Final Exam

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49. Continental margins are described by

areas of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes, where lithospheric plates are converging or are in collision

139. "Red Tides" can be caused by

dinoflagellates

98. The hydrogen atoms in a water molecules tend to bond to

oxygen atoms of another water molecule

127. The major source of carbon dioxide in seawater is from the

respiration of marine animals and other organisms

71. An estuary in which salinities tend to be higher away from the ocean entrance than near the ocean entrance is a

reverse estuary

54. Atmospheric circulation model air trends to

rise at 60° north and fall at 30°north

The vertical distance between crest and trough is the wave __________. (a) length (b) height (c) crest (d) trough

B. height

55. Western boundary current can have well defined edges

True

26. Which of the following statements does not describe subduction zones

they are sites where lithospheric plates are diverging or pulling apart

The wavelength of energy radiated from the Earth back into the atmosphere is longer than the incoming solar radiation. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Thermohaline circulation is the dominant type of water flow in the ocean. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Water has an unusually high heat capacity. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Western boundary currents can have well-defined edges. (a) True (b) False

A. True

When near-surface water is moved offshore by Ekman transport, water from below replaces it in a process known as ___________. (a) upwelling (b) downwelling (c) Langmuir circulation (d) Franklin eddies (e) occlusion

A. Upwelling

The Gulf Stream in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean is an example of a __________ current. (a) warm-water, western boundary (b) warm-water, eastern boundary (c) transverse (d) cold-water, western boundary (e) cold-water, eastern boundary

A. Warm-water, western boundary

The Kuroshio Current in the northwestern Pacific Ocean is an example of a __________ current. (a) warm-water, western boundary (b) warm-water, eastern boundary (c) transverse (d) cold-water, western boundary (e) cold-water, eastern boundary

A. Warm-water, western boundary

An internal wave might form __________. (a) at a density boundary within the ocean (b) at the boundary between the atmosphere and the ocean (c) at the boundary between the ocean and the seafloor (d) close to shore as it moves into shallow water (e) only as a result of tidal activity

A. at a density boundary within the ocean

Winds blowing from the north in the southern hemisphere will appear to ___________. (a) be deflected toward the east (b) be deflected toward the west (c) circulate counterclockwise (d) circulate clockwise (e) travel in a straight line

A. be deflected toward the east

When viewed from above, tropical cyclones rotate ____________ in the southern hemisphere. (a) clockwise (b) counterclockwise (c) either way -- it depends on the individual storm (d) only northern hemisphere tropical cyclones rotate

A. clockwise

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a(n) ___________. (a) cold front (b) high pressure system (c) low pressure system (d) occluded front (e) warm front

A. cold front

The addition of water vapor to dry air causes the density of the air to ___________. (a) decrease (b) increase (c) stay the same

A. decrease

When air is heated, its density ___________. (a) decreases (b) increases (c) stays the same

A. decreases

The generating force of a gravity wave is __________. (a) density (b) gravitational forces (c) tectonic activity (d) wind

A. density

The largest single oil pollution event was the result of the Persian Gulf War in 1991. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

The neritic province is associated with the continental shelf. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

The deep water dumping site for sewage sludge off the US East Coast initially seemed to be a good choice because __________. (a) a well-developed pycnocline should isolate the sewage (b) internal waves would decrease water mixing (c) it had been a well-studies method of sewage disposal (d) thermal mixing occurred between the surface and deep water (e) tsunamis are uncommon in this area

(a) a well-developed pycnocline should isolate the sewage

Dead zones resulting from hypoxia and anoxia __________. (a) are prevalent in coastal waters west of the Mississippi River delta during the summer months (b) increase the standing stock of demersal fishes (c) occur exclusively in estuarine environments (d) result from significant inputs of organic hydrocarbons in marine environments (e) stimulate high primary productivity in coastal areas

(a) are prevalent in coastal waters west of the Mississippi River delta during the summer months

Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of __________. (a) bar-built estuaries (b) coastal plain estuaries (c) fjords (d) salt wedge estuaries (e) tectonic estuaries

(a) bar-built estuaries

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The source of some deep ocean water masses can be identified by the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water mass. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The generating force of an internal wave is __________. (a) density (b) gravitational forces (c) tectonic activity (d) wind

A. density

11. An early proponent of continental drift whose work was not well accepted

Alfred Wagner

122. False

All chordates have a backbone

The __________ is a rapid change in salinity with a slight change in depth. (a) isocline (b) halocline (c) pycnocline (d) thermocline

B. Halocline

The ocean is slow to heat and slow to cool. This is related to a property of water known as __________. (a) density (b) high heat capacity (c) low heat capacity (d) residence time (e) boiling point

B. High heat capacity

Water can pile up short distance above a container's rim due to __________. (a) high capillary action (b) high surface tension (c) high viscosity (d) low surface tension (e) low viscosity

B. High surface tension.

Winds are named for the direction ___________. (a) in which they are going (b) from which they are coming

B. from which they are coming

The generating force of a tidal wave is __________. (a) density (b) gravitational forces (c) tectonic activity (d) wind

B. gravitational forces

Fluids (including air) move from ___________ pressure to ___________ pressure. (a) low; high (b) high, low

B. high; low

The location where water flow uninterrupted between the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans is __________. (a) in the Arctic Ocean (b) in the Southern Ocean (c) near Alaska (d) near the equator (e) This does not occur

B. in the Southern Ocean

118. False

Cnidaria have a central nervous system

135. The name of the stinging cells on the tentacles of Cnidaria are called

Cnidoblast

Euryhaline

Coastal organisms that can tolerate large changes in salinity.

103. False

Dynamic theory for tides focuses on the effects of celestial mechanics on sea level

The strongest winds on Earth are ___________. (a) 1 & 2 (b) 1 & 3 (c) 2 & 3 (d) 2 & 4 (e) 3 & 4

E. 3 & 4

Pure water reaches its maximum density at __________ C. (a) 32.00° (b) 18.42° (c) - 2.05° (d) 0° (e) 3.98°

E. 3.98°

The lowest part of the wave corresponds to the number __________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

E. 5

The area of the globe (latitude) that is characterized by falling air masses and little precipitation is ___________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5 (e) 6

E. 6

17. Earths spherical shape recognized by

Eratosthenes

24. The first person to develop a picture of the large scale wind and current systems of the earth was

Eratosthenes of Cyrene

82. True

Eustatic changes are variations in the sea level that can be measured all over the world ocean

109. True

Evolution and extinction operate hand-in-hand to shape marine ecosystems through time

Neritic province

Extends from the shore seaward and includes all water less than 200 meters deep.

143. A niche us the physical location of an organism

False

23. The first awareness of the spherical shape of the Earth developed in Europe around 1450 with the work of Henry the Navigator

False

3. Humanity did not spread virtually to all inhabitable areas after the European voyages of discovery in the late 1400s and early 1500s

False

40. The most abundant gaseous components of the earths atmosphere are

Nitrogen and Oxygen

10. A mystery in understanding plate tectonics has until recently thought to be... Recent evidence indicates the power to be

None of the above (gravity)

Stenohaline

Organisms that have adapted to a constant salinity and can tolerate only very small changes.

Infauna

Organisms that live buried in the sand, shells, or mud.

Epifauna

Organisms that live on the surface of the sea floor, either attached to rocks or moving along the bottom.

138. Open ocean environment

Pelagic

4. Why did the Chinese abandon ocean explorations in 1433

Political winds changed, and the cost of the exercise was deemed to great

115. False

Primary productivity is markedly higher in warm coastal waters than cool temperate waters

Hypertonic

Saltier than the surrounding seawater.

Oceanic province

Seaward of the neritic province; includes water beyond 200 meters deep.

136. False

Seawater is salty because it is evaporated river water

2 most abundant elements other then hydrogen and oxygen in the world's ocean are?

Sodium and Chloride

113. Why dose the primary production in temperate regions change seasonally?

The amount of sunlight and wave energy change

75. True

The dynamic theory for tides focuses on the effects of celestial mechanics on sea level

Pelagic environment

The open ocean environment. The water column.

Isotonic

The salinity of an organism's body fluid equals that of the ocean.

66. The ultimate source of most energy for ocean currents is

The sun

46. Geostrophic gyres can be described by which of the following statements

They are turned by the earth the depend on coriolis effect and the position of continental land masses for their direction they form gyres around the perimeters of ocean basins they are physically large phenomena All of the above are true

44. Ekman Transport moves water 90 degrees to the left of the wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere

True

158. False

Vent communities are rare only 1 or 2 are known near the Galapagos Islands

Osmosis

Water molecules always move from the less concentrated solution into the more concentrated solution.

68. Fastest currents

Western bound currents

16. Challenger Expedition (James Cook)

first 100% pure scientific oceanographic expedition

7. Earth is layered inside, different thickness and densities how do geologists know this

from observing transit times of waves through the earth by earthquakes

81. If a beach is wide, with gently sloping with fine sands, we would expect to see

generally small waves winter and summer

48. Main force driving thermohaline circulation is

gravity

70. The main force driving thermohaline circulation is

gravity

93. Waves of high amplitude, restoring force is

gravity

101. The wavelengths of light that penetrate deepest into the ocean are

green and blue

39. The origin of submarine canyon is not well understood but is most likely

is erosional, started by streams during periods when sea level was lower

147. The coral reef community

is made up of various plants and animals including primary producer, herbivores and carnivores

125. The wings of the "most severely oceanic" birds tend to be

long, thin and pointed

27. The mid

ocean ridges are recognized as- divergent plate boundaries

21. The earth is still hot on the inside because

of the decay of large radioactive elements is creating heat in the earths inner layers

38. The trailing edge of a moving continental crustal plate is most likely to exhibit features of

passive continental margins

148. According to Darwin the last stage in the cycle of reef formation is

the atoll

131. Residence time is

the average length of time an element spends in the ocean

32. Wilson Cycle describes

the birth and death of ocean basins

154. Carbonate sediments are rare in deep sea sediments because

the carbonate shells dissolve in deep water

52. Power for tropical cyclones come from

the condensation of warm moist air

72. When the sun and moon are in line with the Earth,

the highest and lowest tides will occur

165. The major source of carbon dioxide in seawater is from

the respiration of marine animals and other organisms

20. The ocean originated from

volcanic gores and radioactive heating of the earths interior, and the heating of the surface by meteorites

35. The atmosphere

was not always as dense as before

73. The single most influential agent changing the shore and coast is

wave action

91. The distance measured from trough to trough of a wave is the

wavelength

63. Generally the fastest and deepest ocean currents are

western boundary currents

56. Cyclones tend to moves

westward and poleward in both hemispheres

79. The energy that drives the longshore currents is derived from

wind waves approaching the beachfront at an angle

95. Which of these lists is arranged in order from smallest wavelength to longest wavelength

wind waves, seiches, tsunamis, tides

89. An amphidromic point is

"no tide" point in the ocean around which the tide crest rotates

An example of a coastal plain estuary is the __________. (a) Chesapeake Bay (b) Laguna Madre (c) Monterey Bay (d) Pamlico Sound (e) San Francisco Bay

(a) Chesapeake Bay

Point sources of municipal and industrial wastes in the United States are governed by: (a) Federal Clean Water Act (b) Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (c) Oceans Act of 2000 (d) Ocean Dumping Ban Act (e) Rivers and Harbors Act

(a) Federal Clean Water Act

Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants such as crude oil. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Cold, high viscosity water benefits floating organisms. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Epifauna live deep within benthic sediments. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Pollutants are any substance that has a negative effect on the environment. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Salt marshes serve as nurseries for over half of the commercially important fish in the southeastern United States. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Stenothermal organisms are likely to be found in deep open ocean water. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

