final exam Biopsychology

Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

hypothalamus plays a critical role in expression of aggression

In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that

increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor in the short term

Sleep apnea is more common in

males

The cortices of the primordial gonads may develop into

ovaries

According to the default theory, REM sleep and

wakefulness are similar

According to the text, the "mamawawa"

"men are men and women are women assumption" is the tendency to think about femaleness and maleness as discrete, mutually exclusive, opposite/complimentary categories -fundamentally wrong

These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea:

opioids

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually

opposite to the initial effects of the drug

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

parallel processes

Darwin believed that

-expressions of emotions evolved from behaviors what an animal is to do next, -expressions of emotions evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function, -their original function might be lost, -opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures

Overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

-hormones have less affect on human aggression than aggression in other species - the tests that have been used to test aggression in humans are markedly different from those use din other species - T can be synthesized & act locally in particular brain structures- general blood levels

Hormones influence sexual behavior by

-influencing the development of anatomical, physiological and behavioral characteristics -AND by activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature adults

Globally, more than 1 billion people are addicted to _____________, and more than 76 million are addicted to _____________.

-nicotine -alcohol

On Leonardo's polyphasic sleep cycle, he functioned well on __________ hours of polyphasic sleep per day.

1.5

Microsleeps are usually about __________ long.

2-3 secs

Under typical living conditions, most of our entrained circadian cycles are about

24 hrs long

Each cycle of sleep during a typical night tends to be about

90 minutes

In a follow-up study of Money's famous case study of ablatio penis, it was revealed that the patient had

acted like a male from an early age, suspected he was a boy at an early age, refused to wear a bra, and requested a sex change

According to the text, which theory of sleep does the best job of explaining why there are such large differences in the amount of time that the members of various mammalian species spend sleeping?

adaptation theory

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels

Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.

alcohol

Two of the major classes of gonadal steroid hormones are

androgens and estrogens

At puberty, the growth of female pubic hair and axillary hair is stimulated by

androstenedione

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of

antithesis

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

arousal

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

cross tolerance

Fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for

defensive behaviors

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called

drug tolerance

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the

duchenne smile

Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted

early 20th century

REMs are associated with

emergent stage 1 EEG

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling

emotions

The most prevalent estrogen is

estradiol

Stress that improves health has been termed

eustress

According to the James-Lange theory, the

experience of emotion is produed by the brains perception of the bodys reactions to emotional stimuli

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

facial feedback theory

Circadian cycles without zeitgebers are said to be

free running

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is

functional tolerance

Transsexualism is a condition where

gender identity

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the

guilty knowledge technique should be employed when possible

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to Page Ref: 455

have a piece of info about the crime known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects

Paradoxically, people suffering from sleep apnea are often diagnosed as suffering from either insomnia or

hypersomnia

Paradoxically, insomnia is often caused by

hypnotic drugs

The master gland has its own master; where is it?

hypothalamus

Brief stressors usually

improve immune function

Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?

initial Stage 1

The first EEG stage of a night's sleep is

initial Stage 1: a low volt , high frequency signal that

During REM sleep, there

is little EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.

According to adaptation theories of sleep, sleep

is not fundamentally recuperative in nature

The large between-species differences in sleep time suggest that sleep

is not necessarily needed in large quantities

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as

lie detection

The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the

light-dark cycle

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the

limbic system

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?

lust

__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain.

metabolic

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes, is referred to as drug

metabolism

Sleep deprivation lasting several days usually produces

microsleeps

Because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the

mock crime procedure

Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)?

alcohol

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

different

Drug sensitization is the opposite of

drug tolerance

The testes and ovaries are

gonads

During the third month of male fetal development, the testes secrete substantial amounts of testosterone and

mullerian inhibiting substance

Following the completion of one week of REM-sleep deprivation, volunteers

have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2-3 nights

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by

pointing their beaks away from one another

The first step in male-to-female sexual reassignments is

psychiatric assessment

The field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called

psychoneuroimmunology

Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as

recuperation theories

Which of the following can entrain the circadian sleep-wake cycles of hamsters living under constant lighting conditions?

regular daily bouts of social interaction, meals, and exercise

The male and female external reproductive organs develop from the

same biopotential precursor

Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern.

schizophrenia

Genetic males with androgenic insensitivity syndrome have

shallow vag, little pubic hair, internalized testes and breasts

Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of

stage 2 EEG

Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified as

stimulants

A tropic hormone is any hormone that

stimulates or suppresses the release of other hormones

Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into

testis

The Sry gene on the Y sex chromosome triggers the synthesis of

the SRY protein

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by

the blood brain barrier

The primary defining feature of addiction is

the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

the same

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as

the stress response

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that

there are 6 primary facial expressions, many facial expressions are mixtures of those 6 primary

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?

tobacco

Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?

tobacco

Strong evidence that REM-sleep is not essential for memory comes from the study of patients

who get little or no sleep because they take antidepressants regularly