 1-2X risk (.2-.4%)
Working dogs in WWI
-hitler made regular use of military dogs -search and rescue ambulance dogs -cigarette delivery -red cross
feeding behavior
-how searches for, select, and digest food -might dig to hide or uncover food rapid eating behavior -mostly carnivores
Purina Lifespan Study
-identical labs prone to osteoarthritis -one free fed, on moderated feeding (3/4 of first) -free choice fed dogs get too fat, affected life
Obesity in dogs: Salmeri, et al
-incidence of obesity -32 sterilized dogs -after 15 mo, no diff in those sterilized at 7 wks vs 7 mo
Degenerative Mitral Valve Insufficiency
-incomplete closure -small breeds -bidirectional flow -murmur during systolic -75-80% canine cardiac diseases -cavelier king charles and dachshund -often inherited -may onset earlier in males
increased risk of mammary gland tumors
-incr age -sexually in tact: 7x risk -most common tumor in female dogs -99.5% protection when spayed before first heat
Diarrhea is a huge problem for MWD
-infectious (parasites, protozoa, bacteria, viruses) -non infectious (stress, diet)
Left Ventricular Failure Treatment
-inotropic drugs -beta blockers -diurectics -angiotensin II blockers --angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors -aldosterone blockers-combined therapy -vasodilators
Weaning
-into canned growth food at 3wks -gradually incr time away from dam -wean at 6-8 wks -reduce bitch food for 2 days prior to weaning to cut milk production -feed 4xdaily, then 2xdaily at 6 months
The Georgia Study
-journal PLOS One April 2013 -24 breeds/mixes; 40,000 dogs -sterlized less likely to die from infectious disease, trauma, vascular disease, and degenerative disease -sterilized more likely to die from cancer, immune-mediated disease -similar in males and females -no spay/neuter ages given -vet college referral hospitals
Non-Sporting Group
-large range -standard poodle, dalmatian -15 points to become champion, needs to win under 3 different judges, must have 2 major wins (3,4, or 5 pts at any 1 show) -most points won at any 1 show is 5
Traditional MWD
-law enforcement agencies (patrol, PE, PD) -military police asset -training at lackland AFB, TX -Dod and DHS
What does adipose tissue make?
-leptin, visfatin, angiotensinogen, adiponectin resistin -TNF alpha, TGFbeta IL 1beta, IL6 -MCP-1, MIF, IL8 -VEGF, NGF -PAI-1, heptoglobin serum amyloid A
UTI in spayed dogs
-less than 5.5 mo: 1.38% -after 5.5 mo: .43% -no direct cause/effect established -non had chronic UTIs
obesity in sterilized cats: Root (1995/96); Fettman (1997); Nguyen (2004)
-lower metabolic rate and incr food intake in both M and F when sterilized at any age -wt gain prevented by feeding controlled portions, avoid free choice
types of ticks
-lyme - RMSF - babesia - erlichiosis
surgical procedures for ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy
-many variations of procedure accepted, including length ans location of incision -complete removal of both ovaries required
to world manufacturers of pet food
-mars -nestle purine -hills (vet market)
Physiological changes that affect blood flow demands
-meal intact/ absorption -exercise -sleep
Mitral valve
-mitral valve opens in one direction -valve between left atrium and left ventricle
Pet obesity
-most common nutritional problem -6-52% cats -20-44% dogs
Conclusions: Early-Age Neutering
-multiple studies show early sterilization safe and few risks of developing a disease as a result
Working dogs in Egypt 7000BCE
-mummification and anubis -humans and animals hunted together -earliest breeds- Saluki
The human animal bond
-mutually beneficial -dynamic relationship -influenced by behaviors essential to health and well-being of both: emotional, physiological, and physical interactions of people, animals, and the environment -vet's role is to maximize potentials of these relationships
How is autonomic output integrated in the medulla?
-negative feedback -setpoint regulation from HYPO
How much to feed a pregnant bitch
-no change 1st 5-6 weeks -last 3-4 weeks incr intake 10-15%/wk
The Golden Retriever Study hip dysplasia
-no diff in females -dx occurs earlier in early neutered males
MWD athletic medical challenges
-orthopedic injuries -gastric-dilation volvulus
Hemangiosarcoma
-overall .2% -2X risk when spayed/castrated for splenic -5X risk when spayed for cardiac
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
-overall .6% incidence -numerous studies found no correlation b/t age of neuter and FLUTD, including obstruction
Urinary incontinence in spayed dogs
-overall incidence 5-20% -large breeds more likely -spayed dogs more likely -one study found significant increase in chances when spayed before 3 mo vs after
Effects on skeletal growth: McNicholas 2002
-overweight males neutered prior to puberty and before growth plate closure greater risk of hip fractures -26 cats -case series
MWD have environmental exposure to...
-poisons -snake bites -insect stings -spider bites
pet food market categories
-popular brands (private labels) -permium/super premium -locally made foods -raw foods
Pet food market categories
-popular brands (private labels) -premium/super premium -locally made foods -raw foods
Recessed Vulva
-possible spayed before 1 yr -spayed as adults develop vulvar atrophy -can be associated w/peri-vulvar dermatitis
Risks involved with raw food
-potential pathogenic parasites, bacteria, and viruses (salmonella, aujeski's, hydatid cysts) -NOT for young, old, pregnant, sick pets -unbalanced -no essential nutrient is only raw
surgical procedures for orchidectomy
-prescrotal and scrotal approaches acceptable -complete removal of both testes required -both testes removed for chryptorchid
2 factors that determine flow
-pressure or energy pushing the liquid -resistance in the system to flow
Arterial circulation
-pressure storage -greatest resistance outflow -pressure w/in arterial system is a function of volume in minus volume out at any moment
Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis
-progressive neurologic disease -gsd over-represented -Dx with advanced imaging techniques and clinical signs -tx: medical or surgical -prevention is key -malinois does best
prevention of diarrhea
-proper diet -water!
Chemical Agent Exposure
-protective measures -decontamination -specific agents
4 functional components of each circulatory system division
-pump -distribution system -exchange region -collection system
Classes in Obedience
-regular novice, open, and utility -optional titling classes: beginner novice, graduate novice, graduate open, versatility
treatment of diarrhea
-rest gut -simple stuff
Risk-Benefit Ratio
-risks outweigh benefits? -most have risk-benefit ratio in favor of EN -important to prevent pet overpopulation
early-age neutering
-safe and effective -one of best ways to prevent accidental litters -before adoption results in 100% owner compliance
Obedience competition
-score of 170/200 each class and 50% out of each exercise in order to qualify -teamwork, lose pts for sitting crooked or not responding correctly -allow mixed breeds, need to be S/N
Specialized and Search Dogs
-search and rescue -tracker dogs (bloodhound) -brown tree snake dogs (jack russel) -termite dogs
Vietnam
-sentry dog proven -heat casualties -transition to patrol dog
Working dogs in the civil war 1865
-sentry, messengers, mascots
Baroreceptors
-short term regulator of blood pressure -stretch receptors -on aortic arch and bifurcation of carotid -detect arterial pressure changes through changes in stretch on vessel walls
hound breeds
-sight (borzoi) or scent (bloodhound) hound -arranged largest to smallest
Why use dogs as service animals?
-special senses -loyalty and companionship -trainability and versatility -diversity -deterrence
Meat By-Products
-spleen, liver, kidney, bone, blood, fat, intestine cleaned of contents
Rules for Surgery and Anesthesia according to ASV spay/neuter guidelines
-surgeon wear appropriate surgical attire intended for use within operating area -surgical caps/masks required, except for routine castration of cats and pediatric puppies -sterile surgical gowns recommended when performing abdominal procedures -single-use sterile surgical gloves required for spays and dog castrations, recommended for cat castrations
MWD elemental medical challenges
-temp variation -infectious diseases
resistance inversely alters flow
-the greatest resistance to flow is vessle diameter F=(P1-P2)/R CO=MAP/TPR when vessels open then resistence falls, flow shouls increase and capacity should decrease
Collecting System- Venous Side
-thin walled, highly compliant, low pressure -Volume storage available for quick recruitment
The owner of the animal shelter highlighted in the video said that a good shelter, in her opinion, ...
-tries to keep a dog as long as possible -minimizes euthanizing dogs -tries hard to train or work with difficult dogs
New initiatives CBRNE equipment
-under development -CBPS: chem/bio protective shelter -KCPW: kennel crate protective wrap
open access journals
-unrestricted access and reuse of journal material -some require peer-review, some don't
homemade diets
-usually a supplement in western countries -incr after pet food recalls -deficient in minerals and essential fat unless balanced by expert -animals pick and choose unbalanced diet even when offered balanced diet -time consuming & expensive -not tested on animals
Lactation feed requirements
-varies with litter size -peak>> 3-4 x maintenance -energy dense food -frequent meals
Parasitides & Preventatives
-varying efficacy/coverage per brand -Resistance in some areas
flow
-ventricle on systemic side can generate 120 mm of merc, cap is 35 then to venial side is low - presure gradient helps with flow -in a well functioning system flow out of the left = flow out of the right -flow is determined by both pressure or energy pushing the liquid and resistance in the system to flow -biggest drop in pressure occurs in the levels of artirials (vessels that are smooth muscle lyers)
An abnormal behavior of a dog that spends a lot of time confined to a kennel
-vertical jumping -spinning repeatedly -biting the wire
lymph ad venous circulation
-vessels converge and empty into right and left subclavian veins
the internet
-vet blogs -vet care websites -breeders/breed specific websites -open access journals
Spiders threatening to MWD: Brown Recluse
-violin shape marking on dorsal cephalothorax, nocturnal, rarely aggressive
Foot injuries
-web cracks/inflamed feet -pad cuts/ lacerations
Raw food should not be fed which of the following type of dog.
-young dogs -old dogs -pregnant dogs
Soft moist pet food
-~30% moisture (20-65%) -contain humectants eg sorbitol -minor importance -expensive -usually palatable
soft moist pet food
-~30% moisture (20-65%) -contain humectants eg sorbitol -minor importance -expensive -usually palatable
How thick are capillary walls?
1 cell
__ in ___ dogs die of cancer. _____% of deaths in dogs over the age of 10 are due to cancer
1 in 4 50%
Nutrition (BCS)
1) Emaciated: ribs, lumbar vertebrne, pelvic ones, and all body prominences evident. Minimal fat and muscle mass 2) Thin: ribs easily palpated and visible, no palpable fat. Tops of lumbar vertebrae visible. Pelvic bones less prominent. Obvious waist and abdominal tuck. 3) Moderate: ribs palpable without excess fat. Abdomen tucked up when viewed from side. 4) Stout: fleshy appearance. Ribs palpable with difficulty. Fat deposits over lumbar spine and tail base. +/- abdominal tuck. 5) Obese: large fat deposits over chest, spine, and tail base. Waist/tuck absent. Fat deposits on neck and limbs. Abdomen distended.
neutered dogs have ______x increased risk for developing osteosarcoma
1-2x
Who is responsible for this dogs
1. Air force 2. Army element
neutering procedure
1. incision is pre-scrotal and tunica vaginalis is elevated through incision 2. tunica vaginalis is incised to expose testicle 3. testicular blood vessels and sperm ducts ligated 4. testicle removed 5. subQ fat layers and skin sutured closed
3 sections of ASV spay/neuter guidelines
1. vet medical guidelines 2. surgery and anesthesia 3. identifying neutered animals
3 sections of ASV spay/neuter guidelines
1. veterinary medical guidelines 2. surgery and anesthesia 3. identifying neutered animals
mother dog's milk is about ______ kcal ME/mL
1.5
bitch's milk
1.5kcal ME/mL -~2 x caloric density of cow's milk increase protein, fat, calcium, decreased lactose suckle 40x/day at start must ensure get colostrum
estimated _____ of dogs have some form of heart disease by age 10
1/3
dry food is ______% moisture (AAFCO defines <20%)
10%
keep treats to <_____% of the diet
10%
keep treats to less than ___% of diet
10%
_____% noncompliance in US if not neutered prior to adoption
10-60%
Want to maintain MAP around ___mmHg
100mmHg
Blood pressure in ventricle
120mmHg
Average lifespan of a dog:
13 years
Look at the chart below and then answer the following question? How many kcal per day does a young active pet dog need that weighs 30 kgs?