The Coriolis effect is evident in the surface circulation of Chesapeake Bay. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Laguna Madre is a classic coastal plain estuary. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

The inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was ____________. (a) Benjamin Franklin (b) Matthew Maury (c) Charles Darwin (d) Thomas Henry Huxley (e) Carolus Linnaeus

(e) Carolus Linnaeus

The dynamics of an estuary are most strongly influenced by ____________. (a) tidal action (b) storm events (c) rainfall (d) river input (e) both A and D

(e) both A and D

106. Average salinity of the world ocean is about

35 ‰

Water is a polar molecule. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The transfer of water from the atmosphere to the oceans to the continents is known as the __________. (a) closed cycle (b) geologic cycle (c) hydrobiological cycle (d) hydrologic cycle (e) meteorological cycle

D. Hydrologic cycle

Identify the mismatched pair. (a) Agulhas Current, West Australia Current (b) Brazil Current , Benguela Current (c) Canary Current, Gulf Stream (d) Kuroshio Current, California Current (e) Labrador Current, Humboldt Current

E. Labrador Current, Humboldt Current

45. In the southern hemisphere Ekman transport causes coastal upwelling on the eastern margins of the continents because of the flow of surface water

False

51. During an El Nino event

a strong equatorial counter current develops in the Pacific

83. A wave of water moving up a river, initiated by tidal action and normal resonances within a river estuary is called

a tidal bore

18. When 2 oceanic plates collide

a trench will form and large earthquakes will occur

140. The amount of gas that seawater can hold in solution will

be greater in colder water

104. In shallow water, the motion of water particles

becomes a back and forth motion near the bottom

121. Organism living on the ocean floor are said to be

benthic, organisms spending most of their time suspended in the water column are known as -pelagic

152. Of organic origin ie made by organisms

biogenous sediments

163. In photosynthesis, energy of sunlight ultimately rests in carbohydrates

carbohydrates

150. Select the finest particles on the list

clay

100. The ocean is stratified with respect to

density temperature salinity all of the above

92. Waves transmit

energy, not mass across the ocean's surface

96. The origin of sea cliffs, sea stacks, sea caves, blowholes, and arches are related to

erosion by waves

60. Hot air ____ and rises cool air _____ and sinks

expands, contracts

50. The islands bordering deep sea trenches are

explosive volcanoes that emit and esite lava

78. The Moon

has the greatest influence on ocean tides

80. Waves with the greatest propagation rate or velocity [celerity]

have the longest wavelengths

94. Wind Waves

have the most energy associated with them

166. What is a heave compensator

keeps the drill string stable under rough conditions

108. A physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called a

limiting factor

12. Youngest seafloor rocks are found

near the rift valleys of the mid ocean ridges

132. Open ocean environment, over the continental shelves

neritic

8. The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of seafloor spreading and

periodic reversals in the polarity of the earth's magnetic field

111. The organisms that produce food are called

primary producers

64. Weather may be defined as

short term, localized characteristics of the atmosphere

110. The zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy than they use to stay alive is called

the euphotic zone

105. Which of the following is generally true for depositional coasts

they often support beaches they tend to be older than primary coasts they have been changed by wave action since sea level stabilized they tend to be straighter than primary coasts All of the above

90. The only marine energy source being successfully exploited is

tidal currents

41. The Coriolis effect cause objects moving in the northern hemisphere to veer off course

to the right or clockwise when viewed from above

The decreased calcium content in the shells of piscivorous birds was a result bioaccumulation of pesticides in the food chain. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

The greatest sources of hydrocarbons in the marine environment are urban run-off and shipping. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

123. The sharks, skates and rays are member of this group

Chondricthyes

Organisms with small, expandable bodies, extremely large mouths, and efficient teeth are likely to be found in the __________. (a) bathypelagic zone (b) epipelagic zone (c) mesopelagic zone (d) neritic province (e) photic zone

(a) bathypelagic zone

Which marine environment exhibits the greatest species diversity? (a) bathypelagic zone (b) epipelagic zone (c) hadal zone (d) littoral zone (e) neritic province

(a) bathypelagic zone

The seasonal temperature range in the deep ocean is usually __________. (a) between -2ºand 32ºC (b) between 0º and 15ºC (c) between 2º and 8ºC (d) between 8º and 25ºC (e) negligible

(a) between -2ºand 32ºC

This wetland coastal area occurs __________. (a) between 30ºN and 30ºS latitude (b) in coastal areas with low wave energy (c) in coastal areas that do not experience seasonal killing frosts (d) All of the above conditions control the distribution of this type of coastal wetland. (e) Only A and B determine the distribution of this type of wetland.

(a) between 30ºN and 30ºS latitude

All of the following are adaptive solutions employed by marine organisms to prevent sinking except __________. (a) building a flotation mechanism such as a gas bladder (b) decreasing density (c) decreasing cellular fat content (d) increasing drag in the water (e) increasing the surface area to volume ratio

(a) building a flotation mechanism such as a gas bladder

The toxicity of marine pollutants is estimated by __________. (a) calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die (b) determining the length of time that the pollutant remains in the environment (c) determining the total biomass of affected organisms in the environment (d) estimating the number of trophic transfers in the food web affected by the pollutant (e) the EPA

(a) calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die

The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is __________. (a) counter-shading (b) cryptic coloration (c) defensive coloration (d) disruptive coloration (e) warning coloration

(a) counter-shading

Most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ____________ organisms. (a) ectothermic (b) endothermic

(a) ectothermic

A partially enclosed body of water where there is a free mixing of fresh and salt-water is called a/an ____________. (a) estuary (b) lagoon (c) spit (d) salt marsh

(a) estuary

An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as __________. (a) euryhaline (b) hypertonic (c) hypotonic (d) isotonic (e) stenohaline

(a) euryhaline

If an estuary is a river-dominated system, its water column is ____________. (a) highly stratified (b) unstratified (c) weakly stratified

(a) highly stratified

Estuaries typically exhibit ____________. (a) low species diversity and high productivity (b) high species diversity and high productivity (c) low species diversity and low productivity (d) high species diversity and low productivity

(a) low species diversity and high productivity

The type of circulation pattern found in Laguna Madre is __________. (a) opposite of the typical estuarine circulation pattern (b) salt wedge pattern (c) slightly stratified circulation pattern (d) vertically mixed circulation pattern (e) wind-driven circulation pattern

(a) opposite of the typical estuarine circulation pattern

What is another name for the open-ocean environment, in general? (a) pelagic (b) benthic (c) neritic (d) oceanic (e) hadal

(a) pelagic

Most biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about __________. (a) 3 million years ago (b) 8 billion years ago (c) 3.5 to 4.2 billion years ago (d) 10,000 years ago (e) 500,000 years ago

(b) 8 billion years ago

Mangrove swamps are protective buffer areas in temperate latitude coastal ecosystems. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Mediterranean Sea water has little impact on the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Nitrates and hydrocarbons are examples of persistent organic pollutants in marine ecosystems. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Osmosis occurs when salt ions diffuse through a membrane with a lower ion concentration. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Prevailing offshore winds tend to decrease surface water salinity in a coastal plain estuary. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Primary sewage treatment involves the removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

For most organisms, an estuary is ____________. (a) an easy place to live (b) a stressful habitat (c) a good place to find food (d) an ecological desert

(b) a stressful habitat

One major problem associated with Chesapeake Bay and increased human pressure is __________. (a) an increase in salinity during particular times of the year (b) an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling animals (c) decreased tributary river flow due to increased water demand (d) salinity fluctuations due to reduced inflow from rivers (e) the removal of sediments behind hydroelectric dams

(b) an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling animals

Most marine species are found in a(n) __________. (a) bathypelagic environment (b) benthic environment (c) mesopelagic environment (d) oceanic environment (e) pelagic environment

(b) benthic environment

Euryhaline organisms __________. (a) are less common than stenohaline organisms (b) can survive wide salinity fluctuations (c) require less oxygen for survival (d) tolerate a narrow range of salinities (e) tolerate small temperature changes

(b) can survive wide salinity fluctuations

The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are a result of __________. (a) blow out accidents on drilling platforms (b) collision and/or sinking of oil tankers (c) discharge from refueling tankers and ships (d) natural deep-sea seeps (e) urban run-off

(b) collision and/or sinking of oil tankers

Natural processes which help to remove oil spills from the ocean include all of the following except __________. (a) evaporation from the ocean surface (b) digestion of significant amount by fish populations (c) dispersal due to wave and wind action (d) sinking due to aggregation into tarry lumps (e) sinking of coated particles

(b) digestion of significant amount by fish populations

In order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of __________. (a) adult living organisms (b) energy (c) spores, seeds, gametes, etc. (d) oxygen (e) baroque music played on original instruments

(b) energy

Coastal wetlands are characterized by __________. (a) high levels of inorganic nutrients in the tidal zone and oxygen-rich sediments (b) high levels of organic nutrients in the tidal zone and anoxic sediments (c) high levels of organic nutrients in the tidal zone and oxygen-rich sediments (d) low levels of inorganic nutrients in the tidal zone and anoxic sediments (e) low levels of organic nutrients in the tidal zone and oxygen-rich sediments

(b) high levels of organic nutrients in the tidal zone and anoxic sediments

Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of __________. (a) heavy metals (b) hydrocarbons (c) nitrates (d) pesticides (e) thermal effluents

(b) hydrocarbons

A type of coastal wetland that occurs at latitudes devoid of killing frosts is a __________. (a) coral reef (b) mangrove swamp (c) salt marsh (d) seagrass bed

(b) mangrove swamp

Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when __________. (a) degradation is rapid releasing toxins into the environment (b) netting strangles seals and birds (c) pellets appear in the sediments (d) plastics degrade in DDT (e) they result in increased bacteria levels

(b) netting strangles seals and birds

Diffusion of water through a biological membrane is called __________. (a) active transport (b) osmosis (c) diffusion (d) isotonicity

(b) osmosis

Estuaries that are formed when folding and faulting create basins that fill with water are ____________ estuaries. (a) erosional (b) tectonic (c) depositional (d) volcanic (e) bar-built

(b) tectonic

The zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy than they use to stay alive is called __________. (a) the photic zone (b) the abyssal zone (c) the euphotic zone (d) the mesopelagic zone (e) the hadal zone

(b) the abyssal zone

If an estuary is a tide-dominated system, its water column is ____________. (a) highly stratified (b) unstratified (c) weakly stratified

(b) unstratified

The percentage of the original area of wetlands currently left in the United States is approximately __________. (a) 10% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 65% (e) 75%

Which of the following is a hydrocarbon? (a) Ammonium nitrate (b) DDT (c) Crude oil (d) Mercury (e) PCBs

An example of a bar-built estuary is __________. (a) Aleutian Islands (b) Chesapeake Bay (c) Laguna Madre (d) Puget Sound (e) San Francisco Bay

Which of the following is a nutrient pollutant? (a) Crude oil (b) DDT (c) Mercury (d) PCBs (e) Ammonium nitrate

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the __________. (a) addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants (b) aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination (c) chlorination of the liquid effluent (d) removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent (e) separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent

An estuary formed from a flooded glacial valley called a __________. (a) bar-built estuary (b) coastal plain estuary (c) fjord (d) tectonic estuary (e) vertically mixed estuary

The Columbia River estuary received most of its ecological damage from which of the following sources? (a) dikes erected by farmers to prevent flooding (b) dredging of the river to accommodate boat traffic (c) hydroelectric dams (d) pollution due to soil erosion from logging (e) poor farming practices

Which of the following statements shows the correct hierarchical ordering of taxonomic levels in terms of increasing specificity? (a) class, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species (b) genus, species order, family, kingdom, phylum, class (c) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (d) order, family, genus, species, kingdom, phylum, class (e) phylum, class, order, kingdom, family, genus, species

