FINAL EXAM: Bio 1010

Process that converts N2 to compounds of nitrogen that can be used in plants.

Nitrogen Fixation

Biogeochemical cycle that does not contain an atmospheric component and can be cycled completely using geological processes.

Phosphorus Cycle

The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the a.) Arthropoda. b.) Chordata. c.) Annelida. d.) Mollusca.

a.) Arthropoda.

_____ is the goal of developing, managing, and conserving Earth's resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. a.) Sustainability b.) Community ecology c.) MSY (maximum sustainable yield) d.) Organic farming

a.) Sustainability

Antibiotics exploit differences in structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in order to selectively attack pathogenic bacteria without affecting the human host. A key unique feature of bacteria that is targeted by antibiotics is __________. a.) a cell wall containing peptidoglycan b.) a cell wall containing peptidoglycans and endospores c.) the presence of DNA and distinctive ribosomes d.) the presence of mitochondria and endospores

a.) a cell wall containing peptidoglycan

A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes. What is it? a.) a chemoheterotroph b.) a chemoautotroph c.) a photoheterotroph d.) a photoautotroph

a.) a chemoheterotroph

One of the strongest lines of evidence of a meteor or comet impact in the late Cretaceous is a.) a thin layer of iridium-enriched clay in late Cretaceous fossil strata. b.) a thin layer of potassium-40 in late Cretaceous fossil strata. c.) the extinction of the dinosaurs in only South America. d.) the warming of Earth's climate in the late Cretaceous.

a.) a thin layer of iridium-enriched clay in late Cretaceous fossil strata.

Natural selection leads to adaptations to __________ in an organism's environment. a.) abiotic and biotic factors b.) nonliving factors such as temperature and chemicals c.) water for aquatic organisms and the atmosphere for terrestrial organisms d.) other living organisms

a.) abiotic and biotic factors

You spray your lawn with a pesticide. The concentration of the pesticide in the tissues of the grass on your lawn is 10-6 parts per million (ppm). Grasshoppers eat the grass and are in turn eaten by rats, which are then eaten by owls. At each successive trophic level, the concentration of pesticides increases. The term for this process is a.) biological magnification. b.) habitat loss. c.) climate change. d.) extirpation.

a.) biological magnification.

The current view of succession is that _____. a.) disturbance is inevitable b.) it ends once the climax community is established c.) disturbances adversely affect ecosystems d.) it occurs as a linear sequence and inevitably moves to a climax community

a.) disturbance is inevitable

Succession of communities occurs because _____. a.) each existing community changes the environment b.) resources in an area are limited c.) most populations have a limited life span and die, making room for others d.) climatic changes lead to reduced water availability

a.) each existing community changes the environment

The flow of ________ into ecosystems occurs in one direction only, while ________ are recycled within the ecosystem itself. a.) energy; chemicals b.) genetic information; genotypes c.) organic compounds; minerals d.) minerals; energy compounds

a.) energy; chemicals

Which of the following options lists major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent? a.) first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, first eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi b.) first eukaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first prokaryotes c.) first prokaryotes, first eukaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi d.) first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first eukaryotes

a.) first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, first eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi

If wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park, we would expect that __________. a.) grasses will be shorter b.) trees will be taller c.) vegetation that shelters small animals will increase d.) raven and fox populations will increase

a.) grasses will be shorter

A broad-based pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is _____. a.) growing rapidly b.) stable c.) shrinking d.) at carrying capacity

a.) growing rapidly

Under the biological species concept, a species is a group of organisms that a.) have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. b.) are physically similar. c.) share a recent common ancestor. d.) live together in a location and carry out identical ecological roles.

a.) have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring.

The aphotic zone of an ocean is dependent on __________ for energy. a.) hydrothermal vents and organic matter that sinks down from the photic zone b.) sunlight c.) wind d.) tidal action

a.) hydrothermal vents and organic matter that sinks down from the photic zone

When a New England farm is abandoned, its formerly plowed fields first become weedy meadows, then shrubby areas, and finally forest. This sequence of plant communities is an example of a.) secondary succession. b.) a food chain. c.) evolution. d.) primary succession.

a.) secondary succession.

To be of value to science, hypotheses must be __________. a.) testable b.) established facts c.) proven correct d.) popular

a.) testable

The presence of a species in a particular place and its ability to reproduce there implies that __________. a.) the species is (or was) adapted to the type of abiotic and biotic environmental conditions found at that location b.) the species adapted by natural selection to the climatic conditions characteristic of that location c.) the species evolved in that location d.) the species dispersed to that location from elsewhere

a.) the species is (or was) adapted to the type of abiotic and biotic environmental conditions found at that location

The emergence of many diverse species from a common ancestor is called

adaptive radiation

The type of life cycle seen in plants is called

alternation of generations

A survivorship curve that shows a population producing very few offspring, each of which has a high probability of surviving to adulthood, is typical of a.) sea stars. b.) elephants. c.) oysters. d.) rodents.

b.) elephants.

