PL100 - WPR2

Meaningful Time Deposit

Meaningful activities add so much more to a relational bank account.

Social Norms

Rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.

Hostile Sexism

Refers to the negative attitudes of women as inferior and incompetent relative to men.

Benevolent Sexism

Refers to the perception that women need to be protected, supported, and adored by men.

Gender Identity

Refers to their psychological sense of being male or female.

Impact of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on Behavior in Workplace and Schools

Research conducted in the workplace supports positive links between EI and enhanced job performance, occupational well-being, and leadership effectiveness.

"NICE" Model Explanation

Social norms would positively influence group interactions in an optimal world. Also, interactions would be intimate and personal. Teamwork would dominate activities, and all groups are given equal status.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

one of the three theories of how one's behavior can influence their attitude. It describes the discomfort created from an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.

Group Polarization

"Judgments made after group discussion will be more extreme in the same direction as the average of individual judgments made prior to discussion"

Sociometer Model

"self-esteem is part of a sociometer that monitors peoples' relational value in other people's eyes"

Prejudice

A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like.

Social Comparison

Coming to know themselves by evaluation their own attitudes, abilities, and traits in comparison with others.

Self-Serving Bias

Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes.

Bystander Effect

People are less likely to intervene in an emergency if others are present.

Diffusion of Responsibility

People take less responsibility for their actions if bystanders are present.

Gender

The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity.

Stereotype Threat

When one is in a situation where one has the fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype.

Can overcome social loafing

Teamwork

Descriptive Norm

When we act the way most people (or most people similar to us) act.

Advantages of Living in a Group

· Provide a means to reach goals. · Can secure advantages and avoid disadvantages · Natural selection of staying in a group · We are mostly descendants of "joiners" rather than "loners" · Biologically prepared to seek membership and avoid isolation.

Groupthink

"a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action"

Sexual Identity

- Bias - Gender Identity - Gender Role - Sexual Orientation

Sensuality Circle

- Body Image - Human Sexual Response Cycle - Skin Hunger - Fantasy

Dr. Gottman's 7 Principles in a Long-Lasting Relationship

- Build love maps, understand your partner's world. - Express fondness and admiration, and appreciate each others good and bad qualities. - Turn toward one another, and have conversational patterns of interest and respect. - Accept influence, and adapt to each others' preferences. - Solve problems that are solvable using five tactics and keep focus on their shared concern for the well-being of the relationship. - Manage conflict and overcome gridlock, by only addressing conflicts that matter and as they come up. - Create shared meaning, by experiencing the multitude of ways that your partner enhances your life.

Intimacy Circle

- Caring - Sharing - Loving/Liking - Risk Taking - Vulnerability

Algorithms

A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.

Eureka Insights/Insight Solutions

A sudden solution that comes to mind in a flash.

Conformity

A tendency to act and think like the people around us.

Mental Set

A tendency to continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available.

Ambivalent Sexism

Recognizes the complex nature of gender attitudes, in which women are often associated with positive and negative qualities.

Normative Social Influence

When people do what the people around them are doing because they are concerned about what others think of them.

Sexual Health and Reproduction

- Factual Information - Feelings and Attitudes - Intercourse - Physiology and Anatomy of Reproductive Organs - Sexual Reproductive

Sexualization Circle

- Rape - Incest - Sexual Harassment

Shared Mental Model

If a group has weaker links, then the weaker ones will learn from the stronger ones, and eventually a consensus becomes implicitly accepted.

Benefits of Teamwork

If the team can identify weaknesses, and work to maximize effectiveness, then performance will be optimized, and people will be motivated to do as well as the other teammates.

Identity and Membership

If we assume something about a group, and then subsequently classify ourselves with that group, then we believe that we hold that quality. Maintains and enhances our self - esteem.

Three Solutions to Solution Strategies

1. Algorithms 2. Eureka insights/Insight solutions 3. Thinking outside the box

Triad of Trustworthiness

1. Authority - We learn to rely on authority figures for sound decision making because their authority signifies status and power, as well as expertise. 2. Honesty - The moral dimension of trustworthiness. 3. Likability - We trust people that we like.

Three reasons why people engage in altruistic behavior.

1. Feel empathy for the person in distress. 2. To help the person. 3. To make themselves feel better for helping the person.

Five Tactics to Solving Problems (Dr. Gottman)

1. Offer and respond to repair attempts made by their partner 2. Emphasize we/us over the individual needs. 3. Effectively soothe themselves and their partner. 4. They use compromise and negotiation skills. 5. They are tolerant of one another's vulnerabilities

Mayer and Salovey's Four-Branch model of emotional intelligence

1. Perception of emotion: People's capacity to identify emotions in themselves and others using facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language. 2. Use of emotion to facilitate thinking: using emotion to enhance cognitive thinking and adapt to various situations. 3. Understanding of emotion: The ability to differentiate between emotional states, as well as their specific causes and trajectories. 4. Management of emotion: The ability to remain open to a wide range of emotions, recognize the value of feeling certain emotions in specific situations, and understand which short- and long-term strategies are most efficient for emotion regulation.