When ocean water enters a marginal sea above a return flow of saltier water, the circulation pattern is called __________. (a) estuarine circulation (b) fjord circulation (c) lagoon circulation (d) loop current circulation (e) Mediterranean circulation

What is another name for referring to the open-ocean environment, over the continental shelves? (a) pelagic (b) benthic (c) neritic (d) oceanic (e) hadal

The two most significant sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are __________. (a) blow out accidents and urban run-off (b) natural seeps and urban run-off (c) normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off (d) oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters (e) tar balls and oil tanker accidents

The biological response level that is impacted for the longest time period by pollutants in the marine environment is the __________. (a) biochemical-cellular level (b) community dynamics and structure level (c) organismal level (d) population dynamics level (e) trophic level

A type of coastal wetland that occurs at temperate latitudes that experience seasonal frosts is a __________. (a) coral reef (b) mangrove swamp (c) salt marsh (d) seagrass bed

Estuarine circulation associated with a deep, high river volume system where no horizontal salinity gradient exists at the surface is called a __________. (a) bar-built estuary (b) highly stratified estuary (c) salt wedge estuary (d) slightly stratified estuary (e) vertically mixed estuary

An example of an organism that might be part of the epifauna is a(n) __________. (a) bull kelp (b) feather duster worm (c) sea star (d) shark (e) tuna

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends __________. (a) 3 nautical miles from the coast (b) 10.5 nautical miles from the coast (c) 20 nautical miles from the coast (d) 200 nautical miles from the coast (e) into open international waters

(d) 200 nautical miles from the coast

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it __________. (a) increases the ability to absorb nutrients (b) increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism (c) increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn decreases density (d) All of the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms. (e) None of the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms

(d) All of the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms.

Which of the following associations is incorrect? (a) Kingdom Animalia - dolphins (b) Kingdom Fungi - mushrooms (c) Kingdom Monera - bacteria in hydrothermal vents (d) Kingdom Plantae - macroalgae (e) Kingdom Protista - phytoplankton

(d) Kingdom Plantae - macroalgae

Which of the following is a toxic contaminant? (a) Ammonium nitrate (b) Calcium phosphate (c) Nitrogen (d) Mercury

(d) Mercury

The largest petroleum spill in the marine waters to date is attributed to the __________. (a) Argo Merchant (b) Exxon Valdez (c) M/V New Carissa (d) Persian Gulf War of 1991 (e) Petroleus Mexicanos drilling operations

(d) Persian Gulf War of 1991

An estuary in which salinities tend to be higher away from the ocean entrance than near the ocean entrance is called ____________. (a) a well-mixed estuary (b) a salt-wedge estuary (c) a partially mixed estuary (d) a reverse estuary

(d) a reverse estuary

Estuaries are very fertile because ____________. (a) rivers supply large quantities of dissolved nutrients (b) nutrients supply large quantities of dissolved nutrients (c) the water is well ventilated with oxygen by tides and waves (d) all of the above

(d) all of the above

If longshore currents form a spit across an embayment, it may produce a ____________ estuary. (a) erosional (b) tectonic (c) glacial (d) bar-built (e) rip current

(d) bar-built

A single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by ____________. (a) isolation in space (b) reproductive isolation (c) isolation in time (d) differences in sizes and colors (e) differences in life-styles

(d) differences in sizes and colors

Prevailing offshore winds produce coastal waters that __________. (a) are biologically diverse (b) are cooler (c) are identical to the open ocean (d) have higher salinities (e) have lower salinities

(d) have higher salinities

When an organism has the same salt and water concentration as its environment, it is said to be __________. (a) euryhaline (b) hypertonic (c) hypotonic (d) isotonic (e) stenohaline

(d) isotonic

Zonation of benthic organisms includes all of the following except the __________. (a) abyssal zone (b) bathyl zone (c) hadal zone (d) neritic zone (e) subtidal zone

(d) neritic zone

The portion of the ocean in which these organisms are most likely to be found is the __________. (a) benthic zone (b) estuary (c) intertidal zone (d) pelagic zone (e) sediment layer

(d) pelagic zone

All of the following are examples of pollutants in the marine environment except: (a) heavy metals such as mercury and silver (b) hydrocarbons (c) nitrate and phosphates (d) phytoplankton (e) sewage effluent

(d) phytoplankton

High latitude ocean water tends to support large planktonic communities because __________. (a) fewer predators that feed on plankton (b) longer summer day length (c) of higher dissolved gas concentrations (d) there is abundant light (e) there are abundant nutrients

(d) there is abundant light

Species diversity in estuaries is low due to ____________. (a) large numbers of mosquitoes (b) heavy rainfall (c) thick deposits of mud (d) widely fluctuating environmental conditions (e) low nutrient availability

(d) widely fluctuating environmental conditions

Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by __________. (a) availability of food (b) differences in water pressure with depth (c) changes in salinity (d) temperature variations with latitude and depth (e) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton

(e) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton

Neritic environments are influenced by __________. (a) seasonal salinity variations (b) seasonal temperature fluctuations (c) tidal movements (d) wave energy (e) All of the above factors influence neritic environments.

(e) All of the above factors influence neritic environments.

A good "working definition" for life might be: "A highly organized system that can capture, store, and transmit __________." (a) food (b) raw materials (c) metabolic products (d) waste products (e) energy

(e) energy

Minamata disease is associated with __________. (a) dinoflagellates in tropical reef ecosystems (b) eutrophication (c) harmful algal blooms (d) illegal fishing in tropical areas (e) ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish

(e) ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish

The majority of marine invertebrates are __________. (a) adapted to life in the pelagic zone (b) estuarine (c) found only in benthic environments (d) hypertonic with respect to their environment (e) isotonic with respect to their environment

(e) isotonic with respect to their environment

An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a __________. (a) bar-built estuary (b) coastal plain estuary (c) fjord (d) salt wedge estuary (e) tectonic estuary

(e) tectonic estuary

Estuarine circulation associated with a shallow, low-volume estuary in which river water mixes evenly at all depths with ocean water would be called a __________. (a) highly stratified estuary (b) salt wedge estuary (c) slightly stratified estuary (d) tectonic estuary (e) vertically mixed estuary

(e) vertically mixed estuary

Which of the following organisms are expected to show the highest concentrations of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in its tissues? (a) carnivorous fishes (b) filter-feeding fishes (c) phytoplankton (d) sea otters (e) zooplankton

(e) zooplankton

37. Which drawing best represents a cross sectional shape of a ocean basin undergoing subduction

...

Halite, sodium chloride, is the most abundant salt in seawater. (a) True (b) False

...

Most subsurface water samples are taken __________. (a) in a bathythermograph (b) in a hydrowire (c) in a messenger sampler (d) in a Nansen or Niskin sampling bottle (e) in a Hensen-Stempel sampler

...

Other Questions

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Test 1

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Test 2

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Test 3

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Test 4

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The __________ is the area where air falls close to the equator. (a) Intertropical Convergence Zone (b) Trade Winds (c) Tropic of Cancer (d) Tropic of Capricorn (e) Westerlies

...

The ions present in seawater alter the characteristics of pure water in all of the following ways except __________. (a) the ions cause seawater to freeze at a lower temperature than fresh water (b) the ions cause seawater to boil at a higher temperature than fresh water (c) the ions cause seawater to evaporate more slowly (in equal conditions of temperature and pressure) than fresh water (d) the ions cause cells placed in seawater to burst

...

42. Areas of vertical air movement (very little surface wind motion) are found on the latitudes

0° and 30°

34. Lithospheric plates move

3 cm per yr

15. The first life forms on Earth arose more than

3.5 billion years ago

1. Earth is about

4.5 billion years old

9. An example of an object in buoyant equilibrium would be

A and B ice cube in water and plates on heavier material

47. Which of these is generally not an El Nino effect

A decline in the exotic species of fish and other forms of marine life in the affected water

84. False

A spring tide is higher than a neap tide, and only occurs during the spring and summer months in each hemisphere

65. If 2 oceanic plates collide moving fast & one is cooler older denser what will happen

A trench will form and large earthquakes will occur

When the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of another wave, __________ wave interference occurs. (a) destructive (b) cumulative (c) confused (d) constructive

A, destructive

The portion of the wave that is also known as the zero energy level is indicated by the number __________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

A. 1

In the open sea, tsunamis reach an average wave height of about __________. (a) 1 meter (b) 10 meters (c) 100 meters (d) 1,000 meters

A. 1 meter

Earth rotates eastward at about ___________. (a) 1,000 miles per hour (b) 500 miles per hour (c) 55 miles per hour (d) 10,000 miles per hour (e) impossible to say without more information

A. 1,000 miles per hour

The average salinity of the world ocean is closest to which of the following? (a) 3.4 ‰ (b) 21.5 ‰ (c) 34 ‰ (d) 52 ‰ (e) 96.5 ‰

A. 3.4%

What is the approximate mixing time of the world ocean? (a) About 1,000 years (b) About 100,000 years (c) About 100,000,000 years (d) About 1 billion years (e) It has never been fully mixed

A. About 1,000 years

With respect to the amount of energy absorbed by the atmosphere, the amount of energy radiated back into space between 35ºN and 40ºS latitude is ___________. (a) about the same as the amount of energy absorbed by the atmosphere (b) dependent upon the weather conditions such as cloud cover in the local area (c) greater than the amount of energy absorbed by the atmosphere (d) less than the amount of energy absorbed by the atmosphere (e) unrelated to latitude

A. About the same as the amount of energy absorbed by the atmosphere

San Francisco's characteristic cold and foggy weather is caused by a ___________. (a) cold eastern boundary current (b) warm eastern boundary current (c) cold western boundary current (d) warm western boundary current

A. Cold eastern boundary current

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the center of the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a __________. (a) cold-core ring (b) cyclonic circulation (c) geostrophic circulation (d) Langmuir cell (e) warm-core ring

A. Cold-core ring

A change in phase from gas to liquid is called __________. (a) condensation (b) evaporation (c) sublimation (d) freezing (e) melting

A. Condensation

Which of the following statements best describes the conservative constituents of seawater? (a) Conservative constituents, which include salinity, change very slowly. (b) Conservative constituents are elements involved in chemical and biological processes that change rapidly. (c) Conservative constituents must be conserved for future generations. (d) Conservative constituents of seawater include gold and other valuable elements dissolved in seawater.

A. Conservative constituents, which include salinity, change very slowly.

The characteristics of western boundary currents are a result of ___________. (a) Coriolis deflection. (b) higher wind speeds on the western edge of oceans. (c) deeper continental shelf areas on the western edge of oceans. (d) greater freshwater runoff from the adjacent land masses, which stabilizes the water column. (e) the rotation of the earth, which presses water against the western edge of the ocean basins.