Which of the following statements best fits the current evidence about the origin and spread of modern humans? a.) Homo sapiens arose from H. erectus populations in several different areas. b.) Homo sapiens evolved from an ancestral Homo species in Africa and then migrated elsewhere. c.) Australopithecus migrated out of Africa, then diverged into separate populations. d.) The Neanderthals were the missing link between apes and humans.

b.) Homo sapiens evolved from an ancestral Homo species in Africa and then migrated elsewhere.

For the following question consider these characteristics: I. radial symmetry II. bilateral symmetry III. true tissues IV. complete digestive tract One of the most venomous organisms on earth is an Australian marine invertebrate that kills its prey using cnidocytes. These animals would be expected to have a.) I only. b.) I and III only. c.) II and III only. d.) II, III, and IV only.

b.) I and III only.

Sickle-cell disease is a debilitating disease that results from being homozygous recessive for the "sickle-cell allele" of a hemoglobin gene. Why is the allele present and even common in many human populations? a.) Only homozygous dominant individuals will be able to survive and reproduce. b.) The sickle-cell allele confers malaria resistance to heterozygotes. In some regions where malaria is common, heterozygotes have an advantage over both homozygotes, and their reproductive success maintains the recessive allele at a high frequency in the population. c.) In the heterozygous condition, the dominant allele will overcome the recessive allele and only the dominant allele will be passed on to offspring. d.) Because homozygous recessive individuals die, the recessive allele will eventually be lost from the population.

b.) The sickle-cell allele confers malaria resistance to heterozygotes. In some regions where malaria is common, heterozygotes have an advantage over both homozygotes, and their reproductive success maintains the recessive allele at a high frequency in the population.

A sea urchin living in an intertidal zone must be a tough individual, capable of withstanding many forms of environmental stress. Animals in an intertidal zone are stressed by which of the following? a.) a scarcity of food b.) a broad range of temperatures and the risk of drying out c.) low light levels d.) lack of competition for resources

b.) a broad range of temperatures and the risk of drying out

A hypothesis is a.) a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon. b.) a proposed explanation for a set of observations. c.) an explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. d.) the same as a theory.

b.) a proposed explanation for a set of observations.

The signature effect of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is __________. a.) receding glaciers b.) global warming c.) more hurricanes than normal d.) asthma

b.) global warming

What type of population will most readily recover from efforts to eradicate it? a.) K-selected b.) r-selected c.) populations with an S-shaped growth curve d.) Type I

b.) r-selected

Cnidaria have both __________. a.) an endoskeleton and bilateral symmetry b.) stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity c.) an exoskeleton and radial symmetry d.) bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry

b.) stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity

One of the finest available sequences of fossils shows how horses have changed slowly and by subtle steps from small, shrub-browsing ancestors to the large, grass-grazing modern horse. A large number of fossil species have been named, and it is often difficult to decide on the identity of a fossil horse because transitional forms are common. This record of evolution best fits the idea of a.) punctuated equilibrium. b.) the gradual model of speciation. c.) adaptive radiation. d.) hybrid breakdown.

b.) the gradual model of speciation.

The use of prokaryotes and other organisms to clean up pollutants from soil, air, or water is called

bioremediation.

Which of the following best illustrates a feature of K-selection? a.) Fireweed spreads quickly into a portion of a forest that has recently been burned. b.) Young members of a population experience high predation. c.) A mother elephant spends several years protecting her baby. d.) A female frog produces more than a thousand eggs each year.

c.) A mother elephant spends several years protecting her baby.

Which best summarizes the idea of adaptive evolution? a.) Adaptive evolution is a process of constant improvement that eventually leads to perfection. b.) Adaptive evolution is entirely a matter of chance, and therefore evolutionary trends will never occur except within individual species. c.) Adaptive evolution occurs as populations interact with changing local environments. Even a long-term trend can reverse itself if the environment changes dramatically. d.) Adaptive evolution produces clear trends in which all of the species in a group evolve to have similar adaptations at similar rates.

c.) Adaptive evolution occurs as populations interact with changing local environments. Even a long-term trend can reverse itself if the environment changes dramatically.

Which statement best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms? a.) Endotherms control their temperature, but ectotherms have no control over their temperature. b.) Ectotherms are warm-blooded, but endotherms are cold-blooded. c.) Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

c.) Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

Why did mammals experience an increase in diversity shortly after the Cretaceous? a.) Aquatic mammals thrived in the low coastal areas formed because of continental drift. b.) Mammals thrived on iridium, which can be used as an energy source by mammals but not dinosaurs. c.) Mammals diversified to take advantage of ecological roles that were previously filled by the dinosaurs. d.) The mammals finally evolved to be strong enough to fight and out-compete the dinosaurs.

c.) Mammals diversified to take advantage of ecological roles that were previously filled by the dinosaurs.