12 Things all High-Performing Teams Have in Common

1. They Can Agree To Disagree 2. They Resolve Conflict Effectively 3. They Spend Time Together 4. They Hold Each Other Accountable 5. They're Transparent With Each Other 6. They Have A Shared Vision 7. They Encourage Each Other's Ideas And Suggestions 8. They Respect Each Other's Different Strengths And Weaknesses 9. They Trust Each Other 10. They Welcome Healthy Friction And Diverse Backgrounds 11. They Have Defined Objectives And Strategies 12. They Play To Win

Functional Fixedness

A mind-set in which one is blind to uses of common, everyday things or procedures.

Attitudes

A person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, an idea, or a person.

Intelligence

A set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

Accumulating Positive Deposits

Accumulating positive deposits help keep relationships strong even in the midst of conflict.

Four Types of Responses "Four Horsemen"

Active/Constructive: Authentic, Enthusiastic, and Supportive. Passive/Constructive: Understated Support. Active/Destructive: Pointing out the Negative. Passive/Destructive: Ignoring the Event.

Developmental Intergroup Theory

Adults' heavy focus on gender leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves and others, to seek out any possible gender differences, and to form rigid stereotypes based on gender that are subsequently difficult to change.

Thinking outside the box

An approach to problem solving that requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently in order to solve it.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

Microagression

An implicit act, statement, or incident that discriminates against members of a minority group.

Internal (Dispositional) Attribution

Ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personalities, motives, or attitudes.

Forgiveness Deposit

Not forgiving the people in your life can block positive deposits to the relationship bank account.

The Foot in the Door Technique

Compliance tactic that assumes that agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second, larger request. Principle = Consistency; Because people do not want to contradict themselves/their actions on previous instances.

The Door in the Face Technique

Compliance technique where the persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down. Principle = Reciprocity; Achieves compliance based on the idea that if someone turns down a larger request, they are more likely to agree to a second, smaller request.

convergent thinking problems

Convergent thinking problems are problems that have known solutions and require analytic thinking and the use of learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the correct answer.

Four Horsemen Antidotes

Criticism Antidote: Gentle Start Up. Talk about your feelings using "I" statements, and express a positive need. Contempt Antidote: Build Culture of Appreciation. Remind yourself of your partner's positive qualities and find gratitude for positive actions. Defensiveness Antidote: Take Responsibility. Accept your partner's perspective and offer an apology for any wrongdoing. Stonewalling Antidote: Physiological Self-Soothing. Take a break and spend that time doing something soothing and distracting.

Asch's Experiment

Card with one line and then three lines of different length, then the person had to say which line on the right matched with the one line on the left. The person being studied would have to give the right answer to this seemingly simple problem, but eventually, there were five people around them who uniformly gave the same incorrect answer. As a result, in an attempt to not be judged by the people around him, the subject oftentimes said the five other people's incorrect answer, despite it being blatantly incorrect.

Affiliation

Provides members with information, assistance, and social support. In many cases, people join with others in order to evaluate the accuracy of their personal beliefs and attitudes. People tend to seek the company of others in difficult situations.

Gender Discrimination

Differential treatment on the basis of gender.

Explicit Prejudice

Direct prejudice; plainly stated.

Divergent Thinking Problems

Divergent thinking problems are problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions.

Emotional Bank Account

Each day we make deposits of withdrawals from our relationship accounts, and we want to work on depositing in order to contribute and help our relationships stay strong. One can deposit to this account by gratitude, forgiveness, and spending time together. (5:1).

Common Knowledge Effect

Effectiveness goes down because a group will spend too much time on information that two or more people share, rather than focusing on unshared knowledge within the group.

Lesson's Learned from Milgram's Study of Obedience

Despite a person not being a "bad person," when they are told that they have to do something in order to be accepted, they will do horrible things just in order to be obedient to the person in charge/in a position of authority. This was seen in Germany during the Holocaust.

Sexual Harassment

Differential treatment based on unwanted treatment related to sexual behaviors or appearance.

Significance of Groups

Even though humans are capable of living on their own, groups meet the human's psychological and social needs.

Female Gender Norms Risk-Taking Behavior

Females don't plan to have sex, will have babies at a young age, less likely to enjoy first sexual encounter, more likely to experience physical and sexual abuse.

Gender Schema Theory

Gender schema theory argues that children are active learners who essentially socialize themselves.

Obedience

How people react when given an order or command from someone in a position of authority.

Social Awareness

How you respond to others · Primal Empathy: Sensing other people's feelings · Attunement: Listening with full receptivity · Empathic Accuracy: Understanding others' thoughts and intentions · Social Cognition: Understanding the social world and the working of a web of relationships

Implicit Prejudice

Indirect, perhaps unconscious prejudice

Social Loafing

Individuals in a group do not expend as much cognitive effort as an individual working on the same task.

Self-Sensorship

Individuals in cohesive groups tend to ignore realistic appraisals of alternatives, and, rather than "rock the boat" stop making efforts to think critically

Spearman's G Factor

It describes intelligence as a single, general factor made up of specific components. A single, overall IQ score represents how intelligent a person is.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

It describes the three aspects of love (Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment) and over time a couple can move to different areas of the triangle as they continue to develop in their relationship.