1800 kCals per day
First recorded use of dogs in the U.S. army
1835 the 2nd seminole war -bloodhounds tracked down seminoles and runaway slaves
first recorded use of dogs in the U.S. army
1835 the 2nd seminole was -bloodhounds tracked dowm seminoles and runaway slaves
more recent history
1835: the 2nd Seminole War 1865: the civil war 1884: the world's first military dog training school, in burlin World war 1: search and rescue, red cross dogs, cigarette delivery
World's 1st MWD training school
1884, Germany
the world's 1st military war dog training school
1884- Germany
pregnancy of bitch: how much to feed
1st 5-6 weeks: no extra energy, no increase in weight, no increase in food last 3-4 weeks: fetus and mothers weight increases, increase intake 10-15%/wk
genetics
2 changes can occur through genetis: Natural selection: improving fitnesss and survival Artificial selection: selective breeding for particular traits
kill adult hw
2 or 3 injections of organic arsenicals -melarsomine (immiticide) long term (2.5-3 years) mounthly administration of ivermectin/ pyrantel pamoate (heartguard) will clear most hw from most dogs -worm start to die after 18 months or so -not a replacement for immiticide: use when immiticide not feasible. like sick dog or owner is unwilling to pay
treatment for HW
2-3 injections of organic arsenicals
Treatment for HW
2-3 injections of organix arsenicals
typical flow through the aorta of a dog is ______ L/min CO
2.5
typical flow through aorta of dog
2.5 L/min (cardiac output)
6-52% of cats and _______% of dogs are obese
20-44%
When did the Association of Shelter Veterinarians publish the guidelines for spay and neuter?
2008 in JAVMA by ASV's Pay/Neuter task force (members from shelters, academia, private practice and HQHVSN clinics)
Maximim Lifespan of a dog:
27 years
calcium/ phosphorus ratio
2:1 to 1:1
calcium:phophorous ratio
2:1 to 1:1
Wars that utilized working dogs
2nd Seminole War, Civil war, WWI, WWII, Korea, Vietnam
castrated dogs have ____x risk for splenic hermangiosarcoma
2x
behavioral responses
3 levels: motor or action level -decription of what the animal is doing -chewing/ running functional level -purpose of which the action pattern is directed (multiple action patterns) -agression: bitting/ chasing/ bearing teeth abstract level -describes a mental state that is not defined objectively -fearfullness
ASV guidelines for spay/ neuter
3 sections: veterinary medical guidelines surgery and anesthesia identifying neutered animals
at peak lactation the mother needs ______x as much energy density (more food)
3-4
for the last _______ weeks of pregnancy the fetus(es) and mother's wt increases and food increases t0 10-15%/wk
3-4
dry food makes up _____ of the dog and cat foods sold
3/4
Dry pet food
3/4 of dog and cat food sold, 10% moisture, low palatability, inexpensive
dry pet foods
3/4 of dog and cat foods sold ~10% moisture (AAFCO defines <20%) energy dense ~4kcal/g moist are low fat low palatability inexpensive/ kcal fat sprayed on- more expensive
Heart disease is estimated to occur in ___% of older dogs
30%
It is estimated that ______ of dogs have some form of heart disease by the age of 10.
30%
soft-moist (soft-dry) is about ______% moisture (AAFCO 20-65%)
30%
Exceptional longevity
30% above the average life expectancy
soft-moist
30% moisture (AAFCO 20-65%), contain humectants eg sorbiutol, minor importance, expensive, usually palatable
Soft moist
30% moisture, minor importance, expensive, palatable
of those from petsmart survey that had not had their pet neutered, the reasons given were:
34% too young 31 % too expensive 24 % no time 11% not necessary
blood pressure in capillaries
35 mmHg
1 in __ dogs have some form of heart disease by age ___
3; 10
How many cats & dogs are euthanized in shelters in the US every year?
4-6 million
how many cats and dogs are euthanized in shelters in the US every year?
4-6 million
problem
4-6 million cats , dogs, puppies, and kittens are euthanized in shelters in the US every year although somea re sick, the majority of these animals are healthy shelter euthansia is the leading cause of death in companion animals in the US "homelessness" claims more lives than any disease veterinarians learn about in veterinary school
age of growth plate closure begins and completed
4-7 mo; 14-20 mo
At what time frame does dental plaque tend to harden?
48 hours
Shelter Facts
5 million dogs are brought to the shelter each year
1st _________ weeks of pregnancy there is no increase in weight and no increase in food for the mother
5-6
recommended neutering age
5-7 months
When to neuter a dog
5-7 months of age
how old must a purebred dog be to start showing for conformation?
6 months
obesity
6-52% cats; 20-44% dogs definition: an excess accumulation of fat that impairs health Adipose tissues make: visfatin, leptin, PAI-1, haptoglobin serum amyloid A, angiotensinogen, VEGF, NGF, adiponectin resistin, MCP-1, MIF, ILB, TNFa, TGFb II,1B,IL6
How many dogs are judged in the Best In Show competition?
7
common behavior
7 different behavior
canned/pouch food is ___________% moisture (AAFCO >65%)
75-80%
AVMA supports ovariohysterectomy/ gonadectomies at what age?
8-16 weeks
AVMA supports ovariohysterectomy/ gonadectomies at what age?
8-16 wks
Junior Showmanship
9-18 year olds work with dogs
Approximately _____ of animals entering a no-kill shelter are expected to be saved.
90%
What is happening in this picture according to the dog behavior lecture by Ms. Arnold?
A preference test
A motivation test
A test that determines whether an agent's motivation in committing an intentional tort is to promote the principal's business; if so, the principal is liable for any injury caused by the tort
Novice A vs B class
A: never done it before B: have titled a dog before
What organizations have endorsed early-age neutering?
AVMA, american animal hospital assn, AKC, Cat Fanciers Assn, American Humane, ASPCA, Humane Society of US, Assn of Feline Practitioners, Assn of Shelter Veterinarians
who used mastiffs as early working dogs?
Alexander the great, Briton's - spikes on dog helmets
A(n) abnormal behavior of a dog that spends a lot of time confined to a kennel is
All of the Above (Vertical jumping, spinning, biting the wire)
The owner of the animal shelter highlighted in the video said that a good shelter, in her opinion, ...
All of the Above (tries to keep dog as long as possible, minimizes euthanizing, tries hard to train or work with dogs)
What are the Association of Shelter Veterinarians (ASVs) guidelines say for surgical procedures?
All of the above (Ensure gentle tissue handling, use aseptic techniques, endure adequate hemostasis, to verify that there is no bleeding at the end of the procedure before the abdomen is closed)
Loss of hair in dogs is called ____.
Alopecia
Nutritional enrichment
Alternative food delivery or novel food
A group of local, state and federal agencies that regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds is called
American Feed Control Official (AAFCO)
A group of local, state and federal agencies that regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds is called
American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
uni-directional flow is maintained by valves
( heart murmurs occur when flow through valves are abnormal) opening/ closing of valves, pushes volume of blood forward (efficiently using energy)
UTI
(no direct cause & effect has been established)
feeding for orphan rearing
- 100F milk replacer (~1 kcal.mL) - provide 15% of BW/d for 1st week - then increase to 25% BW/d
robby law (H.R. 5314)
- 106th congress - nov. 6, 2000 -facilitate adoption of MWD - SECDEF may make available for adoption
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) MAP = CO x TPR
- Arterial vasculature has thick smooth muscle layer -TPR: Total peripheral resistance = overall resistance of arterial vasculature to allow volume in to leave to next component of vascular system (capillaries) (if high then it is harder to pass through and to change) -changes in resistance ( depends on vascular bed or TPR) occur via mechanisms intrinsic ( localized subsistence that causes muscle layer to relax or contract ) or extrinsic ( circulating hormones or in case of vascular then the symetetic nerves system ) to vascular smooth muscle
the primary function of the cardiovascular system is to provide sufficient blood flow
- Flow = the volume of blood that moves past a particular point in the cardiovascular system in a given time - typically "flow" through the aorta of a dog is 2.5 liters/ min (CO)
MWD breeds
- GSD - belgian malinois - labs - springer spaniels - german shorthair pointers - smaller breeds (submarines)
post WWII MWD
- GSD - small arms fire training - sentry dog program - patrol dogs
degenerative mitral valve insufficiency
- L A-V valve not complete closure - smaller, older dogs - not all volume goes forwards, results in bi-directional flow - often inherited
growing pups optimize for
- absence of bone disease - maximize genetic potential not rate of growth
affective states
- animals should be free of negative emotions - animals should be able to express positive emotions
drugs used to treat anxiety
- anxiolytics - antidepressants - anticonvulsants
WWII MWD
- attack dog - sentry - silent scout - messenger -casualty
blood flow regulated by
- autonomic nervous system - hormones (RAAS, ADH, epinephrine)
basic health and functioning
- basic animal needs (food, water, nutrition, shelter)
3 animal welfare views
- basic health and functioning - natural living - affective states
fearful and worried
- body lowered - eye contact brief - paw raised - tail down, may wag slightly - ears back
fearful aggressive
- body lowered - lips slightly curled - ears back - tail tucked - hackles raised
non-core vaccines
- bordatella - leptospirosis
prostatic tumors
- castrated dogs 2-4x more likely
what groups of people show improved mental health scores when working w/ dogs?
- college-aged - elderly women - alzheimer's patients - AIDS patients
athletic MWD injuries
- degenerative lumbosacral stenosis - foot injuries - gastric-dilation volvulus (papa smurf rad)
pros to treats
- dental chews - important for human animal bond
mental health problems
- depression - anxiety - aggression (fear/dominance) - OCD
cooking pros
- destroys pathogens - modest amount of cooking increases digestibility
what is removed in a neuter?
- dog's testes and testicular epididymis - blood vessels and spermatic ducts (vas deferens or ductus deferens)
cooking cons
- excess cooking destroys digestibility (cross links proteins and carbs) - destroys/ reduces availability of nutrients (free AA, B vitamins, creatine)
cons to treats
- expensive - often provide too many calories - can unbalance diet
neutering aftercare
- feed the dog the same - keep calm (not running) for 10-14 days - wait 2 wks before swimming/bathing
categories of animal behavior
- feeding - social - maternal -developmental/learning - sexual and reproductive - abnormal
neutering alternatives
- female oestrous suppression - fertility suppressing implants (contraceptives) for males - canine vasectomy - chemical castration - anti-testosterone agents
5 freedoms of animal welfare
- freedom from hunger or thirst - freedom from discomfort - freedom from pain, injury or disease - freedom to express (most) normal behavior - freedom from fear or distress
assistance animals
- guide dog - hearing dog - service dog
elemental MWD injuries
- heat injury prevented via acclimation, hydration, fitness - cold injury
natural living forwards approach
- history of dog, adaptations - behaviors they're motivated to perform - breed and age specific - preference test
parasites of the GI
- hookworm - tapeworms - roundworms - whipworms
characteristics or premed
- includes some sort of pain reliever - reduce saliva (so not to block airways)
treatment for L ventricular failure
- inotropic drugs - beta blockers - diuretics angiotensin II blockers - aldosterone blockers - vasodilators
mammary gland tumors
- intact dogs have 7x increased risk - spayed before 1st heat have 99.5% protection
weaning pups
- introduce canned growth food at 3 wks of age - gradually increase time away from dam - reduce mother's food - wean at 6-8 wks or later
orphan puppy care
- keep warm and humid (30C, >50% humidity) - do not wake to feed - stimulate for defecation
activities that effect blood flow
- meal intact/absorption - exercise - sleep
neutering pre-op
- no food 12 hrs prior (8 hrs for puppies) - animal given sedative pre-med, then general anesthetic - clipped and scrubbed
research on neutering operation findings
- no serious complications w/ kittens and puppies (pediatric anesthesia) - older cats maybe b/c of licking (post-op complications) - younger cases had less weight gain
why are processed human foods bad for dogs?