A. Coriolis deflection.

The deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the ___________. (a) Coriolis effect (b) Cyclonic effect (c) Ekman spiral (d) Hadley cell (e) Saffir-Simpson scale

A. Coriolis effect

Increasing the salinity of water __________ its freezing point. (a) decreases (b) increases (c) does not affect

A. Decreases

Transport of water to the left or right of the wind direction is called __________. (a) Ekman transport (b) geostrophic flow (c) upwelling (d) downwelling

A. Ekman transport

Which of the following has a negative charge? (a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Soliton

A. Electron

The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering of surface rocks are called __________. (a) excess volatiles (b) zwitterions (c) excess ionics (d) excess constituents (e) Forchhammer volatiles

A. Excess volatiles

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean __________. (a) flow from land to sea and are dry (b) flow from land to sea and are wet (c) flow from sea to land and are dry (d) flow from sea to land and are wet (e) the direction of airflow is unchanged but precipitation increases

A. Flow from land to sea and are dry

Currents are named for the direction ___________. (a) in which they are going (b) from which they are coming

A. From which they are coming

. __________ results from the physical vibrations of atoms and molecules. (a) Heat (b) Sound (c) Light (d) Color (e) Stirring

A. Heat

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? (a) high heat capacity (b) high salinity (c) high viscosity (d) low heat capacity (e) low viscosity

A. High heat capacity

The amount of gas that seawater can hold in solution will be greater __________. (a) in colder water (b) in warmer water (c) in salty water (d) under less pressure

A. In cold water

Evaporation __________ seawater salinity. (a) increases (b) decreases

A. Increases

High temperature __________ seawater salinity. (a) increases (b) decrease

A. Increases

Low latitude (being closer to the equator) __________ seawater salinity. (a) increases (b) decreases

A. Increases

The formation of sea ice __________ seawater salinity. (a) increases (b) decreases

A. Increases

The most abundant gas dissolved in seawater is __________. (a) nitrogen (b) carbon dioxide (c) oxygen (d) argon (e) hydrogen

A. Nitrogen

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as __________. (a) relative changes between two different atmospheric pressure systems (b) the relationship between sea surface temperature and high altitude pressure (c) tidal differences between coastal Peru and Darwin, Australia (d) variation in wind speed over the Pacific Ocean (e) wind speed and wind direction differences along the equator

A. Relative changes between two different atmospheric pressure systems

The property of water that accounts for the ability of liquid water to absorb heat and change only very little in temperature is called __________. (a) Specific heat, or heat capacity (b) Specific heat of evaporation (c) Specific heat of fusion (d) Freezing coefficient (e) Dielectric constant

A. Specific heat or heat capacity

The term "salinity" refers to __________. (a) the total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean (b) the total amount of table salt dissolved in seawater (c) the total amount of chlorine in the water (d) the total amount of chloride ion in the water (e) the total amount of sodium in the water

A. The total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean

A hurricane contains more energy than has been generated in the US over the last twenty years. (a) True (b) False

A. True

All deep water in ocean basins originates in the Atlantic Ocean. (a) True (b) False

A. True

An air mass is a large body of air with nearly uniform temperature, humidity, and therefore density throughout. (a) True (b) False

A. True

As a whole, the ph of the ocean is slightly alkaline. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Deep ocean currents often move cold, dense water away from the poles. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Deep ocean water masses have characteristic temperatures and salinities. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Downwelling may be the result of winds blowing parallel to a coastline. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Dynamic topography can be used to compute current direction and velocity. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Evaporation causes cooling in the residual liquid. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C. (a) True (b) False

A. True

In the northern hemisphere, Ekman transport pushes surface water to the right of the wind direction. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Nutrients are considered non-conservative properties of seawater. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The angle at which direct sunlight strike the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The circular pattern of surface water currents is called a gyre. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The doldrums can be found at the Equator. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The jet stream is a fast moving easterly flowing air mass. (a) True (b) False

A. True

The largest current by volume in the oceans is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. (a) True (b) False

A. True

Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and ___________. (a) differences in the heat capacity of ocean and land (b) differences in the latitudinal albedo (c) Ekman transport (d) latitudinal variations in the Coriolis effect (e) variations in incoming solar radiation over many years

A. differences in the heat capacity of ocean and land

Capillary and gravity waves are named for the __________. (a) dominant restoring force (b) force that creates them (c) rate at which they travel (d) wave dispersion (e) wave refraction pattern they create

A. dominant restoring force

Only the __________ of a wave and not the mass of the wave is in motion. (a) energy (b) orbit (c) water

A. energy

The distance over which the wind blows to create waves is termed __________. (a) fetch (b) distortion (c) convection (d) diffraction (e) refraction

A. fetch

Waves with the greatest propagation rate or velocity __________. (a) have the longest wavelengths (b) occur in shallow water only (c) form when the wind is blowing less than 0.5 nautical miles per hour (d) have wave periods of less than one second

A. have the longest wavelengths

Deep ocean water in the Indian Ocean includes Red Sea water which has __________. (a) high salinity and low oxygen (b) high salinity and low temperature (c) low salinity and low oxygen (d) low temperature and high oxygen (e) low temperature and low salinity

A. high salinity and low oxygen

As the salinity of water increases, its density ___________. (a) increases (b) decreases

A. increases

Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following except ___________. (a) install low flow plumbing fixtures (b) planting trees and increasing green space areas (c) purchase recycled products (d) reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc) in urban and suburban areas (e) use of compact fluorescent light bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs

A. install low flow plumbing fixtures

The doldrums refer to the same region as the ___________. (a) intertropical convergence zone (b) jet stream (c) subtropical jet stream. (d) subtropics. (e) trade winds

A. intertropical convergence zone

The energy of surface waves becomes essentially undetectable at a depth equal to about __________. (a) one-half of the wavelength (b) the wavelength (c) two-thirds of the wavelength (d) twice the wave height (e) three times the wave height

A. one-half of the wavelength

Compared to surface waves, internal waves are _______. (a) slow, long wavelength, and of great height (b) fast, long wavelength, and of great height (c) slow, short wavelength, and of minimal height (d) fast, short wavelength, and of minimal height (e) slow, short wavelength, and of great height

A. slow, long wavelength, and of great height

As the wind velocity increases during a storm, __________. (a) the wave height increases (b) the wave velocity decreases (c) the wind tends to flatten the ocean surface (d) mass transport decreases in the open ocean

A. the wave height increases

When a tsunami reaches shore, __________. (a) the wave height is increased by entry into shallow water (b) it always arrives at the time of a high tide (c) the wave will appear as a single huge breaking wave (d) it will always race hundreds of meters inland

A. the wave height is increased by entry into shallow water

When waves approach the shore, if the bottom is a steep slope, __________. (a) the waves will plunge (b) the waves will spill (c) a surf beat will form

A. the wave will plunge

The Coriolis effect causes objects moving in the northern hemisphere to veer off course ___________. (a) to the right, or clockwise when viewed from above (b) to the left, or counterclockwise when viewed from above (c) in an upward direction (d) in a downward direction (e) They do not veer off course - they continue straight.

A. to the right, or clockwise when viewed from above

A cold front is likely to have heavy, brief showers associated with it. (a) True (b) False

A. true

A curling wave formed over an air pocket is called a plunging breaker. (a) True (b) False

A. true

A mole of methane is able to absorb much more heat than one mole of carbon dioxide. (a) True (b) False

A. true

A standing wave is caused by wave reflection. (a) True (b) False

A. true

A wave train is caused by wave energy moving more slowly than individual waves. (a) True (b) False

A. true

Swells are examples of free waves. (a) True (b) False

A. true

The orbital motion of water molecules in a wave goes down to a depth equal to the wavelength divided by two. (a) True (b) False

A. true

When waves approach the shore a series of changes takes place. One change is that the __________. (a) wave crest forms a steep peak (b) wavelength increases (c) wave height decreases (d) wave velocity increases

A. wave crest forms a steep peak

The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to __________. (a) water depth (b) wave frequency (c) wave height (d) wave period (e) wavelength

A. wave depth

The diameter of a wave orbital at the surface is equal to __________. (a) wave height (b) wave height/wavelength (c) wavelength (d) wavelength/wave period (e) wave period

A. wave height

The distance measured from trough to trough of a wave is the __________. (a) wavelength (b) wave height (c) wave period (d) orbit

A. wavelength

What wave form typically carries the greatest amount of energy through the ocean surface at any given time? (a) Wind waves (b) Tsunami (c) Tides

A. wind waves

159. The light penetrating depth depends on?

All the above

The oceanic climate region(s) in the majority of strong cyclonic storms are produced is indicated by the number __________. (a) 1 (b) 1 & 2 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 3 & 4

B. 1 & 2

Heat capacity is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance __________ C. (a) 0.1° (b) 1.0° (c) 5.0° (d) 10.0° (e) 15.0°

B. 1.0°

The crest is the portion of the wave corresponding to the number __________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

B. 2

The westerlies wind belt is the area corresponding to ___________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

B. 2

The percentage of solar radiation directed to Earth absorbed by the clouds and the atmosphere is about ___________. (a) 10% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 50% (e) 70%

B. 25%

There are ___________ main wind bands in each hemisphere of the Earth. (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6

B. 3

With respect to incoming solar radiation, radiation emitted back into the atmosphere has __________. (a) a longer wave frequency (b) a longer wavelength (c) a shorter wave period (d) a shorter wavelength (e) the same wavelength

B. A longer wavelength

Which current within a Northern Hemisphere gyre would you expect to have the lowest salinity and temperature? (a) a western boundary current (b) an eastern boundary current (c) a southern boundary current (d) a northern boundary current (e) All of these currents would be about equal in temperature and salinity.

B. An eastern boundary current

Oxygen enters seawater mainly __________. (a) through the respiration of animals (b) as a byproduct of photosynthesis (c) as a result of decomposition of plant and animal remains (d) through the oxidation of metal ions in seawater

B. As a byproduct of photosynthesis

Which of the following statements regarding pH is NOT true? (a) A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. (b) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. (c) Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. (d) pH will increase in areas of rapid plant or algal growth. (e) pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

B. As a whole the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic

Seawater freezes __________ fresh water. (a) at a higher temperature than (b) at a lower temperature than (c) at the same temperature as

B. At a lower temperature than

Which of the following is a western boundary current? (a) Benguela Current (b) Brazil Current (c) Canary Current (d) California Current (e) Peru Current

B. Brazil current

The compound __________ is an anthropogenic greenhouse gas. (a) CFCs (b) CO2 (c) H2O (d) N2O (e) O3

B. CO2

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is called the __________. (a) boiling point elevation (b) calorie (c) latent heat of condensation (d) latent heat of evaporation (e) thermal capacity

B. Calorie

The densest water in ocean currents is the ___________. (a) warmest and saltiest (b) coldest and saltiest (c) warmest and freshest (d) coldest and freshest

B. Coldest and saltiest

The water molecule is an example of a/an __________ chemical bond. (a) ionic (b) covalent (c) isotopic

B. Covalent

Precipitation __________ seawater salinity. (a) increases (b) decreases

B. Decreases

River input __________ seawater salinity. (a) increases (b) decreases

B. Decreases

The amount of mass contained in a unit volume is termed __________. (a) specific gravity (b) density (c) weight (d) specific heat (e) isostasy

B. Density

A molecule that has a positively-charged end and a negatively-charged end is termed a/an __________ molecule. (a) monocular (b) dipolar (c) radioactive (d) anoxic (e) ionic

B. Dipolar

When winds blow parallel to the coast, such that Ekman transport drives water against the land, surface water sinks in the process known as ___________. (a) upwelling (b) downwelling (c) Langmuir circulation (d) Franklin eddies (e) occlusion

B. Downwelling

Compared to a western boundary current, which of the following statements is true for an eastern boundary current? (a) Eastern boundary currents are broad and deep. (b) Eastern boundary currents are broad and slow. (c) Eastern boundary currents are deep and swift. (d) Eastern boundary currents are narrow and deep. (e) Eastern boundary currents are shallow and swift.

