final exam Biopsychology
Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the
hypothalamus plays a critical role in expression of aggression
In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that
increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor in the short term
Sleep apnea is more common in
males
The cortices of the primordial gonads may develop into
ovaries
According to the default theory, REM sleep and
wakefulness are similar
According to the text, the "mamawawa"
"men are men and women are women assumption" is the tendency to think about femaleness and maleness as discrete, mutually exclusive, opposite/complimentary categories -fundamentally wrong
These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea:
opioids
After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually
opposite to the initial effects of the drug
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are
parallel processes
Darwin believed that
-expressions of emotions evolved from behaviors what an animal is to do next, -expressions of emotions evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function, -their original function might be lost, -opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures
Overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that
-hormones have less affect on human aggression than aggression in other species - the tests that have been used to test aggression in humans are markedly different from those use din other species - T can be synthesized & act locally in particular brain structures- general blood levels
Hormones influence sexual behavior by
-influencing the development of anatomical, physiological and behavioral characteristics -AND by activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature adults
Globally, more than 1 billion people are addicted to _____________, and more than 76 million are addicted to _____________.
-nicotine -alcohol
On Leonardo's polyphasic sleep cycle, he functioned well on __________ hours of polyphasic sleep per day.
1.5
Microsleeps are usually about __________ long.
2-3 secs
Under typical living conditions, most of our entrained circadian cycles are about
24 hrs long
Each cycle of sleep during a typical night tends to be about
90 minutes
In a follow-up study of Money's famous case study of ablatio penis, it was revealed that the patient had
acted like a male from an early age, suspected he was a boy at an early age, refused to wear a bra, and requested a sex change
According to the text, which theory of sleep does the best job of explaining why there are such large differences in the amount of time that the members of various mammalian species spend sleeping?
adaptation theory
Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because
aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels
Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.
alcohol
Two of the major classes of gonadal steroid hormones are
androgens and estrogens
At puberty, the growth of female pubic hair and axillary hair is stimulated by
androstenedione
The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of
antithesis
The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects
arousal
Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called
cross tolerance
Fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for
defensive behaviors
A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called
drug tolerance
The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the
duchenne smile
Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted
early 20th century
REMs are associated with
emergent stage 1 EEG
Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling
emotions
The most prevalent estrogen is
estradiol
Stress that improves health has been termed
eustress
According to the James-Lange theory, the
experience of emotion is produed by the brains perception of the bodys reactions to emotional stimuli
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the
facial feedback theory
Circadian cycles without zeitgebers are said to be
free running
Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is
functional tolerance
Transsexualism is a condition where
gender identity
Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the
guilty knowledge technique should be employed when possible
In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to Page Ref: 455
have a piece of info about the crime known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects
Paradoxically, people suffering from sleep apnea are often diagnosed as suffering from either insomnia or
hypersomnia
Paradoxically, insomnia is often caused by
hypnotic drugs
The master gland has its own master; where is it?
hypothalamus
Brief stressors usually
improve immune function
Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?
initial Stage 1
The first EEG stage of a night's sleep is
initial Stage 1: a low volt , high frequency signal that
During REM sleep, there
is little EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.
According to adaptation theories of sleep, sleep
is not fundamentally recuperative in nature
The large between-species differences in sleep time suggest that sleep
is not necessarily needed in large quantities
Polygraphy is commonly referred to as
lie detection
The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the
light-dark cycle
Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the
limbic system
Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?
lust
__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain.
metabolic
The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes, is referred to as drug
metabolism
Sleep deprivation lasting several days usually produces
microsleeps
Because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the
mock crime procedure
Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)?
alcohol
According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.
different
Drug sensitization is the opposite of
drug tolerance
The testes and ovaries are
gonads
During the third month of male fetal development, the testes secrete substantial amounts of testosterone and
mullerian inhibiting substance
Following the completion of one week of REM-sleep deprivation, volunteers
have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2-3 nights
Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by
pointing their beaks away from one another
The first step in male-to-female sexual reassignments is
psychiatric assessment
The field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called
psychoneuroimmunology
Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as
recuperation theories
Which of the following can entrain the circadian sleep-wake cycles of hamsters living under constant lighting conditions?
regular daily bouts of social interaction, meals, and exercise
The male and female external reproductive organs develop from the
same biopotential precursor
Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern.
schizophrenia
Genetic males with androgenic insensitivity syndrome have
shallow vag, little pubic hair, internalized testes and breasts
Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of
stage 2 EEG
Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified as
stimulants
A tropic hormone is any hormone that
stimulates or suppresses the release of other hormones
Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into
testis
The Sry gene on the Y sex chromosome triggers the synthesis of
the SRY protein
Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by
the blood brain barrier
The primary defining feature of addiction is
the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.
the same
The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as
the stress response
Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that
there are 6 primary facial expressions, many facial expressions are mixtures of those 6 primary
Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?
tobacco
Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?
tobacco
Strong evidence that REM-sleep is not essential for memory comes from the study of patients
who get little or no sleep because they take antidepressants regularly