- not balanced - high in salt and fat
ASV s/n surgeries
- ovariohysterectomy and ovarioectomy - orchidectomy (prescrotal and scrotal)
research on neutering effects on skeletal growth
- overweight male cats greater risk of hip fractures - cranial cruciate rupture (conflicting results) - early neutering may increase development of excessive TPA (tibial plate angle)
social behavior
- pack animals - multiple communication at once (expressions, sound, senses) - play - leadership/submission
MWD types
- patrol, PE, PD - mine detection - specialized search - combat tracker - contract K-9s
environmental MWD injuries
- poisons - snake bites - spider bites - insect bites
pet food categories
- popular brand - premium/super premium - locally made foods - raw foods
neutering pros
- prevent unwanted litters - prevent/reduce testicular disease - reduce testosterone-mediated behavior
what is not usually removed in a neuter?
- prostate, urethra, penis, bulbis glandis, much of testicular blood vessels
association of shelter veterinarians and guidelines for spay/neuter
- published JAVMA 2008 - authors members of ASV spay/neuter task force - vets from academica, shelters, HQHVSN (high quality, high vol. spay neuter), private practice
each division of cardiovascular system has 4 functional components
- pump - distribution system - exchange system - collection system
core vaccines
- rabies - distemper - canine parovirus - canine hepatitis
dog breed personalities affects
- reactivity - fearfulness - activity level - socialization - responsiveness - submissiveness - aggression
raw foods
- risky, contain potential pathogenic parasites, bacteria, and viruses - do NOT feed to young, old, pregnant, or sick - often unbalanced - public health issue
submission (dog very scared)
- rolls on back - ears flat and back - tail tucked
WWI MWD
- search and rescue - cigarette delivery dog - red cross dog
specialized search dogs
- search and rescue - tracker dogs - brown tree-snake dogs - termite dogs
behavioral issues
- separation anxiety - noise anxiety - tail chasing - chewing - digging
types of environmental enrichment
- social (dog park) - occupational (herding, agility training) - physical (change size of enclosure, walks) - sensory (music) - nutritional
why dogs as working animals?
- special senses - loyalty - trainability and versatility - diversity - deterrence
malocclusion
- stage 1 dental developmental issue - pups born brachygnathic (upper jaw is longer) - early intervention needed
crossbites, crowding, rotation
- stage 3 dental developmental issue - correct w/ screws and splints
GA study findings
- sterilized dogs less likely to die from infectious disease, trauma, vascular disease, degenerative disease - sterilized dogs more likely to die from cancer or immune mediated disease
dominant aggressive
- teeth bared - stiff-legged stance, body leaning forward - ears forward - tail raised and bristled - hackles raised
basic features of the vascular system or distribution system
- the blood transports metabolic substrates to tissues (parelle division) and metabolic waste products away from the tissues -arteries and arterioles (smaller arteries, have a smooth muscle layer) regulate flow to select vascular beds
pumping energy or "heart beats" are rhythmic contractions initiated by specialized myocardial cells
- the sinus atrial node fires the fastest -back up system "atrial ventricular node - first electrical region occurs in the sinus atrial node, then atrial muscle to the avy node, then to ventricle -see depolization then contraction of atria then after depolization and excitation of ventricle
why shouldn't dog get vaccinated why under anesthesia?
- vaccines only effective when animal has fully functional immune system and at normal body temp.
systole
- ventricular activation - aortic < ventricular pressure - excitation - blood volume pushed up
diastole
- ventricular relaxation - aortic > ventricular pressure - atria allows blood to flow to ventricle
3 sections of ASV spay/neuter guidelines
- vet. med. guidelines - surgery and anesthesia - identifying neutered animals (ear clipping, tattooing)
Nemo the dog
- war hero - protected master when he was injured, lost an eye
ASV s/n surgery and anesthesia guidelines
- wear appropriate attire - caps required except neuter on cats and puppies - aseptic tech.
neutering cons
- weight gain (if owner doesn't adjust diet) - delayed growth plate closure - cost in some cases
natural living backwards approach
- what is welfare issue? - what behaviors are limited? - does allowing these behaviors lift the issue?
Working group
-"big dog" group -bred for specific job -Siberian husky, doberman pinscher, great dane, anatolian shepherd -be aware of potential size and strength
Pet treats
-"chews": dental hygiene -home cooked treats common -important to bond with companion animal -high calorie content -keep <10% of total calories -unbalance diet -$$$$$
recessed vulva
-(dogs spayed <1 yr more likely)
spay incontinence in dogs
-(larger more likely)
quality of evidence from scientific studies in order from strongest to weakest
-*multi studies -*exp research -*epi. studies -*clinical series -clinical impression -opinion (*peer reviewed)
Prostatic tumors
-.2-.6% in all male dogs -castrated at 2-4X more likely -avg Dx age is 10 yrs
Problems with the Golden Retriever Study
-1 breed -only 1-8 yr olds -only 759 dogs -referral vet hosp population
Bitch's milk
-1.5 kcal ME/mL ~2 x cal density of cow milk -incr protein, fat, calcium, decr lactose -suckle 40 x/day at start -NEED COLOSTRUM
Obesity in dogs: Spain, et al
-1800 dogs -obesity decr in animals neutered before 5 mo
WWII Dogs for defense
-1st time in U.S. military history that marked official recognition of working war dogs by armed forces
WWII dogs for defense
-1st time in US military history that marked official recognition of working dogs by armed forces
Canned/pouch pet food
-2nd most sales volume -75-80% moisture (>65%) -higher fat, higher protein -less energy dense ~1 kcal/g -highly palatable -more expensive/kcal
canned/pouch pet food
-2nd most sales volume -75-80% moisture (>65%) -higher fat, higher protein -less energy dense ~1 kcal/g -highly palatable -more expensive/kcal
Dry pet foods
-3/4 dog/cat food sold -~10% moisture (defined as >20%) -energy dense ~4kcal/g -most are low fat -low palatability -inexpensive/kcal -fat sprayed on-more expensive
dry pet food
-3/4 dog/cat food sold -~10% moisture (defined as >20%) -energy dense ~4kcal/g -most are low fat -low palatability -inexpensive/kcal -fat sprayed on-more expensive
Mastiffs in Egypt and Europe
-Alexander the Great -Britons/Caesar's invading armies
Coordinated cardiovascular function is regulated by:
-Autonomic Nervous System -Hormonal Regulation RAAS Vasopressin Epinephrine
canine mental health
-Depression -Anxiety -Aggression (fear/dominance) -OCD ACVB/AVMA Guidelines: - Socialization and appropriate training -Preventing negative impact on people, animals, environment - Provide exercise and mental stimulation appropriate age, breed, health status -Advance preparation to ensure well-being in emergencies
Dr. Cassle's "BLUF" bottom line up front
-Dogs are indispensible working assets -unique challenges and medical conditions -human/animal bond
Early-Age Neutering Pros:
-Easier and faster procedure (less fat, less bleeding) -Less stress on patient and veterinarian -Faster recovery - No "oops!" litters -Eliminates risk of testicular, uterine , and ovarian cancer - Decreases risk of development of benign prostatic disease -Significantly decreases risk of development of mammary carcinomas -Significantly decreases territorial spraying in male cats -Decreases fighting and roaming activity in male dogs and cats -Kittens and puppies are the most likely animals to be adopted in a shelter, and neutering before adoption is key!
What are the Association of Shelter Veterinarians (ASVs) guidelines say for surgical procedures?
-Ensure gentle tissue handling -Endure adequate hemostasis, to verify that there is no bleeding at the end of the procedure before the abdomen is closed -Use aseptic techniques (All of the above)
Safety Studies: anesthetic complications
-Fagella and Aronsohn -96 kittens/puppies, 6-14 wk old, no complications
What is GDV?
-Gastric Dilation Volvulus -stomach turns due to gas buildup -large, deep chested dogs common in 7yr olds
breeds
-German Sepherd Dogs -Malinois -Labrador retrievers -springer spaniels -german shorthair pointers -smaller breeds (navy)
safety studies: post-op complications
-Howe -complications in 775 animals -3 age groups: <12 wks, 12-23 wks, >24 wks -no diff in mortality or major complications -older cats had more minor complications than <12 wks (7.8 vs 3.6%)
MAP = CO X TPR
-MAP is tightly regulated, is pressure on the arterial side is function on both what is coming in (CO) x how easy that volume that came in can leave -CO=cardiac output -100 mercury is needed -if CO or TPR decreases (vasodilation) then MAP drops -if MAP drops then = less force to maintain constant flow through peripheral vasculature -rapis adjustments via multiple mechanisms will modify CO and / or TPR to bring MAP back to setpoint -problems: high blood pressure (common in cats) or too low blood pressure (fainting) CO goes up BP goes up... co= SV X HR ... SO if you increase HR or SV you increase CO >>> BP
Categories of Military Working Dogs
-MWD: Patrol, PE, PD -Mine detection -specialized search dog -combat tracker dogs -contract K9s
category of military working dogs
-MWD: patrol, PE, PD -mine detection -specialized search dog -combat tracker dogs -contract k9s
The Golden Retriever Study
-PLOS One journal July 2013 -joint disorders and cancers in 759 neutered owned Goldens -1-8 yr olds -hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate tears, lymphosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumors
vietname
-Sentry dog proven -heat casualties -transition to patrol dog
optimizing growth in pups
-absence of bone disease -max genetic potential -NOT rate of growth
Prevention of heat injury
-acclimation -hydration -fitness
Mastiffs in egypt and europe
-alexander the great -britons/caesar's invading armies
the heart is the energy source of the cardiovasc ular system
-anatomicalt one heart -physiologically two seperate pumps -- atrium, ventricles -mechanically and electrically interdependent
peer-reviewed studies
-available online, many sites require subscription to view -not easily accessible to general public
Cassle: Roxy
-bit on face -swelling on face
Spiders threatening to MWD: Black Widow
-black widow causes most spider related deaths, small, secretive, non-aggressive, male and female potent venom, only females penetrate skin
Basic features of the vascular system or distribution system
-blood transports metabolic substrates to tissues and metabolic waste products away from tissues -arteries and arterioles regulate flow to select vascular beds
Toy Group
-bred to be companions -choice of apartment dwellers -coats can be easy or difficult to care for -italian greyhound goes back 2000 years, favorite of italian nobles during renaissance
Combat Tracker Teams
-camp lejeune -canine and human trackers with security -navy seal team 6 (may 2011, aug 2011)
Specialized Search Dogs
-camp pendleton (springer spaniel) -emergent request -infantry asset -off-leash -train LAFB, YPG
Who has the oldest no-kill traditions?
India
Which of the following describes social behavior in dogs?
It is active association between members and it can be positive or negative
In 1991, what country stopped using euthanasia on healthy animals?
Italy
Glucosamine and Chondroitin sulfate are frequently used to stimulate ____ ____
Joint health
Military working dogs after WWII
Korea war -German Sheperd dog -Small arms fire training Vietnam war -Sentry dog proven ( early detection system) - heat casualties -transition to patrol dogs (trained to find suspect, but only commanded to attack when commanded) -Development of Dual trained MWD (1971) (were patrol dogs and smelleng drugs) 1995: used for bomb detection
Nutritionally, How do you treat dementia in dogs?
Antioxidants
How can you treat the decline in immunity that is correlated with aging?
Antioxidants (Beta-carotene and Vitamin E)
treatment for Ascarid?
Any nematocide approved for ascarids. Pyrantel pamoate is preferred for puppies.
The method to kill heartworms involves 2-3 injections of an organic compound that contains____?
Arsenic
MAP= CO (HR X SV) X TPR
Arte3rial presure is tightly regulated -intrinsic mecahnisms altering vascular tone -extrinsic mechanisms which alter vascular tone or modulate blood volume (pressure) on arterial side sypethetic system can go to the heart and change cardiac output nitrooxyed release by vein/ arteries
AAFCO
Assoc. of American Feed Control Officials
Very old animals have been seen to have difficulty maintaining:
Body weight
What is considered a non-core vaccine?