B. Eastern boundary currents are broad and slow

The property of seawater used in induction salinometers to measure salinity is __________. (a) density (b) electrical conductivity (c) surface tension (d) heat capacity (e) optical refraction

B. Electrical conductivity

A change in phase from liquid to gas without reaching the boiling point is called __________. (a) condensation (b) evaporation (c) sublimation (d) freezing (e) melting

B. Evaporation

A hurricane is a very strong high-pressure system. (a) True (b) False

B. False

A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold. (a) True (b) False

B. False

An eastern boundary current is narrow and swift. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Deep currents are horizontal and rarely move vertically. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Deep ocean water does not travel across the equator. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Latent heat of vaporization is the same as latent heat of sublimation. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Most air has no water vapor. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. (a) True (b) False

B. False

The amount of seawater water flowing in the geostrophic currents of the world ocean is approximately equal to the total amount of water flowing in all the Earth's fresh water rivers. (a) True (b) False

B. False

The trade winds can be found between 30º and 60º N and S latitudes. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Thermohaline circulation is wind-driven. (a) True (b) False

B. False

Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension. (a) True (b) False

B. False

The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back toward the equator. (a) True (b) False

B. Fasle

Movement of ocean currents by gravity and modified by the Coriolis force is called __________. (a) Ekman transport (b) geostrophic flow (c) upwelling (d) downwelling

B. Geostrophic flow

Geostrophic circulation is within a gyre driven by __________. (a) density (b) gravity (c) temperature (d) the Coriolis effect (e) wind

B. Gravity

Benjamin Franklin was the first person to recognize the extent of the ___________ and to publish a navigational chart of it. (a) North Equatorial Current. (b) Gulf Stream. (c) El Niño. (d) Kuroshio Current. (e) Canary Current.

B. Gulf Stream

Deep water circulation in the Pacific Ocean is influenced by __________. (a) extreme cooling and the formation of Pacific Bottom Water (b) hydrothermal vents from the East Pacific Rise (c) sea ice formation and resulting increased salinity of surface water in the south Pacific (d) the size of the Pacific basin (e) the Southern Oscillation

B. Hydrothermal vents from the East Pacific Rise

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the mixture as heat is added? (a) It immediately begins to rise slowly. (b) It remains constant until the ice melts then it begins to rise. (c) It rises rapidly as the ice melts. (d) It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC then it remains constant as the ice melts. (e) The temperature pattern cannot be predicted.

B. It remains constant until the ice melts then it begins to rise.

Which of the following has a neutral charge? (a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Soliton

B. Neutron

The central portion of an atom is the __________. (a) nuculus (b) nucleus (c) nucular (d) nuclear (e) core

B. Nucleus

The symbol "‰" stands for __________. (a) parts per hundred (b) parts per thousand (c) parts per ten thousand (d) parts per hundred thousand (e) parts per million

B. Parts per thousand

A charged atom is called a/an __________. (a) molecule (b) proton (c) isotope (d) ion (e) electrode

B. Proton

Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a result of the __________. (a) polarity of water molecules (b) sharing of electrons between atoms (c) surface tension of water (d) transfer of electrons between atoms (e) viscosity of water

B. Sharing of electrons between atoms.

Thermohaline currents tend to flow very ___________. (a) rapidly (b) slowly (c) sporadically

B. Slowly

The Principle of Constant Proportions states __________. (a) that the total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean is a constant (b) that the salinity of the ocean is a constant (c) that the excess volatile ratio of the ocean is a constant (d) that the ratio of major salts in samples of seawater from various places is a constant

B. That the salinity of the ocean is a constant

Residence time is __________. (a) The same for all elements in the ocean (b) The average length of time an element spends in the ocean (c) A measure of tenure for a professor of oceanography (d) A function of Forschhammer's principle (e) The same as mixing time

B. The average length time an element spends in the ocean

The __________ is the prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes. (a) Intertropical Convergence Zone (b) Trade Winds (c) Tropic of Cancer (d) Tropic of Capricorn (e) Westerlies

B. Trade Winds

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica? (a) A gyre is formed here. (b) Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west. (c) It is dominated by water flow directly away from the polar region toward the north. (d) The surface ocean has no strong currents. (e) The polar easterlies drive the circulation of water around the Antarctic continent.

B. Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west.

Since water dissolves all substances to some degree, it can be termed a/an __________. (a) antacid (b) universal solvent (c) universal solute (d) polymer (e) receiver

B. Universal solvent

The immediate source of most of the energy for ocean currents is the ___________. (a) weather (b) wind (c) the sun (d) the tides

B. Wind

The gas or gasses that is (are) increasing atmospheric concentration relative to other gases in the atmosphere annually is (are) ___________. (a) carbon dioxide (b) chlorofluorocarbons (c) methane (d) nitrous oxide (e) ozone

B. chlorofluorocarbons

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per mole basis? (a) carbon dioxide (b) chlorofluorocarbons (c) methane (d) ozone (e) water vapor

B. chlorofluorocarbons

When several wave crests or troughs coincide, __________ wave interference occurs. (a) destructive (b) constructive (c) cumulative (d) confused

B. constructive

Rogue waves form due to __________. (a) destructive interference (b) constructive interference (c) reflection (d) refraction

B. constructive interference

As the temperature of water increases, its density ___________. (a) increases (b) decreases

B. decreases

Internal waves are caused by differences in _______. (a) plankton populations (b) density (c) refraction (d) resonance

B. density

A shallow water wave must form in water depth less than 100 meters. (a) True (b) False

B. false

A wave will break when wave steepness is equal to 1/20. (a) True (b) False

B. false

An iceberg is a variety of sea ice. (a) True (b) False

B. false

If the wind continues to blow, there is no limit to the size of the waves that will result. (a) True (b) False

B. false

The best climate models indicate that Earth's average surface temperature has risen by 5ºC in the last 100 years. (a) True (b) False

B. false

The greenhouse gas that accounts for most of the natural greenhouse effect in Earth's atmosphere is carbon dioxide. (a) True (b) False

B. false

The horizontal distance between two successive troughs is called the wave height. (a) True (b) False

B. false

The speed of a shallow water wave is a function of wave period. (a) True (b) False

B. false

The vertical distance between the wave trough and the wave crest is the wavelength. (a) True (b) False

B. false

Tropical cyclones never leave the tropics. (a) True (b) False

B. false

Most waves in the open ocean have an average height of __________. (a) over 30 meters (b) less than 3 meters (c) close to 100 meters (d) over 200 meters

B. less than 3 meters

Tsunamis have __________ periods and __________ wavelengths. (a) long; short (b) long; long (c) short; long (d) short; short

B. long; long

Water particles in a deep-water wave __________. (a) move rapidly toward the shore (b) move in circular orbits (c) do not move: only the wave form moves (d) move in flat elliptical circles

B. move in circular orbits

Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming a curling crest over an air pocket are called __________. (a) gravity waves (b) plunging breakers (c) spilling breakers (d) surf (e) swells

B. plunging breakers

Which of the following from earliest to latest represents the typical wave formation? (a) sea, surf, swell (b) sea, swell, surf (c) surf, swell, sea (d) surf, sea, swell (e) swell, sea, surf

B. sea, swell, surf

A substantial rise in sea level along a coast during a severe storm is called a storm ______. (a) tide (b) surge (c) surf (d) swell (e) tsunami

B. surge

Which of these lists is arranged in order from smallest wavelength to longest wavelength? (a) tsunami, wind waves, tides (b) wind waves, tsunami, tides (c) wind waves, tsunami, tides (d) tides, tsunami, wind waves (e) wind waves, tides, tsunami

B. wind waves, tsunami, tides

5. This was the first man to publish a reasonably accurate map of oceans currents

Ben Franklin

30. At which of these locations is the Earth`s crust thickest

Beneath Jasper, high in the Rocky Mountains

A deep-water wave is one that is moving through water that is deeper than __________. (a) 200 m (b) three times its height (c) 1/2 its wavelength (d) 3,000 m (e) 11,022 m

C. 1/2 its wavelength

Near shore, if the wave crests are two hundred feet apart, the wave will "feel" bottom when the depth is about __________. (a) 20 feet (b) 50 feet (c) 100 feet (d) 200 feet

C. 100 ft

The angle between the hydrogen atoms in a molecule of ice is __________. (a) 127.5° (b) 97.3° (c) 105.0° (d) 109.5° (e) 48.7°

C. 105.0°

The Tropic of Capricorn is located at ___________. (a) 0º longitude (b) 23.5ºN latitude (c) 23.5ºS latitude (d) 30ºN latitude (e) 60ºS latitude

C. 23.5ºS latitude

The wavelength is labeled with the number __________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

C. 3

The average salinity of sea water is __________. (a) 0.35% (b) 2.0% (c) 3.5% (d) 10% (e) 25%

C. 3.5%

Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by almost___________. (a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 30% (d) 40% (e) 50%

C. 30%

The percentage of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth's oceans and landmasses is about __________. (a) 25% (b) 30% (c) 50% (d) 70% (e) 90%

C. 50%

A pH of __________ is considered neutral. (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 9 (e) 11

C. 7

A solution which is hardly affected by the input or output of hydrogen ions is said to be __________. (a) acidic (b) basic (c) buffered (d) neutral

C. Buffered

When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water, it reacts with the water to form __________. (a) calcium carbonate (b) sodium bicarbonate (c) carbonic acid (d) orthoclase sediments (e) plagioclase sediments

C. Carbonic acid

Latent heat is used to: (a) break chemical bonds (b) change molecular structure (c) change states of matter (d) change the temperature of a substance (e) form chemical bonds

C. Change states of matter

We can determine salinity if we know the __________. (a) density of a water sample (b) mass of a water sample (c) chlorinity of a water sample (d) exact color of a water sample (e) temperature of a water sample

C. Chlorinity of a water sample

Currents tend to move in great ___________ patterns in the northern hemisphere. (a) irregular (b) counterclockwise (c) clockwise (d) random

C. Clockwise

The El Niño weather pattern is associated with __________. (a) about a 0.5 meter difference in sea surface height between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia (b) cold, nutrient-rich water close to the sea surface near the coast of Peru (c) drought and fires in Australia (d) high pressure sitting over coastal Peru (e) trade winds blowing east to west

C. Drought and fires in Australia

The worldwide effect of El Niño includes all of the following except __________. (a) coral reef deaths in the Pacific Ocean (b) crop failure in the Philippines (c) drought in the US Gulf coastal states (d) increased Pacific cyclone activity (e) water shortages in Sri Lanka

C. Drought in the US Gulf coastal states

The major source of carbon dioxide in seawater is __________. (a) from photosynthesis by marine plants (b) from rain falling into the ocean (c) from the respiration of marine animals and other organisms (d) from seafloor sediments

C. From the respiration of marine animals and other organisms

Currents that result from a balance between pressure gradient and Coriolis effect are termed ___________ currents. (a) Coriolis (b) Density (c) Geostrophic (d) Seismic (e) Internal

C. Geostrophic

Which type of flow works in opposition to Ekman transport in a gyre? (a) counter-current circulation (b) density-driven circulation (c) geostrophic circulation (d) Langmuir circulation (e) thermohaline circulation

C. Geostrophic circulation

The main force driving thermohaline circulation is ___________. (a) wind (b) Coriolis effect (c) gravity (d) electromagnetic attraction

C. Gravity

Which of the following is not an eastern boundary current? (a) California Current (b) Canary Current (c) Gulf Stream (d) Peru Current (e) W. Australian Current

C. Gulf Stream

A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin is collectively called a ___________. (a) cell (b) Carroll pattern (c) gyre (d) gimble (e) wabe

C. Gyre

pH describes the __________ of a substance. (a) salinity (b) temperature (c) H+ concentration (d) Cl- concentration (e) Na+ concentration

C. H+ concentration

The circulation of winds in both hemispheres is arranged in the ___________, ___________, and ___________ cells. (a) Polar; Tropical; Subtropical (b) Southwesterly; Northwesterly; Southeasterly (c) Hadley; Ferrel; Polar (d) Equatorial; Polar; Latitudinal

C. Hadley; Ferrel; Polar

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of water is __________. (a) a function of salinity (b) about the same as other liquids (c) higher than other liquids (d) lower than other liquids (e) related to solvent concentration

C. Higher than other liquids

The weak chemical bond that forms between bipolar molecules is called a/an __________ bond. (a) water (b) isotopic (c) hydrogen (d) oxygen (e) liquid

C. Hydrogen

Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water __________. (a) contains hydrogen bonds (b) exists in three phases at the earth's surface (c) is a polar molecule (d) is a universal solvent (e) requires heat to condense

C. Is a polar molecule

Convection cells driven by the relatively weak winds near the center of gyres are called __________. (a) Ekman transport (b) geostrophic circulation (c) Langmuir circulation (d) thermohaline circulation (e) upwelling

C. Langmuir circulation

Wind moving from the north along the California coast causes water moving along the coast to ___________. (a) move south (b) move toward shore (east) (c) move away from shore (west) (d) move north

C. Move away from the shore (west)

The Sargasso Sea is located in the __________. (a) Arctic Ocean (b) Indian Ocean (c) North Atlantic Ocean (d) North Pacific Ocean (e) South Atlantic Ocean

C. North Atlantic Ocean

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of __________. (a) electron sharing (b) electron transfer (c) polarity of water molecules (d) surface tension (e) viscosity of water.