Social Faculty

Knowing how to have smooth, effective interactions · Synchrony: Interacting smoothly · Self-presentation: Knowing how you come across · Influence: Shaping the outcome of social interactions · Concern: Caring about others' needs

How does group size, age, and nature of response influence conformity?

More in group = more conformity Teenagers = more conformity Adults = less conformity Public response = more conformity Private response = less conformity

Male Gender Norms Risk-Taking Behavior

More sexual partners, less condom use in general, homophobic, don't take responsibility for a pregnancy.

Self-Perception Theory

People infer their emotions by observing their bodies and their behaviors. People's emotions other feelings come from such actions as facial expressions, postures, level of arousal and behaviors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

People tend to explain other people's behavior in terms of dispositional attributions rather than situational ones, a bias in judgement.

Need to belong

People want inclusion over exclusion, membership over isolation, and acceptance over rejection. "a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships"

Self-Verification Theory

People want others to see them as they see themselves. Ex.- those who see themselves as relatively extraverted want others to see them as extraverted. Those who see themselves as introverted want others to recognize them as introverts.

Gratitude Deposit

People who express gratitude to a close relationship partner report greater perceived communal strength.

Social Roles

Specific roles that one adopts within a certain social group. Often the role that one is assigned/given/chooses within a group influences their behavior.

Group Development Stages

Stage 1 - Forming: Members expose info about themselves, and everyone learns about each other. Stage 2 - Storming: Disagreements surface, conflict increases, everyone tries to increase their status within the group, which then fuels the conflicts. Stage 3 - Norming: One the group agrees on it's composition, social relationships form which increase stability and cohesiveness. Stage 4 - Performing: Focuses energy and attention on goals, displays: Task-orientation, decision-making, and problem-solving. Stage 5 - Adjourning: Disbands due to a completion of tasks and a decrease of dependency of each other.

Social Intelligence

The ability to accurately "read" other people around us, as well as our social context - and act accordingly.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to successfully build relationships and navigate social environments.

A Person's Sex

The biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function.

Sexual Orientation

The direction of their emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

Chapman's Five Love Languages

Words of affirmation, because these words of affirmation help them to hear the reason behind your love. Quality time means a lot to them, this means undivided attention Receiving gifts, because some people care about you and will sacrifice things for you. Acts of Service is when you show you love them by lightening the load for them. Lightening the burden. It speaks volumes for these people. Physical touch is when being able to feel each other is what exemplifies true love to them.

Social Facilitation

The enhancement of an individuals performance when that person works in the presence of other people. (Depends on the task)

Affective Component of Attitude

The feelings or emotions associated with the belief.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The idea that cognition and emotion are interrelated. From this notion stems the belief that emotions influence decision making, relationship building, and everyday behavior.

Fixation

The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a different perspective.

Attributions

The inferences we make about the causes of other people's behavior.

Group Cohesion

The integrity, solidarity, social integration, or unity of a group. People enjoy being in a cohesive group, and outperform those that are not cohesive. Low stress, high productivity; High stress, low productivity.

Elaborate Likelihood Model - Peripheral Path

The message is ambiguous, but attitudinally neutral (with respect to the receiver) or if the receiver is unable or not motivated to listen to the message then the receiver will look for a peripheral cue. https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/theory/elm.html

Behavioral Component of Attitude

The motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude.

Discrimination

The preferential treatment of certain people that is usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. Discrimination can also result from institutionalized rules, such as the requirement that flight attendants cannot be excessively overweight.

Cognitive Component of Attitude

The rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude.

Elaborate Likelihood Model - Central Path

The receiver is motivated to think about the message and has the ability to think about the message. https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/theory/elm.html

External (Situational) Attribution

They think that something outside the person, such as the nature of the situation, is the cause of his or her behavior.

Coordination Loss

Three person group is stronger than a one person group, but not three times as strong.

In-Group/Out-Group Bias

To show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group as we do, and negative feelings toward those in other groups.

Social Identity Theory

We don't just classify other people into such social categories as man, woman, Anglo, elderly, or college student, but we also categorize ourselves. Moreover, if we strongly identify with these categories, then we will ascribe the characteristics of the typical member of these groups to ourselves, and so stereotype ourselves.

Milgram's Study on Obedience

When encouraged to continue by stating that they have to, people do horrible things to others by doing super painful shocks rendering the person unresponsive. This experiment is extremely painful as the teacher renders shocks up to 450 volts, and stops after they say they do not want to continue four times, or do the 450 volts three times.

Informational Social Influence

When people do what the people around them are doing because the people are often a source of information.

empathy-altruism hypothesis

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

The Low-Ball Technique

the persuader gets a person to commit to a low-ball offer they have no intention of keeping; then the price is suddenly increased. Principle = Commitment; Since a person has already committed, it is hard to say no to the new higher price demand.

Out-Group Homogeneity

the tendency for members of a group to see themselves as more diverse and heterogeneous than they are seen by an outgroup. http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/group/outgroup-homogeneity/#:~:text=Outgroup%20homogeneity%20is%20the%20tendency,each%20other%2C%20or%20more%20alike.