Bordatella
BLUF
Bottom Line Up Front Dogs= indispensable working assets unique challenges and medical conditions human/ animal bond
Dermatological Health - Coat
Breed considerations Reputable groomers Healthy: soft, smooth (even on short or wired hair breeds), shiny, relatively odor free Unhealthy: dry/brittle, loose, greasy or dusty, oily smell. All dogs require brushing, longer haired breeds more Dogs prone to shedding, or with thick undercoats, should be brushed once a week Wide-combed and fine-brushes needed Regular, not frequent bathing is required "Over-bathing" leads to dry skin, irritation Mild-detergent shampoo formulated for dogs Coat quality reflects overall nutrition!
how to calculate CO
CO = SV x HR
Mean Arterial Pressure
CO x TPR (cardiac output X total peripheral resistance)
What are the 3 leading non-accidental causes of death in dogs?
Cancer Kidney disease Heart disease
What is the most commonly encountered intestinal parasite of the dog?
Canine Hookworm
Heat injury Degradation in performance caused byu heat stress
Classification -heat stress/ heat exhaustion/ heat stroke clinical presentation -dog is painting, 106, BR MM, Weak pulse treatment -Wet them down, ice them prevention -acclimation (knowing to shift fluids) -hydration (having fluids to shift) -fitness (practiced in shifting fluids)
Napoleon
Dalmations
What urinary system change do we see in aging dogs?
Decline in kidney function
Number and size of muscle cells _____ with age and are commonly replaced with _____
Decrease Fat
What is the most common disorder reported by veterinarians in private practices in the US?
Dental Calculus
Dermatological Health Skin
Dermatitis- generalized term Numerous skin disesases, many look alike Pruritus (itiching) Alopecia (loss of hair) Crusting/Scaling Otitis Nonhealing Wounds Nodules/tumors Ulcerative Disorders Allergies/Testing Dermatologic problem may be 2 beware of "odor" perceptions
maternal behavior
Describes changes in behavior leading up to parturition, discrimination and responsiveness to the young, and maternal care ( groming, feeding, educating, and protecting) -nest building reduced levels of oxitotion, can decrease maternal insticts
Scientific name of Canine Heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis live in pulmonary arterial system (arteries from heart to lungs) mosiquitos
Two lifelong friends have owned Labradors for years. Both owners think their dog is in the best shape and will live the longest. They bring their dogs in to see you and want your opinion as to which dog is the healthiest. Which dog pictured below do you think is the healthiest, dog "A" or dog "B"? ( Dog A is thin but healthy and dog B is a little overweight.)
Dog A
Geriatric
Dog above 7 years of age
Which of the following would be an application of reproductive behavior in the vet clinic?
Dog is trying to hump your leg
Weight Management/Exercise
Dogs were bred to perform, not to sit on the couch! Lack of activity leads to physical and behavioral problems (chewing, digging whining, etc.) Benefits of exercise (overall health, sleep patterns, etc.) Supervision is key: brachycephalic breeds, warmer temps etc Be aware of potential injury (CrCL's, etc), young vs. old Enrichment toys Walking,/Running Swimming Agility/Lure Coursing/Retrieving
History of working dogs
Egypt -mummification and Anubis (god usher living to dead) -earliest breeds- Saluki Mastiffs in Egypt and Europe -Alexander the great -britons/ Caesar's Invading armies Napoleon -sentinels in ALexandria Dalmatians -croatian province -modern day intruder detection
earliest evidence of working dogs
Egypt, mummification and Anubis
unique medical challenges
Elemental -temperature variations -infectious diseases Athletic -orthopedic injuries -gastric- dilation volvulus War fighters -chemical/ biological warfare -trauma/ post traumatic stress disorders
Annual Exams MATTER!
Emergency visits increase as frequency of annual exams drops!! Bayer Study 2011 -25% of owners don't believe in the need for annual veterinary visits -"The cost of preventative care is much less for what it costs when something goes wrong down the road"
Mine detector dogs: Ft. Leonard wood
Engineer asset Mine detector -route clearance, area clearance, route recon, casualty evacuation special engineer search -off leash capability explosive, firearms, ammunition
what did they do with retired dogs?
Euthanasia
how to calculate flow
F = (P1-P2)/R (TPR)
T/F dog fleas are more common than cat fleas
F. cat fleas are more common
flow equation
F= (P1-P2)/R
As a future veterinarian, it is always best to advise clients to buy premium or super premium brand dog foods, because these brands are better made then generic (or popular) dog food brands that can be found in supermarkets. Is this statement true or false?
False
Is this statement true or false. It is always best to cook dog food at the highest temperature as possible because this makes the resultant dog food very easy to digest for dogs.
False
The eggs of the roundworm, Toxocara Canis, are fairly short-lived and only survive a few days in the environment. Is this statement true or false?
False
The eggs of the roundworm, Toxocara canis, are fairly short-lived and only survive a few days in the environment. Is this statement true or false?
False
The rules for dog shows in the United States have not changed in over a 100 years. Is this statement true or false?
False
There is a single source of information lay people and DVMs can go to to find out the correct information about spays and neuters in dogs. Is this statement true or false.
False
There is a single source of information that people and DVMs can go to to find out the correct information about spays and neuters in dogs. Is this statement true or false?
False
how to calculate MAP
MAP = CO x TPR
Traditional MWD
MWD and law enforcement agencies (LEA) -patrol -patrol/ explosive -patrol/ drug military police asset training at lackland AFB, TX DoD and DHS
top world manufacturers of pet food
Mars, Nestle Purina, Hills
Alexander the Great
Mastiff
Which dog breed was used in Alexander the Great's army?
Mastiff
What can serve as an effective energy source for the brain cells in aging dogs?
Medium chain triglycerides from plant based oils
How are canine heart worms transmitted to dogs?
Mosquitos
internal stimuli
GEDAP: genetics, experience, development, anatomy, physio.
Parasitism
GI - Hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum) - Tapeworms (Diplydium caninum) flea ingestion, (Taenia pisiformis)- rat/rabbit ingestion - Roundworms/toxocariasis (Toxocara canis/Toxascaris leonina) -Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis/canis) Ticks - multiple species; Lyme, RMSF, Babesia, Erlichiosis, Tich paralysis Heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) Mites -Otodectes cynotis (ear mites) - Cheyletiella yasquri (skin mites) - Sarcoptes scabiei - Demodex canis
What dog was used in Korea?
German Shepherd small arms fire training
Dental Health - Periodontal Disease
Gross accumulation of bacterial plaque at the gingiva Host response, species and breed, genetics, age, and diet matter 2 forms: gingivitis - inflammation of marginal gingival tissues; swelling, exudate, bleeding, fetid breath; 2 yrs; reversible Periodontitis-destructive/inflammatory process of periodontium, gingiva, dontal ligament, alveolar bone, root cementum; usually seen after years of plaque, calculus, gingivitis.;4-6 yrs; irreversible Small breeds, sight-hounds Caudal teeth > Rostral; Maxilla > Mandible; Buccal > Lingual Hard kibble vs soft? Mechanical cleaning? Regular cleanings may be required! Rads to evaluate bone loss Maintenance prevents problems! - Brushing, dietary changes (TD), rinsing, prophylactic cleanings, sealants
I need to have some fun questions in this class... especially for a quiz or exam! Some veterinarians claim that this fictional character resembles Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV) in radiographs in dogs.
Papa Smurf
i need to have some fun questions in this class... especially for a quiz or exam! Some veterinarians claim that this fictional character resembles Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV) in radiographs in dogs.
Papa Smurf
Over the years of using dogs in the US military, it was realized that this type of dog was needed because dogs in the military could oftentimes have different handlers.
Patrol dogs
Sensory enrichment
Plenty of sensory stimulation
Definition/Importance
Preventive Healthcare refers to measures taken to prevent diseases (or injuries), rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. Prolongs lifespan Improves Quality of Life FINANCIALLY BENEFICIAL
What causes dementia in dogs?
Progressive oxidative damage to the brain causing senile plaques to develop in the brain
Canine and human health
Protective against depression (motivational role) College-aged to Elderly women/Alzheimer's/AIDs patients show improved mental health scores Interactive care-giving = nuture/ need cycle Constancy Facilities social interactions Increases incidence of owner exercise (Serpell, 1991) Stress reduction Long term cardiovascular effects (reduce BP, increase survival post- MI)- (Beck and Meyers, 1996)
Raw food
RISKY because of parasites, bacteria and viruses, do not feed to young, old, pregnant or sick animals
Core Vaccines . Slide 13 http //www vetguru .com/2011/06/18/dog-vaccinations-dont-over-vaccinate
Rabies Distemper Canine Parvovirus Canine Hepatitis Adenovirus-2 non-core: Bordatella, Leptospirosis Varies per geographic location and laws!
why use dogs as service animals
Special senses Loyal/ companionship Trainability/ veratility (playfullness, curosity/ ferlessness, chase proness. socialbilty, aggressivness) Diversity Deterrence
dog breed groups
Sporting Hound Working Terrier Toy Non-Sporting Herding
Dental Health - Developmental Issues
Stage 1- Malocclusion - early intervention needed -Pups born brachygnathic, mandibles catch up- malocclusion prevents proper mandibular growth, can remove Max DiC's - Prognathism- mandible grows too fast, extract the maxillary 11, 12 -Polydontia - Di displacement - Asymmetry Stage 2-Retention past 3 mos- extract Di's -Ligualversion, Rostralversion of Ca's - appliance -Progressed brachygnathism- plates, reduction Stage 3 - Crossbites, crowding, rotation-screws, splints ESTABLISH NORMAL ANATOMY! (Hallmark of distemper virus- enamel hypoplasia(loss of enemal))
ADI working towards
Standardize working dogs -laws -training -stay w/in 24 in of human, correctly respond 90% of time, inconspicuous accessibility -public domain -appropriateness behavior -inconspicuous -consistent
Anxiety
Real and treatable Thundershirt, Anxiety wrap Anxiolytics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants Approved use? (Clomipramine Fluoxetine)
What is structure "B" in the below diagram?
Right Atrium
What is structure B in the below diagram? (Blue, large cavity)
Right atrium
What is Toxocara canis
Roundworms or Ascarids
Egypt
Saluki
should you feed a dog something high in protein post surgery?
NO
Should you give dogs supplements?
NO. they should be fed a balanced diet, no need for supplements
Dermatological Health - Nails
Nail Trimming is a stressful (and possibly painful) event! Start when animal is young Height, help, secure, proper equipment Don't cut the quick! Silver nitrate for bleeding
Canned/ Pouch
Next most important in sales, 75-80% moisture, high fat, high protein, more palatable, more expensive
should you give dogs supplements?
No they should be fed a balanced diet, no need for supplments
Nutrition
Normal weight? 4-80 kg (2-175 lb) Water: Clean, fresh, multiple sources (44-66 mL/kg/day) Age, activity level, metabolic state, etc. ED 2,500 to >5,000 kcal/kg dry matter 1/20 rule with dry food Legal requirements: name, guaranteed analysis, ingredient guarantee, net weight, name and address of the manufacturer OR distributor Guaranteed Analysis: lists minimal amounts of crude protein/ fat and maximal amounts of water/fiber on as-fed (not dry-matter) basis. "First" ingredients ?... think moisture!
AAFCO
Nutrient profiles for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. -4 life stages: growth, maintenance, gestation, and lactation (no true approved geriatric, senior, or weight loss) -3 principal forms: canned, dry, and semimoist: --Dry Food ~90% dry matter and 10% water --Canned Food-68-78% water and 22-32% dry matter --Soft-moist Food: Soft-moist dog and cat foods contain 25-40% water and 60-75% dry matter -Home-cooked Diets: proper formulation, fresh, high-quality ingredients, long preparation time, variable quality ontrol/consistency (improper protein/carb ratios, mineral deficiences), higher costs
In regards to feeding, dogs are?
Omnivores
When neutering a dog compared to spaying a dog, the surgeon is on the ___ of the operating table.
Opposite side
Nutrition
Order Carnivora: feeding habits are broad; various parts of plants as well as both small and large prey=omnivores Using appropriate feeding practices is one of the most important components of maintaining companion animal health Need an appropriately formulated/balanced diet Commercial diets easiest Overnutrition is as bad as undernutrition Systematic and routine assessment of body condition score is required (1-5 and 1-9 scales)
The forwards approach refers to which of the following?
Starting with the dog's history, what behaviors they want to do and finding out what happens if they can't perform them?