C. Polarity of water molecules

Which of the following has a positive charge? (a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Soliton

C. Proton

The __________ is a rapid change in density with a slight change in depth. (a) isocline (b) halocline (c) pycnocline (d) thermocline

C. Pycnocline

The surface tension of water is __________. (a) increases as density decreases (b) related to salinity (c) relatively high (d) relatively low (e) very similar to similar liquids

C. Relatively high.

Meander loops that pinch off from the main axis of the Gulf Stream are called ___________. (a) oxbows (b) meander scars (c) rings (d) wanderers (e) detached basins

C. Rings

A solution is made of two components, a(n) __________ and a(n) __________. (a) bond ... atom (b) atom ... molecule (c) solute ... solvent (d) ion ... atom (e) negative ion ... positive ion

C. Solute....Solvent

The ultimate source of most of the energy for ocean currents is the ___________. (a) weather (b) wind (c) sun (d) tides

C. Sun

The property of water that allows certain insects to walk on the surface is called __________. (a) viscosity (b) density (c) surface tension (d) latent heat of fusion (e) latent heat of evaporation

C. Surface tension

Seasons are caused by ___________. (a) changes in the weather (b) annual variation in the energy output of the sun (c) the Earth's orbital tilt relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun (d) our being closer to the sun in summer

C. The Earth's orbital tilt relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun

The surface salinity in the central parts of the world oceans is determined by __________. (a) the amount of rainfall in the area (b) the amount of wind (c) the balance between evaporation and precipitation (d) the amount of freshwater runoff from the continents (e) the stability of the water column

C. The balance between evaporation and precipitation

Most of the world ocean has the temperature properties of __________. (a) the mixed layer (b) the main thermocline (c) the deep and bottom waters (d) the compensation depth

C. The deep and bottom waters

Water's slight blue color is caused by the absorption of red light by __________. (a) living things in the ocean (b) the covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in the water molecule (c) the hydrogen bonds between water molecules (d) a refractive illusion

C. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules

A/an __________ is an area where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. (a) Isotherm (b) Pycnocline (c) Thermocline (d) Halocline (e) Isobar

C. Thermocline

Replacement of water coming from the bottom to the top of the water column is called __________. (a) Ekman transport (b) geostrophic flow (c) upwelling (d) downwelling

C. Upwelling

The only ocean current that continues in an uninterrupted circle around the circumference of the Earth without encountering land is the ___________. (a) Gulf Stream (b) Kuroshio, or Japan, Current (c) West Wind Drift or Antarctic Circumpolar Current (d) Canary Current

C. West Wind Drift or Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Generally the fastest and deepest ocean currents are ___________. (a) northern boundary currents (b) eastern boundary currents (c) western boundary currents (d) southern boundary currents

C. Western boundary currents

The density of a parcel of seawater will increase __________. (a) when the temperature increases (b) when the salinity decreases (c) when the salinity increases (d) when the pressure decreases (e) when it is exposed to high ambient sound levels

C. When the salinity increases

Hurricane Katrina, the most costly natural disaster to strike the United States, was a violent example of a(n) ___________. (a) an extra-tropical cyclone (b) a monsoon (c) a tropical cyclone (d) a tornado (e) a frontal storm`

C. a tropical cyclone

The pressure exerted by a column of air that extends from the top of the atmosphere to the surface of the earth is termed ___________ pressure. (a) hydrostatic (b) partial (c) air (d) atmospheric (e) gas

C. air

In shallow water, the motion of water particles __________. (a) ceases completely (b) forms large circular orbits (c) becomes a back-and-forth motion near the bottom (d) becomes an up-and-down motion near the bottom

C. becomes a back-and-forth motion near the bottom

Surface tension of the water tends to limit the size of __________. (a) tsunami (b) storm surges (c) capillary waves (d) gravity waves

C. capillary waves

The smallest wind-generated waves are called __________. (a) ripples (b) wavelets (c) capillary waves (d) chop (e) micro-waves

C. capillary waves

Low pressure systems in the northern hemisphere rotate ___________. (a) at a 45º angle from the prevailing wind direction (b) clockwise (c) counterclockwise (d) to the left (e) to the right

C. counterclockwise

The highest point of a wave is the __________. (a) summit (b) height (c) crest (d) trough

C. crest

Subsurface currents are driven mainly by ___________. (a) wind (b) the rotation of the Earth (c) density differences (d) solar storms (e) wind drag

C. density differences

Internal waves are thought to be generated by __________. (a) movements of large fish or marine mammals (b) undersea volcanoes or vigorous hydrothermal vents (c) energy from wind waves or tides moving into deeper water (d) movements of the Earth's crustal plates

C. energy from wind waves or tides moving into deeper water

Hot air ___________, while cool air ___________. (a) expands ... rises (b) contracts ... expands (c) expands and rises ... contracts and sinks (d) expands and rises ... expands and sinks

C. expands and rises ... contracts and sinks

The height of a wave depends upon __________. (a) fetch (b) fetch and wind speed (c) fetch, wind duration, and wind speed (d) wind duration (e) wind duration and wind speed

C. fetch, wind duration, and wind speed

At a depth of water equal to or greater than one-half the wavelength of a passing wave, the motion of the water particles __________. (a) will be in flattened ellipses (b) tends to form ripples on the seafloor (c) forms large circular orbits (d) will be minimal or cease entirely

C. forms large circular orbits

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a ___________. (a) darker color (b) decreased density (c) higher salinity (d) higher temperature (e) lower temperature

C. higher salinity

The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the bottom is __________. (a) Antarctic Bottom Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water. (b) Antarctic Intermediate Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water. (c) Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water. (d) North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water. (e) North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, Antarctic Bottom Water.

C. ntarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water.

When air masses come together, ___________. (a) very little weather activity results (b) a tropical cyclone forms (c) one air mass may ride up and over the other and form a front (d) one air mass may ride up over the other and form a storm surge (e) none of the above

C. one air mass may ride up and over the other and form a front

Scientists have concluded that deep Pacific Ocean water is old is due to its low __________. (a) density (b) nutrient levels (c) oxygen levels (d) salinity (e) temperature

C. oxygen levels

Waves tend to be parallel to the shore when they break due to the process of __________. (a) diffraction (b) reflection (c) refraction (d) reaction (e) recreation

C. refraction

Constructive interference results in larger waves while destructive interference produces __________. (a) capillary waves (b) rouge waves (c) smaller waves (d) swells (e) tsunamis

C. smaller waves

The generating force of a tsunami is __________. (a) density (b) gravitational forces (c) tectonic activity (d) wind

C. tectonic activity

The layers of the atmosphere are separated from each other based on ___________. (a) hydrogen content (b) oxygen content (c) temperature (d) density (e) pressure

C. temperature

The dependable surface winds of the Earth centered at about 15° north and south latitudes are called ___________. (a) the westerlies (b) the northerlies (c) the trade winds (d) the doldrum winds (e) the ITCZ

C. the trade winds

As wind waves move out of a storm area, __________. (a) the short waves move out first and form "chop" (b) the short-period waves overtake the long-period waves (c) the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell (d) the sea becomes flat outside the storm area

C. the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell

Waves with periods of minutes or tens of minutes that are associated with earthquake activity are __________. (a) capillary waves (b) chop (c) tsunamis (d) surge

C. tsunamis

Tropical cyclones tend to move ___________. (a) equatorward in both hemispheres (b) eastward and poleward in both hemispheres (c) westward and poleward in both hemispheres (d) poleward in both hemispheres (e) in completely unpredictable ways

C. westward and poleward in both hemispheres

Unlike other moving things, wind waves travel over great distances in virtually straight lines. This is physically possible because __________. (a) while the wind wave is moving, some water molecules are traveling in closed circles. (b) the wind waves don't move as fast as speeding cannon balls, so Coriolis effect has no influence on them. (c) wind waves carry only energy, and energy has no mass, and is therefore not subject to Coriolis deflection. (d) wind waves curve one way in the southern hemisphere and the other way in the northern hemisphere. So waves only look like they are coming in a straight line from their point of origin. It's all a gigantic optical illusion, actually. (e) Wrong! Wind waves are deflected in the same way as everything else that moves on a turning planet. Coriolis effect does not play favorites.

C. wind waves carry only energy, and energy has no mass, and is therefore not subject to Coriolis deflection.

33. Evidence suggests the universe began about 14 billion yrs ago in a

Cataclysmic expansion of energy and matter

126. Marine mammals

Cetacea, Pinipedia, Sirenia, All of these things

Areas of vertical air movement (very little surface wind motion) are found on the Earth at latitudes ___________. (a) 15° and 30° (b) 45° and 60° (c) 5° and 85° (d) 0° and 30° (e) 45° and 55°

D. 0° and 30°

The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is indicated by the number ___________. (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6

D. 5

The wind belt that corresponds to the doldrums is labeled ___________. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5 (e) 6

D. 5

During an El Niño event, ___________. (a) the trade winds strengthen (b) the central eastern Pacific ocean becomes cooler (c) sea level falls in the central eastern Pacific ocean (d) a strong equatorial countercurrent develops in the Pacific (e) the Peru Current strengthens

D. A strong equatorial countercurrent develops in the Pacific

The ocean is stratified with respect to __________. (a) density (b) temperature (c) salinity (d) all of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following statements about pH is not true? (a) pH relates to acid-base balance. (b) A pH of 10 is alkaline, a pH of 3 is acid. (c) Buffers prevent large swings in pH. (d) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is mildly acidic. (e) pH will tend to rise in areas of rapid plant growth.

D. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is mildly acidic

The smallest unit of an element that contains all the chemical properties of the element is a/an __________. (a) molecule (b) proton (c) compound (d) atom (e) neutron

D. Atom

Over a long time period, the input of salts to the ocean __________ the output. (a) exceeds (b) is less than (c) is not related to (d) balances

D. Balances

Geostrophic flow is a dynamic balance between ___________ and ___________. (a) wind; gravity (b) gyres; continental masses (c) north polar magnetic fields; south polar magnetic fields (d) Coriolis deflection; pressure gradient

D. Coriolis deflection; pressure gradient

The Earth's rotation influences currents by a force (or acceleration, to be correct) known as the ___________. (a) Franklin rotation (b) geostrophism (c) gyral nutation (d) Coriolis effect

D. Coriolis effect

Replacement of water coming from the top to the bottom of the water column is called __________. (a) Ekman transport (b) geostrophic flow (c) upwelling (d) downwelling

D. Downwelling

The process in which water molecules change to a gas at temperatures below the boiling point is called __________. (a) deposition (b) sublimation (c) condensation (d) evaporation (e) transpiration

D. Evaporation

The ion in sea water that is serves as a buffer is __________. (a) Ca+2 (b) Cl- (c) CO2 (d) HCO3- (e) Na+

D. HCO3-

El Niño results due to an interruption of flow of the __________ Current(s) in the Pacific. (a) Kuroshio (b) Humboldt and Equatorial (c) Canary and North Atlantic (d) West Wind Drift (e) Arctic

D. Humboldt and Equatorial

The salinity of the ocean, at the present time, seems to be __________. (a) increasing due to evaporation as the Earth warms up (b) decreasing due to several years of excessive rainfall (c) increasing due to pollution (d) in equilibrium, with dissolved components entering equal to dissolved components leaving

D. In equilibrium, with dissolved components entering equal to dissolved components leaving.

Once an element or dissolved substance reaches the ocean, __________. (a) it will remain dissolved in the water forever (b) it will settle to the seafloor in less than 100 years (c) it will be removed quickly by the activities of organisms (d) it may stay or be removed depending on the individual chemistry of the element

D. It may stay or be removed depending on the individual chemistry of the element.

An agreement amongst 60 nations to voluntarily limit greenhouse gas emissions is called the ___________. (a) Coriolis Protocol (b) IPCC (c) Keating Conference (d) Kyoto Protocol (e) United Nations Environmental Programme

D. Kyoto Protocol

The first person to comprehend the worldwide pattern of ocean surface currents was probably ___________. (a) Benjamin Franklin (b) Vagn Ekman (c) Fridtjof Nansen (d) Matthew Maury (e) Henry Stommel

D. Matthew Maury

Compounds call __________ contribute to ozone layer depletion. (a) CFCs (b) CO2 (c) H2O (d) N2O (e) O3

D. N2O

Other than the hydrogen and oxygen atoms themselves, the two most abundant elements (ions) dissolved in seawater are __________. (a) fluorine and iodine (b) gold and silver (c) bromine and boron (d) sodium and chloride (e) carbonate and sulfate

D. Sodium and chloride

The substances dissolved in seawater are collectively called __________. (a) minerals (b) salts (c) acids (d) solutes (e) solvents

D. Solutes

Some insects can glide across the surface of water due to water's __________. (a) capillarity (b) hydrogen bonds (c) polarity (d) surface tension (e) viscosity

D. Surface tension.

The phase in which water exists is determined by __________. (a) density and pressure (b) density and salinity (c) pressure and salinity (d) temperature and pressure (e) temperature and salinity

D. Temperature and pressure

Which ocean surface current carries the greatest volume of water? (a) The Kuroshio (or Japan) Current (b) The North Equatorial Current in the Pacific (c) The South Equatorial Current in the Pacific (d) The West Wind Drift (e) The Canary Current

D. The West Wind Drift

When water evaporates from the ocean surface __________. (a) energy is transferred from the atmosphere to the remaining liquid (b) sea surface temperature increases (c) sea surface salinity decreases (d) the remaining water is cooled (e) the remaining water is warmed

D. The remaining water is cooled.

The __________ is a rapid change in temperature with a slight change in depth. (a) isocline (b) halocline (c) pycnocline (d) thermocline

D. Thermocline

Equatorial currents are driven by the __________. (a) Coriolis force (b) density (c) Ekman transport (d) trade winds (e) westerlies

D. Trade winds

Britain's weather is ___________ than would be expected at that latitude because of the influence of surface currents. (a) colder (b) drier (c) less humid (d) warmer and wetter

D. Warmer and wetter

Strong upwelling occurs in all of the following except __________. (a) between the North and South Equatorial Currents (b) in areas of surface current divergence (c) in the area surrounding the Galapagos Islands (d) where deep ocean water currents are formed (e) where water is constantly pushed away from a coastline

D. Where deep ocean water currents are formed

Most surface currents are driven by the ___________. (a) Earth's rotation (b) Magnetic fields (c) Aurora borealis (d) wind (e) salinity differences of surface waters

D. Wind

Surface ocean circulation is driven primarily by _______ and modified by ________. (a) density differences; the Coriolis effect and land (b) density differences; differences in salinity and temperature (c) latitude; differences in salinity and land (d) wind; the Coriolis effect and land (e) wind; gravity and density

D. Wind; the Coriolis effect and land

Rogue waves are best described as __________. (a) the highest waves of a tsunami (b) a breaking internal wave (c) a strong rocking motion within a harbor (d) a single massive wave that suddenly develops and disappears in the open ocean

D. a single massive wave that suddenly develops and disappears in the open ocean

The ultimate height of a wind wave will depend on __________. (a) the fetch (b) the length of time the wind blows (c) the velocity of the wind (d) all of the above

D. all of the above

Tropical cyclones are also called ___________. (a) willi-willis (b) typhoons (c) hurricanes (d) all of these are the same things, just with different names

D. all of these are the same things, just with different names

Storm surges are __________. (a) regular phenomena generated by global winds (b) associated with all atmospheric storms (c) air currents caused by the tides (d) associated with the onshore arrival of a powerful cyclonic storm

D. associated with the onshore arrival of a powerful cyclonic storm

The first waves to form on the ocean surface when the wind starts to blow are __________. (a) gravity waves (b) internal waves (c) swell (d) capillary waves

D. capillary waves

Tsunami or seismic sea waves are generated by __________. (a) storms at sea (b) tidal currents in the open sea (c) breaking internal waves (d) coastal or submarine earthquakes

D. coastal or submarine earthquakes

Winds generally moves across the United States ___________. (a) from north to south (b) from east to west (c) from south to north (d) from west to east (e) from high altitude to low altitude

D. from west to east

The boundary between two air masses is called a(n) ___________. (a) Hadley line (b) Bjerkens line (c) Hadley cell (d) front (e) ITCZ

D. front

Colder air moving over significantly warmer ocean surface water may produce ___________. (a) a cold front (b) a warm front (c) changes in coastal wind direction (d) increased coastal precipitation (e) sea smoke

D. increased coastal precipitation

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height __________. (a) decreases and steepness decreases (b) decreases and wavelength increases (c) increases and frequency decreases (d) increases and wavelength decrease (e) increases and wavelength remains the same

D. increases and wavelength decrease

Most deep bottom water forms___________. (a) near the ocean floor in the arctic (b) near the ocean floor in the Antarctic (c) near the ocean surface in the arctic (d) near the ocean surface in the Antarctic

D. near the ocean surface in the Antarctic

The most abundant gaseous components of the Earth's atmosphere are ___________. (a) carbon dioxide and oxygen (b) nitrogen and hydrogen (c) nitrogen and carbon dioxide (d) nitrogen and oxygen (e) oxygen and carbon dioxide

D. nitrogen and oxygen

If you were standing on top of a high mid-Pacific island at 15° North latitude, from which direction would you expect the wind to come? (Hint: don't forget to consider the Coriolis effect!) (a) north (b) south (c) northwest (d) northeast (e) southwest

D. northeast

Deep ocean water generally has high amounts of __________. (a) dissolved organic matter (b) nutrients only (c) oxygen only (d) nutrients and oxygen (e) suspended solids

D. nutrients and oxygen

Water waves are __________. (a) capillary waves (b) longitudinal waves (c) refracted waves (d) orbital waves (e) transverse waves

D. orbital waves

The time between two successive waves is called the __________. (a) crest (b) frequency (c) height (d) period (e) trough

D. period

Hurricanes are an efficient way to ___________. (a) decrease salinity in affected estuaries (b) eradicate rainfall deficits (c) raise local sea level due to storm surge (d) redistribute heat from one area to another (e) remove old-growth coastal forests

D. redistribute heat from one area to another

According to the atmospheric circulation model developed in the text, air tends to ___________. (a) rise at 30° north and fall at 60° north (b) rise at 60° north and fall at 30° north (c) rise at 30° north and fall at 0° north (d) rise at 30° north and rise at 60° north (e) none of the above

D. rise at 30° north and rise at 60° north

Countercurrents and undercurrents generally move ___________ than the surface current above, and in __________ direction. (a) faster ... the same (b) faster ... the opposite (c) slower ... the same (d) slower ... the opposite

D. slower ... the opposite

Density of water is a function of its ___________, ___________, and ___________. (a) chemical content; distance from land; turbidity (b) distance from land; depth; rate of flow (c) rate of flow; turbidity; resistance to wind drag (d) temperature; salinity; pressure

D. temperature; salinity; pressure

The power for tropical cyclones comes from ___________. (a) static electricity (b) the condensation of warm, dry air (c) the Coriolis Effect (d) the condensation of warm, moist air (e) the U.S. Department of Energy

D. the condensation of warm, moist air

The Coriolis deflection is caused by ___________. (a) the wind-induced deflection of surface currents (b) the gravitational attraction of the sun (c) the combined gravitational attraction of the sun and moon (d) the rotation of the Earth on its axis (e) atmospheric pressure differentials

D. the rotation of the Earth on its axis

The lowest point of a wave is the __________. (a) length (b) foot (c) crest (d) trough

D. trough

A wave will break when __________. (a) distance from shore < wavelength (b) steepness = 1:7 (c) water depth = wave height (d) water depth = wavelength/20 (e) wavelength < wave height

D. water depth = wavelength/20

Waves at the shore will start to break when the __________. (a) water depth is about twice the wavelength (b) crest flattens into a rounded form (c) wave period increases to 15 seconds (d) water depth is about four-thirds the wave height

D. water depth is about four-thirds the wave height

The diameter of the orbits of water particles in a deep-water wave is equal to the __________. (a) wavelength (b) wave period (c) wave velocity (d) wave height

D. wave height

Standing waves may be caused by __________. (a) constructive interference (b) destructive interference (c) wave diffraction (d) wave reflection (e) wave refraction

D. wave reflection

The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to __________. (a) wave height/wavelength (b) wave height/wave period (c) wavelength/wave height (d) wavelength/2 (e) wavelength/20

D. wavelength/2

The generating force of a capillary wave is __________. (a) density (b) gravitational forces (c) tectonic activity (d) wind

D. wind

A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is equal to __________. (a) the fetch (b) wave height (c) wavelength (d) ½ of wavelength (e) 1/20 of wavelength

D.1/2 of wavelength

Benthos

Describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom.

142. Two valves, shells of glass like substance

Diatoms

Which of these is generally not an El Niño effect? (a) A rise in the sea level off the coasts of the American Continents. (b) An increase in ocean surface temperature in the eastern Pacific. (c) An increase in rainfall in west coastal countries or states of the American continents. (d) An often catastrophic decrease in the commercial fisheries of the affected countries. (e) A decline in the exotic species of fish and other forms of marine life in the affected waters.

E. A decline in the exotic species of fish and other forms of marine life in the affected waters.

Thermohaline circulation patterns are caused by variations in ___________. (a) evaporation (b) precipitation (c) land runoff (d) heat exchange with the atmosphere (e) all of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is not a consequence of global warming? (a) droughts in prime agricultural areas (b) increasing hurricane frequency (c) melting of glacial ice (d) shifts in the world-wide distribution of plant and animal communities (e) All of the above are consequences of global warming.

E. All of the above are consequences of global warming.

All of the following are shallow-water waves except __________. (a) near shore wind-generated waves (b) surf (c) tides (d) tsunamis (e) All of the above are examples of shallow-water waves

E. All of the above are examples of shallow-water waves

Geostrophic gyres can be described by which of the following statements? (a) They are "turned by the Earth". (b) They depend on Coriolis effect and the position of continental land masses for their direction. (c) They form gyres around the perimeters of ocean basins. (d) They are physically large phenomena. (e) All of the above are true.