Around hydrothermal vents at depths of more than 2,500 m, scientists have found colonies of giant tube-dwelling worms. The worms contain symbiotic prokaryotes that are able to use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source for the synthesis of organic matter from carbon dioxide. The bacteria are __________. a.) photoheterotrophic b.) chemoheterotrophic c.) chemoautotrophic d.) photoautotrophic

c.) chemoautotrophic

Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide obtained from the seawater. These bacteria are _____. a.) photoautotrophs b.) photoheterotrophs c.) chemoautotrophs d.) chemoheterotrophs

c.) chemoautotrophs

After a copper smelter begins operation, local downwind populations of plants begin to adapt to the resulting air pollution. Scientists document, for example, that the acid tolerance of several plant species has increased significantly in the polluted area. This is an example of a.) disruptive selection. b.) genetic drift. c.) directional selection. d.) stabilizing selection.

c.) directional selection.

An r-selected species typically a.) offers considerable parental care to a small number of offspring. b.) is large-bodied, long-lived, and limited by density-dependent factors. c.) has an advantage in habitats that experience unpredictable disturbances. d.) has an advantage in habitats that experience stable climates.

c.) has an advantage in habitats that experience unpredictable disturbances.

Which of the following would be an example of bioremediation? a.) bacteria living on hydrogen sulfide from hydrothermal vents in the ocean b.) using bacteria to extract gold from ore c.) inoculating wells with bacteria to remove chlorinated solvents from the groundwater in the northeastern United States d.) bacteria decomposing a dead tree on the forest floor

c.) inoculating wells with bacteria to remove chlorinated solvents from the groundwater in the northeastern United States

Consider the following marine community: Sea otters prey on sea urchins and therefore help maintain a healthy sea urchin population. Sea urchins prey on kelp. By helping to maintain viable sea urchin populations, the sea otters are also allowing enough kelp to grow and act as a habitat for other organisms. In this marine community, the sea otter is a a.) primary consumer. b.) scavenger. c.) keystone species. d.) producer.

c.) keystone species.

For a given area and time period, the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy in organic compounds is called a.) secondary succession. b.) secondary production. c.) primary production. d.) primary succession.

c.) primary production.

The age structure of the United States in 2015 a.) has a broad base, suggesting a low birth rate. b.) shows that the United States has not yet gone through a demographic transition. c.) shows that a greater proportion of the population is elderly now than in earlier decades. d.) has a broad base, suggesting a high birth rate.

c.) shows that a greater proportion of the population is elderly now than in earlier decades.

The ocean's pelagic realm contains what type(s) of organisms? a.) swimming and attached organisms b.) swimming organisms c.) swimming and drifting organisms d.) photosynthetic organisms

c.) swimming and drifting organisms

Technology is _____. a.) the primary driving force in understanding natural phenomena b.) restricted to scientific questions such as "Can we develop DNA sequencing methods that can identify individual differences in a cost-effective way?" rather than ethical questions such as "Should we provide insurance companies access to individuals' DNA information?" c.) the application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose d.) dependent on inductive reasoning, whereas science depends on deductive reasoning

c.) the application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

Which genotype relative to the sickle-cell allele has the greatest reproductive success in regions where malaria is a common disease? a.) the homozygous dominant genotype b.) the homozygous recessive genotype c.) the heterozygous genotype d.) All genotypes have equal reproductive success.

c.) the heterozygous genotype

What is the age structure of a population? a.) the difference in the age distribution of a population at two different points in time b.) the curve that results when the likelihood of being alive is plotted as a function of age c.) the number of individuals alive in different age-groups at a one-time point d.) the curve that results when the likelihood of dying is plotted as a function of age

c.) the number of individuals alive in different age-groups at a one-time point

What is the molecular commonality that is the basis of life's variety? a.) natural selection b.) protein c.) the ecosystem d.) DNA

d.) DNA

How does permafrost affect the tundra vegetation? a.) Its presence gives dicots a competitive edge over monocots because of the types of root systems these plants have. b.) It makes the ground too cold for anything to grow. c.) It ties up most of the water, so water is scarce. d.) It prevents roots from penetrating very far into the ground, which means it cannot support trees.

d.) It prevents roots from penetrating very far into the ground, which means it cannot support trees.

Tay-Sachs is inherited as an autosomal recessive allele. Homozygous individuals die within the first few years of life. However, there is some evidence that heterozygous individuals are more resistant to tuberculosis. Which of the following statements about Tay-Sachs is true? a.) Heterozygotes will be more fit than either homozygote regardless of environmental conditions. b.) The allele for Tay-Sachs is always selected against. c..) This situation is an example of disruptive selection. d.) This situation is an example of heterozygote advantage if tuberculosis is present in a population.

d.) This situation is an example of heterozygote advantage if tuberculosis is present in a population.