Where in the dog do adult roundworms live?
Small Intestine
How do cholinesterase inhibitors treat dementia?
They improve clinical signs temporarily by increasing levels of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) in the brain, but have little effect on progression
____ stage larvae of hookworms are what are infectious to dogs.
Third
What is the clinically most important puppy parasite?
Toxocara Canis
Cardiovascular changes associated with CHF
Trigger: decr CO, decr MAP Compensation Baroreflex: incr HR, incr contractility, incr renin, incr vasopressin --> incr sympathetic drive --> incr Na+ & water retention, incr Na+ intake, incr blood vol, incr edema
In many cardiovascular diseases, there are problems with the conduction of the electrical excitation of the heart. (True/False)
True
In the long-term studies discussed by Dr. Isaza, both studies concluded that there were no serious long term medical or behavioral effects associated with early age sterilization in dogs and cats, with the exception of an increased incidence of urinary incontinence in female dogs. Is this statement true or false?
True
Olfactory receptors are located throughout the nasal cavity in dogs and are anatomically distinct compared to other species. Is this statement true or false?
True
One main reason that ascarids are aggressively treated in dogs is that this roundworm can infect humans, primarily young children. Is this statement true or false?
True
One main reason that ascarids are aggressively treated in dogs is that this roundworm can infect humans, primarily young children. Is this true or false?
True
In what situation is chronic hookworm seen in?
Typically in poorly cared for adult dogs. Most healthy dogs have an immunity to hookworm.
Which event in dog shows is where a dog performs a Scent Discrimination exercise?
Utility
First time in U.S. history dogs recognized
WWII, WD program (~1943)
What is the second longest continuously held sporting event in the United States Besides the Kentucky Derby?
Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Obesity and therefore nutrition is a risk factor in what cancers:
TCC (Transitional cell Carcinoma) Mammary tumors
Arteries surrounded by thick layer of ________ muscle
smooth
external stimuli
social, environmental, senses
The following characteristics describe which type of dog food or treats: has 30% moisture, contains humectants, is expensive to buy compared to other types of food, and is usually palatable.
soft moist food
chronic hooks disease
typically seen in poorly cared adult dogs often a larger breed kept outdoors in a rural and/ or socioeconomic setting -usually a result of a poor diet and sanitation -sometime seen in otherwise well cared for dogs with significant diseases such as diabetes or cancer weakened immunity cannot keep the number of adult hooks in small intestines below the number at which signs of hooks disease appears -unthrifty appearance -mild to moderate anemia diagnosed on the basis of clinincal signs + the presense of a moderate number of hooks eggs in the feces
messenger dogs
under 15 inches tall and under 15 pounds -1 master in rear, 1 in front lines and dog traveled between the two
New initiatives CBRNE equipment
under development CBPS: chem/bio protective shelter KCPW: kennel crate protective wrap
coat is dry/brittle, loose, greasy, dusty
unhealthy coat
One of the main problems with cardiovascular disease is that blood flow is no longer ________
unidirectional
flow through the heart is
unidirectional
What do heart valves maintain?
unidirectional flow
clinical signs of ascarid infection
unthrify, pot-bellied pup vomiting and/or diarrhea pneumonia or seizures
About how long can roundworms survive in the environment w/o host?
up to 5 yrs.
What health condition are euthanized shelter animals in?
some are sick, majority are healthy
types of working dogs
specialized search dogs: -search and rescue -tracker dogs -brown tree- snake dogs -termite dogs Assistance dogs: *Guide dog -blind/ visually impaired *hearing dog -deaf/ hard of hearing *service dog -disability other than sight/ hearing +Standardized -laws (state, federal and international) -training +Accessibility -public domian -appropriateness +Behavior -inconspicuous -consistent Military working dogs -MWD- patrol, PE, PD -mine detection dog Specilalization search dogs -combat tracker dogs -contract K-9s
meat by-product
spleen, liver, kidney, bone, blood, fat, intestine cleaned of contents
meat by-products defined as
spleen, liver, kidney, bone, blood, fat, intestine cleaned of contents
spayed dogs have 2x risk for ____________ hermangiosarcoma and 5x risk for _____________ hermangiosarcoma
splenic;cardiac
dog breed groups
sporting, hound, working, terrier, toy, non-sporting, herding
Metastasis
spread and establishment of cancer cells to different areas
atria
upper side of each compartment
Gonadal steroids
stimulate cartilage growth, growth plate maturation, and growth plate closure
Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV)
stomach turning because of gas build up in the stomach
what is the role of adipose tissue?
store energy in the form of fat
body condition score: 4
stout: fleshy appearance - ribs palpable w/ difficulty - fat deposits over lumbar spine and tail base - +/- abdominal tuck
baroreceptors
stretch receptors located on aortic arch and bifurcation of carotid
what constitutes "meat"?
striated muscle -skeletal, heart, diaphragm, esophagus
meat defined as
striated muscle: skeletal, heart, diaphragm, esophagus
Cardiac value =
stroke volume X heart rate
definition of animals behavior
study of what animals do and how they interact w/ each other and their environ.
CDC treatment scheme for dogs
suppress fecal egg output by treating bitch and liter at 2, 4, 6, &8 weeks after whelping -significiant fecal egg output normally begins at 3 weeks post whelping -begin at 3 weeks if hook is rare --some recommend continuation to 12 weeks, then monthly untill 1 year -pyrantel pamoate is a good choice --safe for puppies 2 weeks of age administration regular hw prevention for pups in 1st year of life with a product solidly effective against ascarids as well -most areas in US, dogs will be on a hw prevention that also prevents intestinal nematodes adult dogs treats on basis of postive fecal exam -not usually needed if on hw prevention
What do the ASV spay/neuter guidelines say is the most reliable and effective means of preventing unwanted reproduction of dogs and cats?
surgical sterilization
what do the ASV spay/neuter guidelines say is the most reliable and effective means of preventing unwanted reproduction of dogs and cats?
surgical sterilization
oxygenated blood is brought to vital organs via _________ circulation
systemic
these worms usually result from flea ingestion
tapeworms
Many dogs in this group have wiry coats and need to be groomed by a process called stripping.
terrier group
arterial pressure
the blood volume from the heart is transferred into the arterial system
What is Glucosamine?
the building block of cartilage that keeps cartilage cells healthy and functioning properly
regulation
the coordinated function is regulated by -automic nervous system -hormonal regulation --RAAS --Vasopressin --Epinephrine detecters in the vascular system that tells the brain the blood pressure and to change the parasympathetic or sympathetic outflow
heart is
the energy source of the cardiovascular system -anatomically one heart -physiologically 2 spereate pumps (atrium and ventricles) -mechanically and electrically interdendent -right side of the heart provides into the pulmonary sysytem, left pump into systemic circulation -ventricle receives the blood from the ateria and this is where it gets the energy and goes to specific circulation -atria- were volume comes in
Window of Vulnerability
the first 2 months post infection when macrolides can reliably kill HW
Blood Pressure
the force that causes blood to flow
relationship betwwen flow and pressure gradient
the force that causes blood to flow is measured as blood pressure -flow is proportional to the presure differences in between two points --not the absolute pressures at each point
Summary for cardio
the pump generates the energy or pressure which allows for flow through the system pressure gradients determine flow baroreflex and other autonomic systems help maintain flow Abnormalities in cardiac output are common in canines and compremoise flow
Blood Flow
the volume of blood that moves past a particular point in the cardiovascular system in a given time
How can antioxidants treat dementia in dogs?
they reduce oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA/RNA in the brain
body condition score: 2
thin: ribs easily palpated and visible, no palpable fat - tops of lumbar vertebrae visible - pelvic bones less prominent -obvious waist and abdominal tuck
WWII: dogs for defense
this was the 1st time in the military history of the US, that marked the official recognition of war dogs by the armed forces. ( Hahn 50th AP k-9, germany) janurary 1942, pushed Dogs for defensive (Pearl harber)
MAP is __________ regulated
tightly
caine ascarids
toxocara canis
what is the clinically most important puppy parasite?
toxocara canis
bloodhounds
trackers search and rescue
venules and veins transport blood back to the heart
transported from capillaries to the heart by venues system - lymph system is the backup system, if the capillaries dont have enough force then
left ventricular failure
treatment -inotropic drugs (digitalis or digoxin) -beta blockers -diuretics -angiotensin II blockers --(angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors) -Aldosterone blockers-combined therapy -vasodilators (nitroglycerin) most like;ly not reversable
cardivascular changes associated with CHF
trigger: decrease CO (MAP=COxTPR) decrease in MAP Compensation Baroreflex: increase HR, increase Contractility, increase Renin, increase vasopressin Heart problem: increased sympathetic drive increase Na+ and water retention, increase Na+ intake, increase blood volume and increase edema
T/F In many cardiovascular diseases there are problems with the conduction of the excitation of the heart
true
tactical dogs
used gas masks in WWII
The dog that is shown in the picture was brought to the facility because it had what condition? (FRED6 month old doberman surrendered by his owner)
Wobbler's Disease
Dogs were used as working dogs at the start of what war?
World War 1
When did the military of the United States start to really use dogs in war efforts?
World War 2
When did the military of the United States start to really use dogs in war efforts?
World war two
aniaml welfare
using/ keeping animals under humane conditions -health, safety, phychological wellness
animal welfare
using/keeping animals under humane conditions (health, safety, physio. wellness)
Home made diets
usually deficient in minerals, time consuming, not tested on animals
Clinical signs of HW
usually nothing but with severe cases: exercise intolerance, chronic cough, weight loss, ascites & hemoptysis
clinical signs of heart worm
usually nothing but with severe cases: exercise intolerance, chronic cough, weight loss, ascites and hemoptysis
11- 13 year
usually retired in2000 100% euthenised
Which event in dog shows is where a dog performs a Scent Discrimination exercise?
utility
Tricuspid Valve
valve between right atrium and ventricle
Degenerative mitral valve insufficiency
a degenerative disorder of mitral valve (left A-V valve)- not complete closure -common in older sall breeed dogs, accounting for 75-80% of canine cardiac disease (cavalier King charles Spaniel and the Dachshund) -often inherited; may onset earlier in males (genetic) during left ventricular contraction not all volume goes forward-bi-directional not unidirectional flow -forward cardiac output compromised and volume left in ventricular per cycle rises -murmur during systolic period of cardiac cycle
What is Chondroitin Sulfate?
a molecule that blocks the enzymes that function to break down cartilage
In degenerative mitral valve insufficiency there is
a murmur during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle
In degenerative mitral valve insufficiency there is?
a murmur during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle
Intrinsic mechanisms regulate arterial pressure by altering _____________
vascular tone
extrinsic mechanisms regulate arterial pressure by altering...
vascular tone or modulating blood volume on arterial side
Systole
ventricular activation Aortic< ventricular pressure -both valves closed, systolic contraction increases pressure, aortic valve opens
What is true of Diastole?
ventricular relaxation
Diastole
ventricular relaxation Aortic> ventricular pressure -ventricular filling -aortic valve closed, mitral valve open
abnormal behavior
actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior Causes? -diet -retricated environment -physioology -genetics/ breed
what transport blood back to heart?
venules and veins
recommendations for daily metabolizable energy requirements (kcal/ kg^0.75) of exercising dogs
activity: basal metabolic rarte resting fed metabolic rate maintainging energy racing greyhounds workingg collies hunting dogs sled dogs racing sled dogs -all need different amounts
Besides storing fat, another role of adipose tissue is?
adipose tissue makes some inflammatory mediators and hormones
exploratory behavior
very curiopus -exploring -Examples: exploring, chasing, hunting digging/ ingestion: why these behaviors are going on. aybe walks can help
blood pressure in venules
very low
the greatest resistance to flow
vessel diameter
aniaml rights
viewpoint are that animals have the same right as humans and should not be used/ kept for any purpose
treatment: hooks
administration of an anthelmintic effective against hooks correction of the underlying cause of reduced immunity -good diet and clean, dry, stress free environment -identify and correct any underlying diseases
At what time frame does dental plaque become dental calculus?
after 10 days of being on the teeth
analgesic agents required for...