E. All of the above are true.

Westward intensification causes __________. (a) a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compare to the eastern section of the gyre (b) equatorial countercurrents (c) the center of the gyre to be shift to the west (d) very swift western boundary currents (e) All of the above statements are the result of westward intensification

E. All of the above statements are the result of westward intensification

Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current? (a) deeper current (b) increased current velocity (c) intensification in subtropical latitudes (d) narrower current (e) All of the above statements are true of western boundary currents

E. All of the above statements are true of western boundary currents

The hydrogen bonds of water molecules account for which of the following? (a) Water is the universal solvent. (b) Water has a high surface tension. (c) Water has a high boiling point. (d) Water has a high heat capacity. (e) All of these are relevant.

E. All of these are relevant

Earth is "tilted" at about 23½° relative to its orbital plane around the sun. This causes ___________. (a) the change in temperature and climate known as the seasons (b) the periods of illumination (or darkness) at the poles that last for six months (c) longer day lengths around here in the summer (d) higher summer temperatures (e) all of these things

E. All of these things

A molecule is a group of ___________ held together by chemical bonds. (a) ions (b) electrons (c) protons (d) covalent bonds (e) atoms

E. Atoms

The California Current in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is an example of a __________ current. (a) warm-water, western boundary (b) warm-water, eastern boundary (c) transverse (d) cold-water, western boundary (e) cold-water, eastern boundary

E. Cold-water, eastern boundary

The Canary Current in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean is an example of a __________ current. (a) warm-water, western boundary (b) warm-water, eastern boundary (c) transverse (d) cold-water, western boundary (e) cold-water, eastern boundary

E. Cold-water, eastern boundary

The Trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge in a region known as the ___________. (a) Bermuda Triangle (b) Subtropical Highs (c) Subpolar Lows (d) Subtropical Lows (e) Doldrums

E. Doldrums

Extra-tropical cyclones typically form ___________. (a) near the meteorological equator (b) near the thermal equator (c) at high latitudes, at the north or south pole (d) at high latitudes, at the junction between the polar cells and the Ferrel cells (e) In the tropics

E. In the tropics

__________ is a component of the troposphere and protects Earth's surface from additional ultraviolet radiation. (a) CFCs (b) CO2 (c) H2O (d) N2O (e) O3

E. O3

The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the" ___________. (a) Coriolis Scale (b) Fujita Scale (c) Moh's Scale (d) Richter Scale (e) Saffir-Simpson Scale

E. Saffir-Simpson Scale

The slight forward motion which occurs in the water as a wave passes by is called __________. (a) Brownian motion (b) wave transport (c) Ekman transport (d) progression (e) Stokes drift

E. Stokes drift

The unit of measurement used to describe the rate at which a volume of ocean water moves in a current is a(n) __________. (a) calorie (b) ft/s 2 (c) km/h (d) ml/g (e) Sverdrup

E. Sverdrup

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that __________. (a) ocean salinity varies as a function of season (b) ocean salinity varies with geographical location (c) the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location (d) the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth (e) the relative concentration of seawater ions does not change

E. The relative concentration of seawater does not change

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through __________. (a) convergence (b) downwelling (c) land breezes (d) sea breezes (e) upwelling

E. Upwelling

The process in which water molecules are transformed into a gas by boiling is termed __________. (a) deposition (b) sublimation (c) condensation (d) evaporation (e) vaporization

E. Vaporization

The __________ is the prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes. (a) Intertropical Convergence Zone (b) Trade Winds (c) Tropic of Cancer (d) Tropic of Capricorn (e) Westerlies

E. Westerlies

The Ekman spiral is driven by__________. (a) density differences in the water column (b) gravity (c) the Coriolis effect (d) the pycnocline (e) wind

E. Wind

"Interference" or "resonance" in wind waves can cause __________. (a) an occasional wave greater than any noted before or after its occurrence (b) every seventh wave (or every ninth, or sixth, etc.) to be larger or smaller than those preceding or following (c) waves 100 meters down the beach to be larger than waves where you are standing. When you go down there to enter the water for surfing, the waves where you were get big again (d) a and b above (e) all of the above

E. all of above

The meteorological equator ___________. (a) is also called the "thermal equator" (b) is usually located about 5° north of the geographical equator (c) represents the imaginary line of thermal equilibrium between hemispheres (d) is a place where surface winds converge (e) all of the above

E. all of the above

The interaction of several waves is called __________. (a) dispersion (b) refraction (c) diffraction (d) surf (e) interference

E. interference

Which of these phenomena causes the least structural damage and loss of life during the passage of a tropical cyclone? (a) storm surge (b) flooding (c) wind (d) rainfall (e) low atmospheric pressure

E. low atmospheric pressure

Compared to Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water is __________. (a) colder (b) denser (c) higher in nutrients (d) higher in salinity (e) lower in oxygen

E. lower in oxygen

Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to ___________. (a) autotrophic processes (b) chemosynthesis (c) metabolism (d) photosynthesis (e) respiration

E. respiration

A tsunami is considered to be a __________. (a) capillary wave (b) deep-water wave (c) reflected wave (d) refracted wave (e) shallow-water wave

E. shallow-water wave

Weather may be defined as ___________. (a) long-term temperature and rainfall trends (b) long-term humidity and precipitation trends (c) long-term changes in the composition of the atmosphere (d) short-term changes in the composition of the atmosphere (e) short-term, localized characteristics of the atmosphere

E. short-term, localized characteristics of the atmosphere

A tsunami may result from __________. (a) a large deep-water wave (b) a storm surge (c) an intense storm (d) constructive wave interference (e) tectonic activity on the seafloor

E. tectonic activity on the seafloor

The fetch refers to __________. (a) a method of shoreline erosion control (b) a type of wave-cut platform (c) the circular pattern made by water particles when a wave passes (d) the distance between the trough of a wave and the still water level (e) the distance over which wind blows without interruption

E. the distance over which wind blows without interruption

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds are deflected ___________. (a) at a 45º angle form the original direction (b) at a 90º angle from the original direction (c) to the east of the original direction (d) to the left of the original direction (e) to the right of the original direction

E. to the right of the original direction

The atmospheric component that contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is ___________. (a) carbon dioxide. (b) methane. (c) nitrous oxide. (d) ozone. (e) water vapor

E. water vapor

Waves converge on headlands due to __________. (a) constructive interference (b) destructive interference (c) wave diffraction (d) wave reflection (e) wave refraction

E. wave refraction

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the __________. (a) frequency (b) period (c) wave height (d) wavelength (e) wave steepness

E. wave steepness

The speed of a deep-water wave is proportional to __________. (a) water depth (b) wave frequency (c) wave height (d) wave period (e) wavelength

E. wavelength

Wave speed is equal to __________. (a) wave height divided by frequency (b) wave height divided by period (c) wavelength divided by fetch (d) wavelength divided by frequency (e) wavelength divided by period

E. wavelength divided by period

The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the __________. (a) doldrums (b) horse latitudes (c) polar regions (d) trade winds (e) westerlies

E. westerlies

The temperate regions are characterized by ___________. (a) cold fronts (b) high pressure (c) easterly winds (d) trade winds (e) westerly winds

E. westerly winds

A maritime tropical air mass is likely to be ___________. (a) dry and cold (b) dry and warm (c) wet and cold (d) wet and the same temperature (e) wet and warm

E. wet and warm

Rogue waves tend to occur __________. (a) in areas where wind belts converge (b) In coastal areas where the ocean depth rapidly decreases (c) in upwelling zones (d) only in the southern ocean below 60ºS latitude (e) where storm waves move against strong surface currents

E. where storm waves move against strong surface currents

141. The name for the invertebrates that evolved after the snowball glaciations

Ediacaran biota

120. False

Enchinoderms possess a vascular system that pumps blood

169. Data collected from remote sensing is better than other types of data

False (remote sensing and other techniques provide a full picture)

36. Eco sounding is a technique used to map the ocean floor using radar

False (sound waves)

62. Boundary between to air masses called

Front

119. Which is correct?

Gastropod=Snail

156. A zone in which salinity increases rapidly with depth?

Halocline

22. Most of the matter in the universe appears to consist of

Hydrogen gas

157. False

Increasing heat is an objects response to increase in temperature

168. IODP stands for

Intergrated Ocean Drilling Program

Hypotonic

Less salty than the outside body of water.

155. True

Life in the ocean is classified using Linnean taxonomic system

137. True

Marine algae are non-vascular plants

161. True

Marine algea are non-vascular

31. 1st person form picture wind and current systems of the earth was

Matthew Maury

Diffusion

Molecules of soluble substances, such as nutrients, move through water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until the distribution of the substance is uniform.

88. A tide pattern of one high and one low each day describes

a diurnal tide

128. Seawater freezes at

a lower temperature than fresh water

13. Hydrothermal vents are located near

active areas of seafloor spreading

19. Hydrothermal vents are located near

active areas of seafloor spreading

116. Invertebrates evolved

after the last of the snowball glaciations

149. Deep sea fish use bioluminescence

all of the above

97. Human activities that have contributed to shoreline erosion include

all of the above

102. Capillary waves

are first waves that start to form with wind

162. Oxygen enters seawater mainly

as a byproduct of photosynthesis

43. Extratropical cyclones typically form

at latitudes, at the junction between the polar cells and the ferrel cells

28. The Earth's oldest rocks are found

at the cores of the continents

117. Protozoa are

both planktic and benthic

74. A summer beach is characteristically

broad and covered with sand

57. When viewed from above tropical cyclones rotate

clockwise in the southern hemisphere

144. The most common pattern for benthic organism distribution is

clumped

14. Basaltic rock

comprises the actual seafloor

61. The transition between shelf and deep seafloor

continental shelf

53. Submarine canyons occur near the edges of ocean basins associated with

continental shelves and slopes

114. The organism that consume autotrophs are called

heterotrophs

99. The ocean is slow to heat or cool. This is related to a property of water known as

high heat capacity

86. The side of the Earth facing the Moon will experience a high tide, while the opposite side of the Earth will have a

high tide also

77. Steep, narrow, rocky beaches are usually found in areas of

high wave energy

170. What is advanced piston coring

how soft sediment cores are extracted from the seafloor

153. Generated in place, on the spot where we find them

hydrogenous or authigenic sediments

124. In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate

in opposite directions, which increases transfer efficiency

130. Greatest total oceanic primary productivity occurs

in the temperate zones

164. The density of a parcel of seawater will

increase when the salinity increases

145. Perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is

intertidal coarse black sand beaches

129. Ectothermic

marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings

85. Water particles in a deepwater wave

move in circular orbits

2. In the scientific method

must be tested and verified by observations

112. The main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are

nitrates and phosphates

59. A turbidity current is

none of these

67. Turbity current is

none of these

167. What is the difference between riserless drilling and riser drilling

riser drilling allows drilling in hydrocarbon rich areas

25. Evidence suggests the universe began about 14 billion years ago in a

supernova

6. Glomar Challenger in known mainly for

taking the first deep sea sediments

151. Arrive in the ocean primarily from the continents via river

terrigenous sediments

107. The principle of constant proportions states that

that ratio of major salts in samples of seawater from various places is a constant

29. The word "oceanography" was first coined in association with

the Challenger expedition

87. The tides at any one location will result from the interaction of

the sun, moon, Earth, elliptical orbits of the moon and Earth, rotation of the Earth, size, shape and depth of the ocean basin -all of the above

134. The term "salinity" refers to

the total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean

76. As wind waves move out of a storm area

the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell

58. The dependable surface winds of the earth centered at about 15° north and south latitudes are

trade winds

133. The most pronounced thermocline exists in the

tropics

69. Western bound currents have well defined edges

true

146. Which of these statements is not true about estuaries

very few autotrophs live in estuaries but many animals can be found there

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