Which of the following is an example of interspecific competition? a.) Feeding on the nectar of many flowers, honeybees help the plants reproduce by transferring pollen. b.) Emerging from a lake in Wisconsin, Lucy suddenly realized a large leech was stuck to her leg. c.) Off the western coast of Alaska, sea urchins have eaten so much kelp that they have nearly destroyed the kelp forests. d.) Two species of cattail in the same genus live at the margins of a lake but at different water depths. If the one that prefers shallow water is removed, the deep-water species occupies deep and shallow water.

d.) Two species of cattail in the same genus live at the margins of a lake but at different water depths. If the one that prefers shallow water is removed, the deep-water species occupies deep and shallow water.

A survivorship curve is a graph that plots a.) the effect of predation on a prey population. b.) population growth that is limited by a carrying capacity. c.) an individual's likelihood of reproducing as a function of age. d.) an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age

d.) an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age

All of Earth that is inhabited by life is called the a.) biome. b.) atmosphere. c.) ecosystem. d.) biosphere.

d.) biosphere.

At which level of interaction does life first appear? a.) tissue b.) organism c.) organelle d.) cell

d.) cell

Assume that there are five alligators per acre in a swamp in northern Florida. This is a measure of the alligator population's a.) dispersion. b.) range. c.) intrinsic rate of increase. d.) density.

d.) density.

A large population of mice is isolated on an island. There are two varieties of the mice, brown and gray. Their fur colors closely match the gray rock outcrops and brown soils of the island. Hawks are their main predators. This situation most likely reflects the outcome of __________. a.) directional natural selection b.) stabilizing natural selection c.) genetic drift d.) disruptive natural selection

d.) disruptive natural selection

If wolves were now removed from Yellowstone National Park, a.) the vegetation would remain unchanged. b.) vegetation would increase, providing shelter for smaller animals. c.) deer populations would decrease. d.) elk populations would increase.

d.) elk populations would increase.

By the year 1980, a wolf species (Canis rufus) once common to the southeastern region of the United States disappeared from all areas except for one small part of eastern Texas. This is an example of a.) genetic diversity. b.) species invasion. c.) extinction. d.) extirpation

d.) extirpation

The two distinguishing features of mammals are the presence of _____. a.) a gastrovascular cavity and nervous system b.) a post-anal tail and pharyngeal gill slits c.) a skull and backbone d.) hair and mammary glands

d.) hair and mammary glands

The ultimate source of all new alleles is a.) natural selection. b.) genetic drift. c.) chromosomal duplication. d.) mutation.

d.) mutation.

The intimate, mutually beneficial association formed between a fungus and the root of a plant is called a a.) mycelium. b.) sporophyte. c.) hypha. d.) mycorrhiza.

d.) mycorrhiza.

Which of the following will tend to produce adaptive changes in populations? a.) genetic drift b.) gene flow c.) the founder effect d.) natural selection

d.) natural selection

The biggest difference between the flow of energy and the flow of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem is that __________. a.) energy is recycled, but nutrients are not b.) organisms always need nutrients, but they do not always need energy c.) the amount of energy is much greater than the amount of nutrients d.) nutrients are recycled, but energy is not

d.) nutrients are recycled, but energy is not

Which factor is fundamentally responsible for the character of arctic tundra soils? a.) abundant winter snow b.) secretion of acid by lichens and plant roots c.) warm, wet summers d.) permafrost

d.) permafrost

Prokaryotes that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________. a. )photoheterotrophs b.) chemoheterotrophs c.) chemoautotrophs d.) photoautotrophs

d.) photoautotrophs

Earth's biosphere is not completely self-contained (or closed) because _____. a.) bacteria that live on snowy mountains receive nutrients blown to them by winds b.) humans pollute the atmosphere and bodies of water c.) the precipitation that falls on the interior of western North America is derived from the Pacific Ocean d.) plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from sunlight, and heat escapes from the biosphere into space

d.) plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from sunlight, and heat escapes from the biosphere into space

Selection that acts, over evolutionary time, to enhance traits that increase an individual's ability to mate frequently or with quality partners is known as __________. a.) stabilizing selection b.) disruptive selection c.) directional selection d.) sexual selection

d.) sexual selection

Human skin color likely represents a locally adapted compromise between a.) the need to blend in with the environment and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. b.) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. c.) the need to block UV radiation that causes cancer and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. d.) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D.

d.) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D.

Region in marine habitats that includes all open water

pelagic realm

Speciation, or the formation of new species, is

responsible for the diversity of life