all animals undergoing neutering
environmental enrichment
allows for highly motivated natural behaviors to be expressed types of enrichment: social, occuptional, physical, sensory, nuttritional
Loss of hair in dogs is called ____.
alopecia
define obesity
an excess accumulation of fat that impairs health
surgery and anesthesia
analgesic agents are required for all animals undergoing neutering and have some pain control routine of anticholinergics such as atropine (associated with adverse affects) is not recommended
hookworm
ancylostoma caninum
animal rights
animals have same rights as humans and should not be used/kept for any purpose
__________________ drugs like atropine are not recommended b/s they increase heart rate
anticholinergics
treatment: ascarids
any nematocide approved for ascarids -pyrantel pamoate id preferred for puppies
short term regulation: Baroreceptors
are stretch receptors (when BP goes up these go up) located on the aortic arch and bifurcation of cartoid detect arterial pressure changes through changes in the stretchon vessels walls Afferent discharge is pressure dependent
The method to kill heartworms involves 2-3 injections of an organic compound that contains____?
arsenic
_________ surgical technique is required, and separate _________ instruments should be used for each patient
aseptic; sterile
routine use of anticholinergics such as atropine ...
associated with adverse effects, not recommended
2 separate pumps in the heart
atrium and ventricles
medulla is the "thermostat" for the cardiovascular system
autonomic output integrated in medulla -negatice feedback ( an increase of blood pressure will drive reflex decrease in blood pressure) -setpoint regulation from hypothalamus (hypothalmus) located in back of brain
how to calculate how much food to feed
average maintenance energy needed for a dog of that weight, divided by energy density
how much to feed? Calculation from body weight
avg. maintenance energy requirement (kcal/day)/ energy density (kcal/ can or cup or g)= can or cup or g/day (for an average animal) maintenance energy for 8 kg dog = 800 kcal amount to feed= 800kcal/ 4kcal/g= 200g
3 views on animal welfare
basic health and function natural living affective state
natural living
being able to perform important, normal behaviors and to have some natural elements in their environment forward and backwards approach
each of 7 group winners competes for _________________ award
best in show
foot injuries
web cracks/ inflamed feet pad cuts/ lacerations
how much to feed?
best method of estimating energy needs of an individual animal enough to maintain body weight and condition: requirement = energy density (kcal/g) x amount feed (g) eg= 4kcal/g x 120g= 480 kcal/g
backwards approach
wehat is the welfare problem or issue? stem from inability to perform behavior? what behaviors is animal highly motivated to perform? if allow behaviors do welfare problems disappear?
spiders
black widow -majority of spider related deaths -red hourglass spot on abdomen -small, secretive, non-aggressive -males and females have equally potent venom -only females can penetrate skin brown recluse -violin shaped marking on dorsal cephalothorax -nocturnal active -rarely aggressive
lymph system takes in extracellular ___________ to send it back to the circulatory system
blood
blood flow and blood pressure are not static-neeed to be adjusted/ regulated
blood flow demands change with normal physiological changes -meal intact/ absorption -exercise -sleep disease -heart valve dysfunction -changes in vascular smooth muscle constriction -volume less- degydration/ hemorrhage
the left side of the heart provides...
blood flow into the systemic circulation
epidemiological studies
body weight bone growth urinary tract health cancers
Epidemiological studies on...
body weight, bone growth, urinary tract health, and cancers
What is considered a non-core vaccine?
bordatella
jack russels
brown tree snake
forwards approach
what is history of the dog? their adaptation? what behaviors are they motivated to perform?what happens if they can't perform them?
the CDC treatment scheme is aimed at protecting human health
where implemented, it greatly reduces the degree of environmetal contamination with long-lived T. canis eggs. it is more than adequete to protect pups from the ill effects of ascarids infections
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
with electrical excitation is corlated with presure rising presure falling is due to the fact the excitation going away and muscle relaxing associaed with big pressure change then a drop in pressure is changes in the volume in the ventricle ( when presure rises in the ventricle you have decrease in volume) 65% - normal 30-20%- cardio vascular disease stroke volume= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume (how much goes out) heart rate= cycles you have per minute The blood volume from the heart is transferred into artial system( a rise in pressure, energy proved by the heart) = arterial pressure (presure on the outside of the heart, lowest volume- diastolic presure and normal 120-60)
what side of the table should the vet stand on when performing neuter?
with the dominant hand towards the cranial hand (able to make incision)
apart from calories, you should pay attention to the amount of ____ in the diet
calcium
apart from calories, you should pay attention to the amount of ___________ in the diet
calcium
diet and growing great danes
calcium, not protein, important -0.5% DM = 1.25 g/1000 kcal ME -> osteoporosis, Ricketts -1.1% DM = 2.75 g/1000 kcal ME -> normal - 3% DM = 7.5 g/1000 kcal ME -> osteochonfrosis -optimum= 1% DM or 2-4 g/1000 kcal calicum/ phosphorus ratio 2:1 to 1:1 amount of Ca (calcium) less improtant in small dogs
combat tracker teams: Camp lejeune
canine and human trackers with security navy seal team 6 -may 2011 -august 2011
Dirofilaria immitis
canine heartworm
what is the most commonly encountered intestinal parasite of the dog?
canine hookworm
2nd highest sold food type
canned/pouch
_________________________ is less energy dense than dry food at ~1 kcal/g
canned/pouch
The following characteristics describe which type of dog food or treats: has 75-85% moisture, usually higher in fat and protein, less energy dense, and is more expensive/kcal than other types of dog food..
canned/pouch food
exchange occurs at the level of the ____________
capillaries
summation of forces influencing a net filtration/ reabsorption
capillaries presure is around 35 mm of merc, purses vol out -osmostic pressure -hydrostatic pressure: presure due to the volume that wil push vol out as well as glucose/ oxy -oncodic presure pulls back in
packs dogs
carried ammunition of 40 lbs to front lines
pack dogs
carried ammunition of 40 pounds to front lines
8 types
centry dog: alert present of enemy (arsenals) attack dogs: used in cost guards tacticle dogs: police dog, 1st animals on camoflage/ gas mass scout dogs: not loud, sporting breeds that would sit messager dogs: cigeretes dogs, less then 15 lbs. casity dogs: finding wounded soliders sled dogs: find down airmen pack dogs: carry weapons/ amunition to front line
things that drive transport
changes in pressure
What is acute hookworm disease
characterized by profound anemia & numerous worms eggs in feces. Onset is rapid.
what is acute hookworm disease
characterized by profound anemia and numerous worm eggs in feces. onset is rapid
treats
chews may enhgance dental hygiene home cooked treats common important part of campanion animal bond often provide too many calories keep <10% of total calories can unbalance diet $$$
the right side of the heart provides...
circulation into the pulmonary system
must ensure that puppies get ________________, which is the first milk from their mother. They get immunity from this
colostrum
________________________ is key when working w/ dogs
communication
to become a dog show champion, dogs must attend...
conformation classes (no S/N dogs)
Lymph and venous vessels ________ and empty into right and left _______ veins
converge; subclavian
a different neutering procedure may be used if the dog has
cryptochordism (retained testicles)
what does adipose tissue do besides store fat?
cytokines
When pressure increases in the ventricle, there is a _____________ in volume
decrease (before it leaves, known as end-diastolic volume, after it leaves, known as end-systolic volume)
Decrease in metabolic rate leads to:
decrease in lean body tissue (muscle)--> Decreased n total body water--> Increase in body fat
As an animal ages, even if BW remains constant, you will see a:
decrease in metabolic rate
excess of cooking of pet food
decreases digestibility cross links protein lysine and carbohydrates
Excess cooking of pet food...
decreases digestibility, cross links protein lysine and carbohydrates
how does modest cooking increase digestibility
denatures proteins, solubilizes starch, destroys anti-nutritional compounds
blood is blue in the diagrams because it has been ______________ and it is going to pass through the _______________. This is the ______ side of the heart
deoxygenated; pulmonary system; right
Why do puppy growth curves vary greatly?
depends on size of adult dog (2-4 g/d/kg adult wt)
abstract level behavioral response
describes mental state that is not defined objectively
motor/ action level behavioral response
description of what animal is doing
cooking
destroys pathogens modest amounts increase digestibility -denatures protein, solubilizes starch allowing enzymes access to molecules -destroys antinutritional compounds excess decreases digestibility -cross links protein (lysine) and carbohydrates Destroys/ reduces availability of nutrients -free amino acids e.g. taurine, methionine -B vitamins e.g. thiamine -creatine (some add more in, except creatine)
periodontitis
destructive/inflammatory process of periodontium
heart valves open and close based on pressure gradients
diastole (relaxation) Ventricular relaxation Aortic> ventricular pressure -have venticular filling -aortic valve is closed, myto valve is open Systole (excitation) Ventricular activation Aortic < ventricular pressure -first both are closed but enough pressure then aortic valve is open and mytro stays closed
scientific name of canine heart worm
dirofilaria immitis
why won't a vet clean teeth at the same time as desexing?
dirty surgery is one where too many tissues are involved; risk of bacterial contamination
The main function of the cardiovascular system
distribute blood throughout the body
Two lifelong friends have owned Labradors for years. Both owners think their dog is in the best shape and will live the longest. They bring their dogs in to see you and want your opinion as to which dog is the healthiest. Which dog pictured below do you think is the healthiest, dog "A" or dog "B"?
dog A
Which of the following best describes this dog? tail ias stiff but may be seen to quiver or vibrate from side to side; hackles raised; tail raised and bristied, lips curled, forhead may show wrinkles; nose wrinkled; teeth are visable...
dominant aggressive
If CO or TPR decreases, MAP...
drops (vasodilation)
________ food is energy dense at ~4 kcal/g
dry
pet food types
dry canned/ pouch soft-moist (soft-dry) supplements and treats home cooked raw foods
Types of pet foods
dry, canned/pouch, soft-moist, supplements and treats, home cooked, and raw foods
types of pet foods
dry, canned/pouch,soft-moist, supplements and treats, home cooked, and raw foods
life cycle: hooks
eggs are shed in dogs feces first stage larvae hatch and feeed on fecal bacteria, molting to the 2nd and 3rd stage -3rd stage larvae are infectious to the dog, mainly by skin penetration after penetrating the skin, the larvae enter the venous system and travel to the lungs, coughed up and swallowed larvae then mature to adult worms in the upper small intestine in healthy, mature dogs most larvae pass through the lungs and into the muscles where they go dormat for a period of time - bitches may shed large numbers of these hoos larvae in their milk, thereby infecting their newborn puppies -otherwise these larvae slowly "trickle" out of the muscles and reach the intestine via the lungs, thereby maintaing at least a low level of intestinal infection, i.e. the "muscle leak"
dianosis
eggs recovered from fecal flotation -round, to oval, rough-walled, dark brown, approximately 75-90 microns in diameter 10-18 cm pinish which adult worms having 3 lips passed in feces or vomitus
testicular tumors
eliminate risk w/ castration
uterine/ovarian tumors
eliminate risk w/ spay
A dog show is a process of ________________
elimination
body condition score: 1
emaciated: ribs, lumbar vertebrae, pelvic bones, all body prominences evident - minimal fat and muscle mass
the heart is the _______ source of the cardiovascular system
energy
energy feed requirement =
energy density (kcal/g) x amount fed (g)
exchange occurs at the level of the capillaries
energy that is used to push out the blood is stored in the arterial side that is slowlt released to capilaries bed -capillaries are the exchange to any energy sorce that is being brought to the tissues (gluclose or oxygeb), where the exchage happens - as blood comes out of arterial system it brings oxygen and glucose and is deliver via capilary system (has huge cross section, one cell think)
Best method of estimating the energy needs of an individual animal
enough to maintain the body weight and condition Requirement = energy density (kcal/g) x amnt fed (g)
physical enrichment
ensure that they get a walks
Trauma Related injuries
explosions -physical damage -hearing high speed ballistics falls and sharp objects Post traumatic stress disorder -combat related stress -return to function? the new york times (Dec 2, 2011) Dr. Walter Burghardt -5% of 650 deployed -This is a human health issue -the dog is thinking when i see this kind of individual, things go boom, and i am distressed
dry food is made in an
extruder
dry food is mostly made in an _________
extruder -food emerges low fat -plate w/hole in it ad rotating blade -fat sprayed on in dryer
During lactation
feed energy dense foods frequently
orphan rearing
feed warm (100F) milk replacer (~1 kcal/mL) to providde ~25 kcal/100g BW volume= 15% of BW/d during first week then f=gradually increase to 25% BW/d during subsequent weeks monitor BW daily. must not lose weight keep pups warm and humid (30C, >50% humidity) establish feeding frequency from pups crying do not wake to feed feed opften first day (every 2-4 hours) reduce to 4 times daily and can leave overnight if kept warm Stimulate to defecate and urinate after feeding
Categories of behaviour
feeding social maternal development/ learning sexual and reproductive abnormal
prevention: hooks
feeeding a good diet maintaing a clean, dry, stressfree environment for the dog mounthly administration of heartworm preventives that are also effective against hooks
Proven health benefits by spaying or neuter
females: virtually eliminate risk of mamary tumors, uterine and ovarian cancer, nuisance behaviors associated with estrus, and pyometra males: decrease incidence of benign prostatic disease, fighting, roaming and spraying behavior. eliminate "tom cat" odor, and the risk of testicular cancer
cardiovascular disease usually has ________ symptoms prior to becoming severtr
few
for owned animals, neuter at time of ____________________ in standard protocol
final vaccination (4-5mo)
__________ ingredient on ingredients list isn't necessarily the most ___________________
first; concentrated
What is the relationship between flow and pressure?
