FINAL EXAM - Chapter 2

For the emotivist, which of these best displays the meaning of the moral utterance "Lying is wrong"? a. "Lying—I hate it!" b. "Lying may be wrong." c. "Lying is immoral!" d. "Lying has occurred!"

a. "Lying—I hate it!"

Subjective relativism is the doctrine that a. an action is morally right if one approves of it. b. an action is morally right if one's culture approves of it. c. actions are judged by objective standards. d. an action is morally right even if no one approves of it.

a. an action is morally right if one approves of it.

Suppose your culture endorses the view that all wars are wrong. It follows from cultural relativism that your culture a. cannot be mistaken about the morality of war. b. must disagree with other cultures about the morality of war. c. is fallible about the morality of war. d. does not participate in wars.

a. cannot be mistaken about the morality of war.

Cultural relativism implies that the abolition of slavery in the United States a. represents moral progress. b. may or may not represent moral progress. c. cannot be explained. d. cannot be regarded as moral progress.

a. represents moral progress.

According to the main argument for cultural relativism, if culture X and culture Y disagree about the morality of physician-assisted suicide, this shows that a. right and wrong are not relative to cultures. b. physician-assisted suicide is permissible. c. either culture X or culture Y must be correct. d. no view can be objectively correct.

a. right and wrong are not relative to cultures.

Emotivists can admit that the serial killer Ted Bundy killed more than 30 women, but they cannot say that these events a. were, for a fact, bad. b. were killings. c. were caused by people. d. were violent.

a. were, for a fact, bad.

Which statement best summarizes why, according to the author, cultural relativism is nearly impossible to use? a. Each of us belongs to only one society, and so we cannot know what people in other societies believe. b. Each of us belongs to multiple societies or social groups, but cultural relativism does not specify which society or group we should use in evaluating actions. c. It is often impossible to know whether your culture approves of a given action. d. The theory makes it impossible to convince other people of moral claims.

b. Each of us belongs to multiple societies or social groups, but cultural relativism does not specify which society or group we should use in evaluating actions.

What does cultural relativism imply about the civil rights leader and social reformer Martin Luther King Jr., considered as part of 1950s-1960s United States culture? a. He was a product of his culture. b. He was wrong about his moral reforms. c. He was neither right nor wrong about his moral reforms. d. He was objectively right but relativistically wrong about his moral reforms.

b. He was wrong about his moral reforms.

Which feature of emotivism makes it different from subjective relativism? a. In emotivism, moral judgments vary from individual to individual. b. In emotivism, some of our feelings about actions are objectively justified. c. In emotivism, we are not able to have disagreements in our moral beliefs. d. In emotivism, we do not automatically have true beliefs about right and wrong.

b. In emotivism, some of our feelings about actions are objectively justified.

Maryam says, "Abortion is always wrong," while Fatima says, "Sometimes abortion is not wrong." Which statement best summarizes how emotivists view this kind of disagreement? a. Maryam and Fatima cannot both be right, because this would produce an emotional conflict between them. b. Maryam and Fatima are expressing different attitudes, but neither of them says something that could be true or false. c. Maryam and Fatima are really expressing the same attitude, but in different ways, and so there is not really a disagreement here. d. Maryam and Fatima are both expressing their personal beliefs about abortion, so there is no way to resolve the disagreement.

b. Maryam and Fatima are expressing different attitudes, but neither of them says something that could be true or false.

Central to emotivism is the view that moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false. What does emotivism add to this view? a. That moral statements, unlike moral judgments, can be true or false. b. That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes. c. That moral emotions are objectively right or wrong. d. That correct moral judgments are guided by emotions.

b. That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes.

Cognitivism is the view that moral statements a. are neither true nor false. b. can be true or false. c. cannot be understood. d. express cognitive emotions.

b. can be true or false.

Subjective relativism implies that when a person states their moral beliefs, that person is a. incapable of making moral judgments. b. incapable of being in error. c. morally fallible. d. infallible on some moral judgments, but not others.

b. incapable of being in error.

Both objectivists and cultural relativists agree that a. the truth of moral judgments depends on whether one's culture approves of them. b. moral judgments differ from culture to culture. c. moral judgments do not differ from culture to culture. d. the truth of moral judgments does not depend on whether one's culture approves of them.

b. moral judgments differ from culture to culture.

25. Our commonsense moral experiences suggest that a. nothing is morally good or bad in itself. b. some things are morally good and some things are morally bad. c. our commonsense moral intuition is always correct. d. good and bad things happen for no reason.

b. some things are morally good and some things are morally bad.

Objectivists argue that the diversity of moral judgments across cultures does not necessarily indicate that there is disagreement about moral beliefs, but instead may indicate that a. the moral beliefs do not matter. b. there are divergent nonmoral beliefs. c. nonmoral beliefs do not differ. d. disagreement is not possible.

b. there are divergent nonmoral beliefs.

Noncognitivism is the view that a. moral judgments are almost never true. b. moral judgments are statements. c. moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false. d. moral theories can be true or false.

c. moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false.

Suppose a culture approves of beheading a young man for merely holding hands with a woman. According to cultural relativism, the beheading is a. neither justified nor unjustified. b. morally unjustified. c. morally justified. d. objectively justified.

c. morally justified.

Subjective relativism implies that when Sofia says, "I think abortion is wrong," and Emma replies, "I think abortion is permissible," Sofia and Emma are a. having a moral disagreement. b. really saying the same thing. c. not having a moral disagreement. d. not entirely serious.

c. not having a moral disagreement.

Suppose I think that I sometimes make mistakes on moral matters, and so does my culture. Acknowledging this, I say, "My moral beliefs are sometimes wrong and sometimes my culture's moral principles are wrong as well." On which view could my statement be true? a. emotivism b. cultural relativism c. objectivism d. subjective relativism

c. objectivism

According to emotivism, to offer reasons for a moral judgment is to a. provide moral reasons that can influence someone's belief in a moral claim. b. provide reasons that have a logical or cognitive connection to a moral judgment. c. provide moral facts that can influence someone's attitude. d. provide statements that can influence someone's attitude.

c. provide moral facts that can influence someone's attitude.

Objectivism is the view that a. moral principles are rigid rules that have no exceptions. b. there are no objective moral principles. c. some moral principles are valid for everyone. d. moral utterances are neither true nor false.

c. some moral principles are valid for everyone.

Cultural relativists may believe their theory promotes tolerance of other cultures. However, the author argues against this. Which statement best summarizes his argument? a. Cultural relativists really only value the practices of some cultures, not all cultures. b. Subjective relativists and emotivists can also promote tolerance. c. Tolerance is not really a good thing, and so cultural relativists should not support it. d. Cultural relativists cannot consistently say that tolerance is objectively good.

d. Cultural relativists cannot consistently say that tolerance is objectively good.

Which statement is a consequence of objectivism? a. Moral rules apply in all cases, without exceptions. b. If two people have a moral disagreement, only one of them can be right. c. Everyone has the same beliefs about morality. d. Whether an action is objectively right depends on its consequences.

d. Whether an action is objectively right depends on its consequences.

For a cultural relativist, when two people in the same culture disagree on a moral issue, what they are really disagreeing about is a. the strength of the arguments presented. b. nonmoral issues. c. objective moral truth. d. whether their society endorses a particular view.

d. whether their society endorses a particular view.