flow is proportional to the pressure differences in btw 2 points
Balance of flow in a well functioning system
flow out of left = flow out of right
basic health and function
food water shelter nutrition good health: no sign or disease or stress
lactation
food requirement varies with liter size peak>> 3-4 x maintenance energy dense food frequent meals
groups are determined by ____ or ________
form or function
major routes of infection are
from the bitch across the placenta beginning after about 42 days of preg -virually all pups are born with worms in some manner ingestion of infective eggs (older pups and adluts) liver-lung migration foolow ingestion of eggs ar placental infections (pups are born with larvae in liver strong age-related immunity -due to pronounced liver- lung migration -most serious infections are seen in pups
GDV
gastric (stomach) dilatation (gas build up in stomach) volvulus (act of the stomach turning, torsion) primarily affects large, deep chested dogs (most common age 7 years old) 11%of deaths
The very first Military War Dog Training School was in which country?
germany
One of the facets of temperament testing, as defined by the staff in the shelter in the movie, includes
giving the dog some food, then taking the food away and then monitoring the dogs behavior
One of the facets of temperament testing, as defined by the staff in the shelter in the movie, includes:
giving the dog some food, then taking the food away and then monitoring the dogs behavior
left side of the heart
goes to entire body (oxinated) produces more more force to get the blood out have mitrol valve (opens in one direction from atium to ventricle) arotic valve
right side
goes to the lungs (deoxinated) passes through pulmonary circulation does not need to work as hard
breeds better inclined to obedience training
goldens, border collies
poor health = poor welfare, but...
good health doesn't necessarily mean good welfare
4 life stages according to AAFCO
growth, maintenance, gestation, lactation
non meat defined as
hair, horn, hoof, teeth
natural living can improve overall welfare IF...
health and emotional state are not impaired in doing so
What occurs when flow through the heart valves is abnormal?
heart murmurs
control mechanism
heart, blood vesserls, NS (symethetic/ para nervous system)
this parasite is roughly the size of a strand of cooked spaghetti
heartworm
cranial cruciate rupture major contributors
heredity and body weight and condition
The Golden Retriever Study lymphosarcoma
higher incidence in EN males and females, later avg dx in EN males than in tact
The Golden Retriever Study Mast Cell Tumors
higher incidence in LN females, earlier onset in EN females
systolic pressure
highest value of arterial pressure
osteosarcoma
highly malignant bone tumor
________ ______________ foods increased after pet food recalls
home cooked
"___________" claims more lives than any other disease veterinarians learn about in veterinary school
homelessness
Normal body shape for a dog
hourglass, feel ribs but not feel
soft-moist foods contain ____________________ to bind water and increase shelf life of food
humectants
five freedoms
hunger and thirst discomfort pain, injury, or disease express normal behavior fear and distress
sporting breeds
hunt, retrieve game birds on land or water -spaniels, retrievers, pointers, setters
timing prevention
hw is seasonal except in tropics and subtropics -year round transmission in the continental US occurs only in part of southern california, extreme southern texas, and florida south of interstate highway 4 as a general guideline, prevention must be administered at least: -within a month of the beginning of the local mosquito season in the spring -continued for at least 1 month following the first hard freeze of the winter year round monthly prevention, even in cold climates, has been recommended as a way to improve compliance and control intestinal parasites
cold injury
hypthermia and frostbite treatment -warm them up, and keep them from licking
In addition to a decline in brain function, Aging is also correlated with a decrease in ______
immunity
prevention: ascarids
immunologic maturity controls T. canis -few healthy dogs over 1 year of age are infected -patent infections often occur in --pupies, nursing bitches, and dogs in a poor physical condition prevent: good doets, minimize stress and crowding, good sanitation (pick up feces), anthelmintic treatment especially monthly hw prevention anthelmintic treatment -follow the ascarid treatment scheme bitch and litter recommended in the CDC guidelines for vet
home made diets
in western countries usually a supplement increased after pet food recalls usually deficient in minerals and essential fat unless balanced by expert animals pick and choose unbalanced diet even when offered balanced diet time consuming and often expensive not tested on animals
same volume flows through each system simultaneously
in-series
Only effect shown to be associated with early age sterilization by Howe and Spain studies
incr incidence of urinary incontinence in female dogs
rapid growth in pups...
incr risk of hip dysplasia in large breed dogs
ealy-age neutering Cons:
increaded incidence of developing urinary incontinenece in early age spayed female dogs (< 3 months) delayed growth plate closure may result in hip fractures in obese male cats neutered prior to puberty
a dog's milk has
increased protein, fat, Ca, and decreased lactose
modest amounts of cooked foods...
increases digestibility, denatures proteins, solubilizes starch allowing enzymes access, destroys antinutritional compounds
affective states
indicator of welfare free of negative emotions and free to express positive emotions
focus on the ___________________ to ensure the best outcome when spaying/neutering
individual patient
diarrhea
infectious -parasites, protozoa, bacteria, viruses non-infectious -stress, diet prevention -diet/ water Treatment -rest gut -simple stuff
gingivitis
inflammation of marginal gingivial tissues, swelling, exudate, bleeding
heart is mechanically and electrically ___________
interdependent
what affects behavior?
internal and external stimuli
what affects behavior?
internal or external -behavior is a response to external and/or internal changes or "stimuli" in the environment -this can arose the animal that gives us a reaction what are internal stimuli -GEDAP (genetics, experience, development, anatomy, physiology) what are external stimuli -social, environmental, senses
Changes in resistance occur via mechanisms _________ or _________ to vascular smooth muscle
intrinsic or extrensic
Weaning
introduce canned food at 3 weeks of age, wean at 6-8 hours
weaning
introduce canned growth food at 3 weeks of age (as gruel) gradually increase time away from dam wean at 6-8 weeks of age or later reduce bithches food for 2 days prior to weaning to cut milk production feed 4x dialy, 2x daily at 6 months
domestication
involes adaption, usually to a captive environment, through some combination of genetic changes and environmental events occuring over generations
the human animal bond
is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship includes emotional, phychological, and physical interactions of people, animals, and the environment
Venus side
is low presure vesels are thin wall and highly complient store alot of blood, so need to increase cardio out put. goes from venus to the right side to get pushed out -thin walled, highly compliant, low pressure system -volume storage available for quick recruitment
baroreflex is important in short-term regulation of blood pressure
is quick in cardiovascualr sysem when presure rises that cause decrease in symetetic drive which then decrease blood pressure drop in BP less imput to brain and trickers increase in sypethetic drive. BP rises increase in Baror discharge First system to composate to hear disease
In diastole the ventricle
is relaxed
the main function of the cardiovascular system
is to continuously distribute blood throughout the body -2 divisions (pulmonary (oxigenated) vs. ststemic (oxgenated blood to organs)) -in-series (same volume flows through each system simutaneously) (oxgen is added and CO2 is taken out) -unidirectional
What does it mean that pet food is a mature market in western culture?
it could only get bigger by having more dogs
what does it mean that pet food is a mature market in western culture?
it could only get bigger by having more dogs
what is animal behavior
it is the scientic study of what animals do and how they interact with each other and their environment
What is structure "I" that is shown in the diagram https://ufl.instructure.com/assessment_questions/14201883/files/23087438/download?verifier=tvnORyCm8Wk1uDtaQdErvwd0Veg9ocgelx0E4yQa
kidney
toxocara canis of dogs
large robust roundworm adult worm 10 cm (4 in) or more -characterized by having 3 big lips adult live in small intestine -shed thick shelled egg that does not hatch in the environment --egg containing the L2 is infective --can survive up to 5 years in the environment infection occurs by swollowing eggs that hatch in the small intestine -larvae migrate extensively in the host --typically through the liver and lungs most important puppy parasite -cosmopolitan distribution -most puppies born infected -heavy infections are common
do certain dogs require certain nutrients?
larger dogs require Ca
cutaneous larvae migrans
larvae of canine hooks may attepmt to penetrate the skin of humans, but cannit complete the process larvae leave a long, tortuous red tract in the skin that strongly itches treatment: larvae eventually will die if untreated, but they can be more quickly eliminated by tropical application of an anthelmintic Prevention: keep dogs free of hook throug regular vet exams and treatment pick up feces from the environment at least twice weekly
what does adipose tissue make?
leptin, visfatin angiotensinogen,adiponectin resistin -TNF alpha, TGF beta IL 1 beta, IL16 -MCP-1, MIF, L18 -VEGF, NGF -PAI-1, Heptoglobin serum amyloid A
Amount of Ca is ______ important in small dogs
less
If MAP drops....
less driving force to maintain constant flow through peripheral vasculature
key to preventing hip fractures
limit food intake to prevent obesity
other orthopedic injuries problems
limping from sprains and strains -rest, then vet -no tylenol or ibuprofen -repeat- no tylenol or ibuproben if a MWD can terar it up they will
guaranteed analysis
lists minimal amounts of crude protein/fat and maximal amounts of water/fiber on as-fed basis
The venous side of the blood supply has ____ compared to the arterial side.
low pressure
The venous side of the blood supply has ______ compared to the arterial side
low pressure
diastolic pressure
lowest value of arterial pressure
window of vulnerability
macrolides reliably kill all hw larvae that are 2 months or less post-infection as well as many at 2-3 months microfilariae and/or antigens do not appear in the dog's bloodstream until about 6 months post-infection big diemma -larvae more than 2 months, but less than 6 months, post-infection can neither be diagnosed nor entirely prevented -the owner should be advised that a dog more than 8 weeks of age is not succesfully started on monthly prevention until it tests antigen-negative 6 to 12 months later
top world manufacturers of pet food
mars nestle purina Hill's (veterinary market)
Which dog breed was used in Alexander the Great's army?
mastiff
pet food
mature market in WEstern countries top world manufactories -mars, nestle prina, hill's market categories -popular brand (many private label) -premium/ super premium brands -locally made foods -raw foods
supplements and treats
meat calcium vitamins people food all unbalance a balanced pet food
complete carcass is fed to dogs =
meat + byproducts
What is NOT a meat byproduct?
meat, hair, horns, hooves, teeth
what is not a meat by-product?
meat, hair, horns, hooves, teeth
What are by-products?
meat: striated muscle -skeletal, heart, diaphragm meat by-products: -includes spleen, liver, kidney bone, blood fat, intestine cleaned of contents -NOT meat, hair, horn, hoof, teeth meat + biproducts= complete caracass
"Thermostat" for cardiovascular system
medulla
________________ is the "thermostat" for the cardiovascular system
medulla
At age 7 _____ of ______ in the dogs brain becomes less efficient and causes adverse effects on memory, Learning, and awareness
metabolism of glucose
What is Tartar/Calculus?
mineralized dental plaque that occurs when minerals from saliva accumulate on plaque
home cooked foods are usually deficient in ______________ and essential _______ unless balanced by expert
minerals, fats
body condition score: 3
moderate: ribs palpable w/out excess fat -abdomen tucked up when viewed from side
life cycle
mosquito bites infected dog, takes up eggs (microfilaria to L3) then bites a second dog, deposits L3 then turn to L4 which goes to the thorax and muscles. L5 goes to blood strem into the heart. Preventives dont harm the L5, only the L3 or L4
what is the vector for heartworm?
mosquitoes
How are canine heartworms transmitted to dogs?
mosquitos
hermangiosarcoma
most common cardiac tumor in dogs
hookworms
most commonly encountered intestinal parasite of dogs small (1cm), white nematodes that live in the small intestine and suck blood
acute hook disease
most commonly seen in puppies near the age of weaning, less commonly in adult dogs that are in poor condition - these dogs have insuffcient immunity to control hoos at all -numerous adult hok can suck blood in an unrestrained manner charterized by profound anemia with numerous worm eggs seen in the feces -onset is often surprisingly rapid
why aren't Hook worms a problem for adult canines?
most healthy adult dogs have an immunity to hookworms
the nuisance hooks infection
most healthy, well cared for dogs have a good immunity to hook worms permit only a very light intestinal infection, which is nessassary to maintain immunity, i.e. "premunition" good immunity reduces bloodsucking by the worms forcing them to "pklug feed" on intestinal tissue -much less harmful for the dog -much less nutritious for the worm if intestinal worms die, or are removed by anthelmintic treatment, immunity wanes until the intestine again becomes sufficiently repopulated with adult hookworms to restimulate immunity these animal may shed a small number of hooks eggs in their feces, but they are otherwise perfectly healthy controversy wheather or not to treat animal - b/c worms will be replaced as immunity wanes following treatment use of monthly hw prevention that are also effective against hooks will render the issue moot
clinical signs of heartworm in dogs
most see nothing exercise intolerance weight loss chronic cough ascites (fluid build up in the abdomen) hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
Is processed food recommended?
mostly, yes for pet foods -balanced -salt and fat OK
Is processed food recommended?
mostly, yes for pet foods -balanced -salt and fat OK human foods: no, not balanced, high in salt and fat
arterial circulation
movement of blood through the arteries -pressure storage compartment (can utilize energy to store it or to release it) presure is highest on the arterial side : b/c initial energy going from heart to anteriar systems -greatest resistance to flow -pressure within the arterial system = a function of volume "in" - volume "out" at any moment
working dogs in egypt 7000BCE
mummification and anubis -humans and animals hunt together -earliest breed: Saluki
Heartbeats are contractions that are initiated by ____ cells.
myocardial
Heartbeats are contractions that are initiated by
myocardial cell
commercial pet foods required to list:
name, guaranteed analysis, ingredient guarantee, net weight, name, and address of manufacturer OR distributor
canned/ pouch
next most important in sales 75-80% moisture (AAFCO >65%) usually higher fat, higher protein less energy dense ~1 kcal/g hihgly palatable more expensive/kcal
Robby's Law
no 6, 2000 facilitae adoption of MWD
feline UT disease
no correlation w/ sterilization
testing for heartworm
not nessary for puppies <6 months old start on mounthly prevention retest in 6-12 months for antigens only monthly preventive medication has killed any microfilariae older dogs: test when first seen and start monthly hw prevention if negative test for both antigens and microfilariae retest in 6-12 months for antigens only advise the owner that their dog is not considered succesfully started on prevention until the second test is negative
Robby's Law
nov 6, 2000 -facilitate adoption of MWD -sec def may make available for adoption -suitability for adoption -authorized recipients -w/o charge -liability and expense released -sec def annual report
Robby's Law
nov 6, 2000 -facilitate adoption of MWD -sec def may make available for adoption -suitability for adoption -authorized recipients -w/o charge -liability and expense released -sec def annual report to congress on # of adoption and a # of euthanized (1/3 is euthanize, 1/3 is adopted)
cooking can reduce the availability of...
nutrients (free amino acids, B vitamins, and creatine)
body condition score: 5
obese: large fat deposits over chest, spine, tail base - waist/tuck absent - fat deposits on neck and limbs - abdomen distended
suture or surgical clips must be...
of biomedical grade, approved for surgical use, and dated for current use
treat acute hook
often must be treated as a medical emergency requiring a blood transfusion administer a gentle, rapidly acting anthelmintic such as pyrantel pamoate -repeat weekly for several weeks move all the animals to a clean environment if at all possible follow p with monthly administration of hw with hook prevention
diagnostic testing
olden days we used test blood for microfilariae now and days we test for antigens
In regards to feeding, dogs are?
omnivores
aortic valve
opens to aorta
When neutering a dog compared to spaying a dog, the surgeon is on the _____ of the operating table.
opposite side
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
overall resistance of arterial vasculature to allow volume in to leave to next component of vascular system (capillaries)
_________________ is as bad as undernutrition
overnutrition
canned/ pouch food is high in ___________________ because it's high in ________
palatability, fat
dry food is low in _________________ probably b/c it's low in ______
palatability, fat
Radiograph of GDV described as looking like _____________
papa smurf
cooking pet food destroys
pathogens
cooking pet food destroys...
pathogens
Over the years of using dogs in the US military, it was realized that this type of dog was needed because dogs in the military could oftentimes have different handlers.
patrol dogs
dry food is mostly made in an extruder
plate witha small hole in it and rotating blade that comes out food that emerges in low fat higher fat has to be sprayed on high temp so dont worry about pathogens
environmental exposure to
poisons insect bites snake bites spider bites
clinical signs of Ascarid infection
pot-bellied pups, V/D, peneumonia and/or seizures
clinical signs of ascarid (roundworm) infection infection?
pot-bellied pups, V/D, pneumonia and/or seizures
heart valves open and close based on __________________
pressure gradients
Reputed benefit of raw pet food
probably from incr fat in meat compared to dry foods
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis
progressive neurologic disease GSD over-represented diagnosed with advanced imaging trecniques and clinical signs treatment: medical or surgical prevention is key
The Kopp Law
prohibited the use of carbon monoxide to euthanize animals
chemical agent exposure
protective measures decontamination Specific agents -agents -clinical signs -decontamination -treatment
why such agressive control of T. Canis
public health considerations ascarids of pets may accidently infeect humans, primarily young children -humans are infected by ingesting infective eggs --young children at greater risk b/c more likely to ingest dirt -most infections are silent heavy infections can cause visceral larva migrans, i.e. midration into the liver and lungs -characterized by fecer, cough, abdominal pain, and an enlarged liver -- larvae are killed in the lungs and never mature in the gut --increased risk seen in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods lighter infections may lead to ocular larval migrans, i.e larval invasion of the retina of the eye - may result in partial blindness of the affected eye -more often seen in middle class neighborhoods than visceral larva migrans
blood from the __________ system is oxygenated
pulmonary
2 divisions of cardiovascular system
pulmonary systemic
what parts of the cardiovascular system do heartworms effect?
pulmonary arterial system and right heart
The blood is red in the diagrams because it is oxygenated, that is the...
pulmonary circulation, left side of heart
each dicision has 4 functional components
pump distribution system exchange region collection system
Cardiovascular system has four functional components
pump distribution sysytem exchange region collection system
prevention: hook
puppies 8 weeks of age and older, monthly administration of hw prevention that are also effective against hooks will prevent hook disease for younger, unweaned puppies, administer pyrantel pamotate to the nursing bitch and her litter every 2 weeks beginning when the puppies are 2 weeks of age
How to establish feeding frequency for pups
pups crying -don't wake to feed -reduce to 4xdaily and can leave overnight if kept warm -stim defecate and urinate after feeding
functional level behavioral response
purpose of which action pattern is directed (can be multiple)
What will modify CO/TPR to bring MAP back to setpoint?
rapid adjustments
growth in pups
rapid growth increase risk of hip dysplasia in large breed dogs optimize for: -absence of bone disease -maximize genetic potential -Not rate of growth keep BCs 4-5/9 not 6/9
affects many components of behavior
reactivity fearfulness activity level socialization responsiveness submission aggression
ventricle
receives blood from atria, projects it outward
development/ learning bhavior
refers to stages of behavioral development this can be: prenatal, neonatal, acquire sensory systems and socialization, early experience is critical, learning what is acceptible or not by humans
Are dogs affected by anthrax?
relatively not susceptible to inhaled form
The Hayden Law
requires improved shelter accountability
The Vincent Law
requires shelters to spay and neuter animals before adoption
The Vincent Law
requires shelters to spay or neuter animals prior to adoption
pumping energy or "heart beats" are...
rhythmic contractions initiated by specialized myocardial cells
raw food
ricky as often contain potential pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses do not feeed to young, old, pregnant, sick often unbalanced no only raw nutrient know to be essential most of reputed benefits probably from increased fat in meat compared to dry food
what is toxocara canis
roundworms or ascarids
differences amoung pet foods are small
same big things like nutrients and ingriedents
prevention
semi-annual macrolides -moxidectin (proheart 6 not SR12) monthly macrolides -ivermectin (heartguard) -milbemycin -moxidectin -selamectin
Napoleon working dogs
sentinels in alexandria
behavior issues
seperation anxiety, noise anxiety, tail chasing, chewing, digging
leading cause of death of companion animals in US?
shelter euthanasia
What does Dr. Delcambre recommend to use to stop bleeding during nail trimming procedures?
silver nitrate
_________ ____________ works to stop bleeding when trimming nails
silver nitrate
differences among pet foods are
small
differences among pet foods are _______
small
___________ breeds and __________ __________ are more prone to dental diseases
small breeds; sight hounds (breathe w/ mouth open)
where in the dog do adult roundworms live?
small intestine
The dog that is shown in the picture was brought to the facility because it had what condition? (Fred the 6 Month old doberman)
wobblers disease
in central and S. America, ____________ are used as surgical tips! not proper
zipties
What causes the heart disease in older dogs?
~ decrease in blood vessel compliance causes increased workload on the heart ~ results in the dog not being able to increase CO in response to exercise
dual trained MWD
~1970s - patrol and detection abilities
Pharmacologically, How do you treat dementia in dogs?
~Cholinesterase inhibitors ~ NSAIDS
Age related change in Muscular and Skeletal systems:
~Decrease in muscle mass ~Cortices of bone become thinner & brittle ~ Osteoarthritis becomes more common
Treatment options for dental disease:
~Dental cleaning and polishing ~ home dental care (not human toothpaste)
What non- prescription diet has been found beneficial in reducing tartar build up and how does it do this?
~Iams diets with "Dental Defense System" ~ kibbles are coated with Na+ hexametaphosphate (HMP)
Clinical signs of kidney failure is not always evident until later ~Once the dog gas lost 2/3rd of its kidney function you will see: ~ once the dog as lost 3/4th of its kidney function you will see:
~Polyuria/Polydipsia ~ Azotemia
What is the VOHC?
~Veterinary Oral Health Council ~Created in 1997 to develop standardized procedures for credibility of product dental claims
What is Dental Plaque?
~a biofilm that forms on the teeth formed by colonize bacteria trying to attach to the tooths surface ~ is soft and can be scraped off
What is Na+ Hexamethaphosphate?
~crystals that interfere with mineralization plaque and the formation of tartar used in human oral health for years ~ An AAFCO approved ingredient registered as safe in feed
Aging animals require ____ protein than growing animals but may require ____ protein than younger adult animals
~less ~more
Primary objectives when feeding an older dog:
~maintain optimal BCS ~Slow or prevent progression of disease ~Minimize or improve clinical signs associated with diseases already present
What diet is good in treating Dementia?
Hills Prescription Diet B/D ~ High in antioxidants (Vitamin E, C and lipoid acid) ~ High in n-3 Fatty acids ~ L-carnitine and Taurine
What was the first diet to be found beneficial in reducing tartar build up?
Hills prescription diet T/D
Many dogs in this group have wiry coats and need to be groomed by a process called stripping.
Terrier group
Which of the following is part of the basic health and functioning view of animal welfare?
The animal has food, water, shelter and free from disease
occupational enrichment
The deliberate manipulation of environments to facilitate and support engagement in a range of occupations congruent with those that the individual might normally perform.
